First, the political system of the Western Zhou Dynasty
1. enfeoffment system: ① Meaning: enfeoffment system, also known as enfeoffment system, grants a certain amount of land and population to the royal family, heroes and nobles of the previous generation, so that they can establish vassal states and defend the royal family. Objective: To expand and consolidate the rule of the Zhou Dynasty; (3) The object of enfeoffment: heroes, royalty and former aristocrats. (4) Power: vassals enjoy hereditary sovereignty in feudal countries. (5) Obligation: defend the country for the son of heaven, fight side by side with the son of heaven, pay tribute and report on pilgrimage. ⑥ Function: In the early stage, the emperor strengthened the local rule, expanded the ruling area and consolidated the rule of the Zhou royal family, but with the beginning of the annexation war, the status of the Zhou royal family was weakened. .
2. Patriarchal clan system: ① Purpose: To consolidate the ruling order formed by the enfeoffment system, and to solve the contradiction between nobles in power, property and land inheritance.
(2) Meaning: It evolved directly from the patriarchal clan system in primitive society, and it is a method to define the internal clan system.
Establish and consolidate the position of paternal parents in this clan, and finally ensure the stability of kingship.
③ Essence: Distribution of political power according to blood relationship, forming a hierarchical order of emperor-vassal-QingDafu-scholar.
(4) the biggest feature: the eldest son inheritance system (5) influence: it guarantees the monopoly and privileged position of the nobility in politics, and is also conducive to
Stability and unity within the ruling group. ⑥ Relationship with enfeoffment system: Patriarchal system is the basis of enfeoffment system, and the embodiment of patriarchal system in political system is enfeoffment system. They are interdependent and interdependent, which has become a tool to maintain the internal relations of the ruling class and strengthen the hereditary rule of the slave owners and nobles.
3. The characteristics of the political and economic system of the Western Zhou Dynasty:
(1) The combination of theocracy and kingship. (Sacrifice) (2) The supreme ruling group has not yet achieved a high degree of concentration of power. (3) The national political structure is formed by blood relationship. (the most basic function)
Second, the formation of Qin centralization.
1. Emperor system: ① Origin: Qin Shihuang took one word from each of the three emperors and five emperors to form an emperor. ② The basic connotation of the emperor system: the emperor is the only one, the imperial power is supreme, and the throne is hereditary. (I, system or imperial edict and seal)
2. The central organ of the Qin Dynasty: ① Sangong: Prime Minister: the assistant of the emperor, the head of the hundred officials, assisting the emperor in handling state affairs, which is divided into two parts. Yushi: The assistant to the Prime Minister, second only to the Prime Minister, is responsible for presiding over the ministers' memorials, issuing imperial edicts and supervising hundreds of officials. Qiu: He is in charge of the national military, but he has no real power.
(2) the prime minister has nine qing, respectively in charge of specific government affairs, they are the functional departments of the central government.
3. County system: ① Origin: In the Spring and Autumn Period, there were already counties. During Shang Yang's political reform, the enfeoffment system was abolished and the county system was implemented. After the reunification of Qin, Qin Shihuang adopted Lisi's suggestion, abolished the enfeoffment system and implemented the county system.
② Content: Local government organizations are divided into counties and counties. County, the highest local administrative agency. Magistrates and county magistrates are appointed and removed by the emperor.
③ Function: Compared with the enfeoffment system, the main difference lies in the form of vertical management from the central government to the local government. The county magistrate shall be appointed and removed by the emperor and shall not be hereditary. It is an important link in the formation of centralization, which strengthens the management of local governments by the central government and consolidates the unity of the country. It is an important symbol that bureaucratic politics replaces hereditary aristocratic politics.
4. The influence of centralization:
With the establishment of the emperor system, the three public officials system and the county system, it marks the establishment of feudal autocratic centralization.
(1) With the establishment of centralization, the national strength of the Qin Dynasty increased day by day. Formed the first unified multi-ethnic feudal country in the history of China. (2) After the reunification of Qin Dynasty, a series of measures were taken to promote the development of feudal economy and culture, which played an important role in the initial establishment of the territory of the motherland, the consolidation of national unity and the formation of the Chinese nation.
(3) The centralized and autocratic political system established by the Qin Dynasty was very groundbreaking, which laid the basic pattern of China's feudal political system for more than 2,000 years. (4) The autocratic rule of the landlord class over the broad masses of working people was established, and the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty led to the deterioration of the people's situation. (negative)
Third, the evolution of the political system from Han Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty.
1. County parallel system in Han Dynasty: In the early Western Han Dynasty, the local government inherited the Qin county system, and at the same time enfeoffed the vassal state, and the county system was parallel.
2. Three provinces and six departments in the Tang Dynasty: ① Zhongshu Province (responsible for drafting and promulgating imperial edicts), Menxia Province (responsible for reviewing government decrees) and Shangshu Province (responsible for executing orders). There is a government hall in the province under the door, and six departments in the province of Shangshu. ② Evaluation: The top officials of the three provinces are all prime ministers, and the three provinces control and supervise each other, which ensures the exclusive respect for monarchical power. This is ancient China. A clear division of labor among the six departments is conducive to improving administrative efficiency.
3. Provincial system in Yuan Dynasty: ① Provincial system is the highest administrative organ of local government. There are two separate administrative divisions, one is the "belly" directly under the jurisdiction of Zhongshu Province (Hebei, Shandong and Shanxi), and the other is Tibet, Sichuan and Qinghai under the jurisdiction of Xuanzhengyuan.
(2) Function: It is the beginning of the provincial system in China, a major reform of the ancient local administrative system in China, which is convenient for the central government to manage the localities, and is of great significance for strengthening centralization, especially for adjusting the relationship between the central government and the localities.
4. The characteristics of the political system from Han Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty:
(1) From the Han Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, the political system continued to develop autocratic centralization. (2) the central government strictly controls local administration and is not allowed to have
There is an independent administrative system. The local government obeys the central government and ultimately the monarch. The central government implements multi-level and multi-channel management of local governments. On the basis of decentralization, it firmly controls the appointment, removal, supervision and assessment of local officials. This high degree of centralization makes local officials absolutely dependent on the central government and the monarch. ⑤ Local governments have no corresponding autonomy, so it is difficult to implement effective governance.
Fourth, the strengthening of absolute monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
65438+ Evaluation: Cabinet is the product of absolute monarchy, which cannot restrict imperial power.
2. The establishment of the military headquarters in the Qing Dynasty: ① Reasons: Strengthening imperial power and timely handling the northwest war. ② Content: Yong Zhengdi established the Ministry of War, which was chosen by the emperor.
The military department has the characteristics of simple organization, high efficiency and more obvious closed decision-making. (3) marks the peak of absolute monarchy.
3. The influence of the strengthening of absolute monarchy on the social development of China;
Positive effects: ① it is conducive to the establishment, consolidation and development of a multi-ethnic country; ② it is conducive to maintaining the unity and territorial integrity of the motherland; ③ it is conducive to the integration of all ethnic groups in a unified environment; ④ it is conducive to organizing water conservancy projects and developing social economy.
Negative effects: ① autocratic monarchy easily leads to tyranny, produces a large number of bureaucrats, and makes politics dark and corrupt; (2) hindered the development of budding capitalism and made China lag behind the West; ③ Ideological control is seriously lagging behind the development of science and culture.
Unit 2: Ancient Economy of China
I. Agriculture
1. From slash-and-burn to iron plow Niu Geng:
① Primitive social period: slash and burn, reflecting the relatively low level of productivity at that time. (2) Shang and Zhou Dynasties: Bronze farm tools appeared, but because of the high price of bronze, they were only used in a small amount in agricultural production. (3) The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: Niu Geng technology began to be used, and iron tools appeared, reflecting the remarkable improvement of productivity and agricultural production technology in this period. (4) During the Western Han Dynasty, iron was widely used, Niu Geng popularized technology, and two oxen pushed the bar. ⑤ In the Eastern Han Dynasty, a cow was used to pull the plough. ⑤ The appearance of Qu Yuan's plough in Tang Dynasty marked the improvement of China's plough.
2. The establishment of private ownership of land:
Establishment: During the Warring States Period, Shang Yang's reform established private ownership of land in the form of law.
3. The meaning of small-scale peasant economy:
① It is a self-sufficient natural economy that combines agriculture based on family production and life with family handicrafts.
② Small-scale operation and poor production conditions, but with tenacious vitality, it always occupied a dominant position in the feudal society of China.
4. The basic characteristics of ancient agricultural economy in China:
(1) Self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy was the basic mode of agricultural production in China feudal society. ⑵ Small farmers mainly engaged in self-employment is the basic feature of ancient agricultural economy in China. ⑶ Small-scale peasant economy takes the family as the production and living unit, and combines agriculture with cottage industry. Without the interference of war, tyranny and natural disasters, the small-scale peasant economy intertwined with men and women can make farmers barely self-sufficient China's great civilization achievements in ancient times were achieved on the basis of agricultural economic development. (3) However, the small-scale peasant economy has a narrow production scale, a simple division of labor, and it is difficult to expand reproduction, which hinders the development of social division of labor and exchange economy. After modern times, it has become a factor that hinders the development of production.
Second, handicrafts.
1. Handicrafts operated by the government:
Overview of development: During Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, handicraft industry was managed by the government, which occupied the leading position of ancient handicraft industry until the early Ming Dynasty.
Main features: it mainly produces military supplies and daily necessities for the consumption of officials and nobles, with large production scale and meticulous division of labor, representing the highest level of ancient production skills.
2. The main achievements of handicraft production in textile:
(1) primitive society: the textile industry began to sprout, with hemp and kudzu vine as the main raw materials, but silk weaving also appeared. China is the first country in the world to raise silkworms and weave silk. ② Han: exported overseas, known as the Silk Country (opening up the Silk Road); ③ Tang Dynasty: After the middle period, private workshops rose; ④ During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the cotton textile industry rose, and Songjiang became the center of the national cotton textile industry in the Yuan Dynasty. ⑤ Ming: Capitalism sprouted in the textile industry. Suzhou and Hangzhou are the centers of silk industry.
3. The main achievements of metallurgical handicraft production:
(1) Neolithic Age: Small bronzes have been unearthed; (2) Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties: The bronze casting industry entered a prosperous period, which was called the Bronze Age. ③ During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the technology of smelting pig iron and steel was invented, and ironware appeared. (4) Han dynasty: coal was used as fuel, and the form of gas supply changed revolutionary. ⑤ Eastern Han Dynasty: The Taishou Du invented drainage, which was driven by water power.
4. The main achievements of handicraft production in porcelain making:
(1) primitive society: painted pottery appeared; (2) From the middle of Shang Dynasty to the end of Eastern Han Dynasty: pottery developed into porcelain; Primitive porcelain was fired in Shang Dynasty. (3) Tang Dynasty: The exquisite tri-color products of Tang Dynasty formed two systems, namely, South Green and North White. . ④ Song and Yuan Dynasties: Jingdezhen in Song Dynasty developed into a national porcelain making center in Yuan Dynasty. Burn blue and white porcelain. ⑤ Ming and Qing Dynasties: Jingdezhen became the porcelain capital, with colored porcelain in the middle and late Ming Dynasty and enamel in the Qing Dynasty.
5. The characteristics of China ancient handicraft industry development:
(1) more and more production departments, division of labor is more and more fine; (2) continuous progress in production technology.
(3) With the continuous expansion of production scale, the workshop handicraft industry appeared. (4) Government-run, private and cottage industries coexist.
⑤ When the economic center of gravity moves south, the layout of handicraft production changes accordingly. ⑥ Leading the world for a long time, and the products are exported to overseas.
Third, business.
1. The formation and development of cities:
① Qin: The city has clear laws and regulations and strict management. ② Han: Specialized management organization with very strict management. (3) During the Six Dynasties, the town became a grass market. The government managed the grass market and established the grass market guard. ④ During the Tang Dynasty, the grass market formed a relatively concentrated commercial center, and the night market was also very prosperous. ⑤ Song Dynasty: The city broke through the limitation of time and space. Commercial activities are no longer directly supervised by officials. ⑤ Ming and Qing Dynasties:
2. Major commercial cities and famous commercial groups:
Commercial City: ① During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it became the capital of many vassal states and became a famous commercial center. Such as Linzi of Qi State. ② Han: Luoyang, Handan, Linzi, Wan and Chengdu in Chang 'an. ③ Sui and Tang Dynasties: Chang 'an, Luoyang, Guangling (Yangzhou) and Yizhou (Chengdu) Guangzhou became important foreign trade ports.
④ Song Dynasty: Kaifeng and Yizhou. ⑤ Yuan Dynasty: Most of them were prosperous commercial metropolises. Hangzhou was the largest commercial and handicraft center in the south, and Quanzhou was an important port for foreign trade. Famous merchants: Shanxi merchants and Huizhou merchants.
3. The characteristics of ancient commercial development in China:
① The development of ancient commerce in China was based on the development of agriculture and handicrafts, and was influenced by the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce. Commercial activities are largely controlled by the government, especially maritime trade is basically monopolized by the government. (3) Commercial activities have gradually broken through the limitations of time and space. (4) The urban commodity economy developed rapidly, and then gradually penetrated into the countryside, and the small-scale peasant economy and commodity economy became increasingly close.
Four. Major economic policies
The content and influence of the policy of attaching importance to agriculture and restraining commerce and the policy of sea ban;
Emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce: ① It was first put forward by Shang Yang in the Warring States Period. Basic meaning: emphasizing the development of agriculture, restricting the development of commerce and handicrafts, taking agriculture as the basis, and commerce is called "the last industry". This policy is the most basic economic policy in China. ③ Influence:
The basic meaning of the sea ban policy: Ming Taizu ordered a sea ban for fear of collusion between hostile forces at sea and Japanese pirates. ② Impact: It hinders the development of overseas markets and the primitive accumulation of capital, and hinders the growth of the budding capitalism. It blocked the channel of learning advanced western scientific knowledge and production knowledge, and made China fall behind the world trend.
Unit 3: The evolution of China's traditional cultural mainstream thought.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought contended.
1. A hundred schools of thought contend:
Background: ① Economy: the collapse of the well-field system and the rapid development of the feudal economy.
② Politics: the decline of the Zhou royal family, the rise of scholar-officials and the new changes in class relations.
(3) Class relations: Scholars are active and valued because every vassal state wants to be rich, including Corporal Qiang Bing and Li Xian.
④ Ideology and culture: From "learning in the official" to "learning in the people", a large number of knowledgeable and experienced scholars have been created, which also provides a public opinion position for academic prosperity.
Main schools: Confucianism: Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi. Taoism: Laozi and Zhuangzi. Legalist: Han Feizi. Mohist: Mozi.
Significance: ① "A hundred schools of thought contend" is an important stage of China's academic culture, ideological and moral development, which laid the foundation of the traditional cultural system.
② In the process of "a hundred schools of thought contend", the characteristics of China's ideological and cultural compatibility, tolerance and openness were also formed. (3) "A hundred schools of thought contend" was the first ideological emancipation movement in the history of China, which greatly promoted the development of social history.
2. The main idea of Confucius: (the founder of Confucianism in the Spring and Autumn Period)
⑴ Educational thought: Running a private school broke the situation of aristocratic monopoly education. Teaching object: "teaching without class"; Teaching method: "Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude"
⑵ Political thought: the core of ideological system-"benevolence" and "courtesy".
(1) "Benevolence" means "the benevolent loves others" and "courtesy" means "self-denial" to oppose the tyranny and arbitrary execution of the rulers; Advocate extensive understanding and consideration of others, adjust interpersonal relationships and maintain social stability.
(2) "Governing the country by virtue" and "saving money and loving the people" include caring and caring for the people, people-oriented thinking, and moral ethics advocated by him. .
3. The main idea of Mencius: (an important figure in the development of Confucianism)
(1) Mencius developed Confucius' thought of benevolent government into a more systematic thought of "benevolent government" (benevolent government for the people, saving punishment and taxes)
② Confucius' people-oriented thought was brought into play, and he thought that "the people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the smallest". ③ Ethics: "Nature is good".
④ Values: Advocating "cultivating noble spirit", valuing righteousness over profit, and sacrificing life for righteousness.
4. Xunzi's main thought: (an important figure in the development of Confucianism) combines the reasonable elements of Legalism and Taoism.
(1) Administratively advocate "benevolence and righteousness" and kingliness, and serve people with virtue. (2) Propose that "the monarch can sail and Shu Ren can swim." . The knife cuts bread and fingers. "
(3) The theory of evil nature holds that environment and education are very important for people's growth. (4) Propose the propositions of "Heaven has its regularity" and "controlling destiny and using it". Second, Confucianism in the Han Dynasty became an orthodox thought.
1. Dong Zhongshu's Confucianism:
Moral: It combines the thoughts of Yin and Yang school and Legalist school.
(1) According to the needs of centralization, put forward the ideas of "unification in the Spring and Autumn Period" and "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" to strengthen centralization. In order to strengthen the monarchical power, we put forward the theory of "harmony between man and nature" and "induction between man and nature", and advocated "divine right of monarchical power".
(3) Give full play to the Confucian thought of benevolent government and put forward corresponding measures to change the reality of serious land annexation and poor people's lives; (4) put forward the moral standard of treating people and things, which was summarized as "three cardinal guides and five permanents" by later generations.
2. The orthodoxy of Confucianism in Han Dynasty and its influence:
The measures taken by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to respect Confucianism are as follows: ① Fully affirm Dong Zhongshu's Neo-Confucianism, and implement "ousting hundreds of schools and respecting Confucianism alone".
(2) Use literary Confucianism to participate in politics. (3) Set up imperial academy and initially establish a local education system.
Influence: ① Neo-Confucianism adapted to the needs of authoritarian centralization, consolidated national unity and restricted the excessive expansion of monarchical power.
(2) Education is gradually monopolized by Confucianism, and Confucian classics become national textbooks;
(3) The prosperity of imperial academy broke the rule of aristocratic bureaucrats as officials from generation to generation, and the status of Confucianism was greatly improved.
(4) Confucianism became popular in all counties and counties, and began to be in an exclusive position among the people.
⑤ Confucianism has gradually become the protagonist of China cultural stage, and Confucianism has gradually become the mainstream of China traditional culture.
Third, Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties.
1. Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism: (A new Confucian system-Neo-Confucianism appeared in the Song Dynasty, which is the product of the integration of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism)
Representative figures-Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi brothers in the Northern Song Dynasty ("Two Cheng's suicide note") and Zhu in the Southern Song Dynasty ("Four Books and Zhang Sentences"). Zhu is the most important Confucian thinker in China after Confucius and Mencius in ancient times, and a master of Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty.
Cheng Proposition: (1) "Everything is just the principle of nature", which is the origin of the world, and there is something after the principle. (2) directly link justice with ethics. ③ Give full play to Confucius' theory of "benevolence" and think that benevolence and all things coexist.
Zhu's proposition: ① "Theory of Regulating Qi". It is an idealistic view to advocate rationality before anger. ② "Theory of Mind and Nature". People should restrain their feelings and let moral reason dominate and guide their behavior.
2. Wang Yangming's theory of mind: (As a representative of Confucianism in the middle of Ming Dynasty, he developed Neo-Confucianism into a theory of mind. I have absorbed the thoughts of Buddhism and Zen Buddhism) ① I think that the human heart is the origin of all things in the world, and advocate subjective idealistic worldview such as "the universe is my heart". Put forward "to conscience", and think that "conscience" is the innate goodness of human beings, and "to conscience" can become a saint and give play to the Confucian thought of "benevolence".
Fourth, Confucianism in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
1. Li Zhi's ideological proposition: (thinkers in the late Ming Dynasty) works include burning books and collecting books.
(1) Get rid of the superstition of Confucius. Attacking the traditional concept that men are superior to women in feudal society.
2. The thoughts of Huang Zongxi (To Be Visited), Gu (The Book of Diseases in the Countries of the World) and Wang Fuzhi (Zi Zhi Tong Jian).
* * * Same proposition: ① Politically: Oppose absolute monarchy, advocate "people-oriented", and put forward various theories and propositions that restrict monarchical power. (Huang believes that absolute monarchy is "the great harm in the world"; Gu put forward that "those who protect the world should be blamed for it"; Wang believes that the land in the world cannot be privately owned by the monarch, but should belong to the tiller. )
(2) Economically, we attach importance to handicraft industry and commerce, and advocate "practical application". (Huang put forward that "industry and commerce are the foundation of people's livelihood", while Gu and Wang both advocated "putting the world into practice" and thought that academic research should be used for reality. )
③ Ideologically: Critically inherit traditional Confucianism and construct a new ideological system with the characteristics of the times. (Huang criticized "the monarch is the minister's program", inherited the pre-Qin Confucian people-oriented thought, and put forward "the world is the mainstay, and the monarch is the guest". Gu criticized the style of study that Taoist thought was divorced from reality, and advocated giving full play to Confucius' positive thought of "being knowledgeable in literature and being ashamed of doing". Wang criticized the "theory of destiny" and "epistemology" of Neo-Confucianism, and established a materialistic system that surpassed the predecessors. )
Unit 4: Science, Technology and Literature and Art in Ancient China.
I. Scientific and technological achievements
1. Four great inventions:
Papermaking: ① Paper was invented in the Western Han Dynasty. (2) Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Papermaking was introduced to Europe by Arabs.
Compass: ① Sina was invented during the Warring States Period; ② The compass was invented in the Northern Song Dynasty and used in navigation. ③ Printing was introduced into Western Europe in the13rd century: ① Movable type printing was invented by Bi Sheng in the Northern Song Dynasty. ② Movable type printing spread to Korea in the middle of13rd century, and then spread to Europe from the western regions. (3) Europeans learned from China's printing and made movable type printing machines.
Gunpowder: ① Gunpowder was invented in the early Tang Dynasty. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, gunpowder had been used in war. ③ During the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, gunpowder was widely used in many fields. (4)/kloc-At the beginning of the 4th century, gunpowder was introduced to Europe by Arabs.
2. The contribution of the four great inventions to the development of world civilization
(1) Papermaking promoted the development of European culture. (2) The introduction of gunpowder into Europe promoted the development of gunpowder weapons in Europe, which led to the decline of the knight class and also promoted the development of mining and metal manufacturing in Europe. (3) The use of compass promoted ocean navigation and ushered in the era of great geographical discovery. (4) The use of printing promoted the Renaissance and religious reform, and promoted people's ideological emancipation and social progress.
Second, Chinese characters and calligraphy and painting
1. The origin and evolution of Chinese characters:
The origin of Chinese characters can be traced back to more than 6000 years ago. Most of the original characters are pictographs, which are called characters and pictures. There are more and more ideograms.
Symbolization, forming Chinese characters. ② In Shang Dynasty, Chinese characters had formed a complete system. Since then, Chinese characters have evolved in the context of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscriptions, seal script (Qin Dynasty), official script (prevailing in Han Dynasty) and regular script (prevailing in Sui and Tang Dynasties).
2. China's calligraphy:
China's calligraphy can be roughly divided into two stages: before Wei and Jin Dynasties, it was basically a spontaneous stage, and during Wei and Jin Dynasties, it began to enter a conscious stage.
① Regular script began in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which is characterized by well-prepared strokes and rigorous structure. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the characteristics of regular script were improved.
Early Tang Dynasty: Ou Yangxun's Inscription on Liquan in Jiucheng Palace was strict in statutes and sober and vigorous. Prosperous Tang Dynasty: Yan Zhenqing's "Yan's Family Temple Monument" "Xiongxiu's independence, change the ancient law". Late Tang Dynasty: Liu Gongquan's Mysterious Tower Monument is vigorous and elegant.
② Cursive script originated in the early Han Dynasty and matured in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Features: simple strokes, continuous linking, smooth lines and flexibility.
Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Zhang Xu and Huai Su in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
(3) Running script has both the rules of regular script and the indulgence of cursive script. After the evolution from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Western Jin Dynasty, the script was fully mature. Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty
Preface to Lanting is the best running script in the world.
3. Chinese painting
(1) Origin: The Neolithic period sprouted, including painted pottery painting "Fish Axe with Zygomatic Face", rock paintings, murals and ground paintings.
⑵ Evolution: ① Paintings in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties were mainly portraits, murals and silk paintings. (2) The silk paintings of the Warring States Period, "Dragon and Phoenix Picture" and "Imperial Dragon Picture", moved from bud to maturity. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were many kinds of paintings, including murals and silk paintings. Husband and wife banquet (4) During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, real Chinese painting appeared. Literati painting: Gu Kaizhi's achievements are the highest, such as "A Historical Picture of a Woman" and "A Picture of a Goddess", which initiated China's ancient painting theory and emphasized "writing God with form". ⑤ The Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties was the peak of China's painting. You Chuntu by Zhan Ziqian in Sui Dynasty is the earliest existing landscape painting in China. In the early Tang Dynasty, Yan was good at drawing characters' stories, and his masterpiece was Walking on clouds. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, there was a religious figure painting "Born of Gautama Buddha" in Wu Daozi, which was later called "painting sage". ⑥ The Song Dynasty was a turning point in the history of China painting, and literati landscape painting advocated freehand brushwork and formed a trend. With the development of commodity economy, genre painting became the biggest highlight of painting at that time, which was Zhang Zeduan's masterpiece The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival in the Northern Song Dynasty. ⑦ During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, literati painting achieved the highest achievement. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Mo Mei in Wang Mian in the Yuan Dynasty and Huang Jia Tu in Xu Wei in the Ming Dynasty gradually became popular, secular and practical.
⑶ Features: ① Pay attention to lines, spirit likeness, artistic conception and verve. (2) don't look alike, pay attention to the expression of personal subjective feelings, inner.
China's traditional outlook on the world, nature and life is reflected in his appearance. (3) Flexible and free expression, integrating poetry, book, painting and printing. Palace paintings and folk paintings pay attention to realism, while humanistic paintings are freehand brushwork.
Three. Literary achievements: the achievements of the Book of Songs, Chu Ci, Han Fu, Tang Poetry, Song Ci, Yuan Qu and Ming and Qing novels;
1. The Book of Songs
Summary: The first collection of poems in China is an important symbol of the formation of mature poems in China, with a total of 305 poems. It is mainly composed of four words, mostly from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period: it is divided into three parts: style, elegance and ode.
Status: The creation of The Book of Songs laid a fine tradition of realism in China's classical literature.
2. Chuci-① Qu Yuan created a new poetry genre-"Chuci" by using Chuyu and folk songs.
Li Sao is the representative work of Qu Yuan and the longest lyric poem in ancient China. Expressed his love for Chu and the people.
3. Han Fu-① A popular literary genre in the Han Dynasty, which was formed by absorbing the elements of prose on the basis of Sao poetry. (2) The characteristics are as follows
Specializing in rhetoric and gorgeous literary talent. (3) The representative works are Zi Xu Fu by Sima Xiangru in the Western Han Dynasty, Shang Fu Lin and Er Jing Fu by Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
4. The reasons for the splendor of Tang poetry: ① Politically: national unity; 2 Economically: national strength; ③ Culture: North-South cultural exchange and Chinese-foreign cultural exchange; (4) Enlightened and compatible political and cultural policies and "selecting scholars by poetry" in the imperial examination.
The four stages of Tang poetry: ① The famous poets in the early Tang Dynasty were Wang Bo and Chen Ziang. The prosperous Tang Dynasty is the peak of the prosperity of Tang poetry. The frontier poems are represented by Gao Shi and Cen Can, and the landscape poems are represented by Meng Haoran and Wang Wei. Li Bai, a poet, and Du Fu, a poet sage, have the highest achievements. Li Bai is a romantic poet, and his masterpieces include Early Making Baidicheng and Difficult Walking. Du Fu is a realistic poet, and his masterpieces include Three Officials and Three Farewells. (3) Bai Juyi achieved the highest achievement in the middle Tang Dynasty, including long narrative poems "Song of Eternal Sorrow" and "Pipa Travel" (4) poets Du Mu and Li Shangyin in the late Tang Dynasty. Collectively known as "Little Du Li".
5. Song Ci-Reasons for Prosperity: ① The prosperity of handicraft industry and commercial economy in Song Dynasty is the material basis for the prosperity of Song Ci. The expansion of the citizen class and the improvement of living standards require a rich cultural and recreational life.
There are two schools of Song Ci: ① graceful poets, represented by Liu Yong in North Song Dynasty and Li Qingzhao in early Song Dynasty. Their style is euphemistic and subtle, delicate and touching, and the content is mainly about chanting personal life experiences and writing scenery and lyricism.
Bold poets, represented by Su Shi in the Northern Song Dynasty and Xin Qiji in the Southern Song Dynasty, are bold and vigorous in style, and their contents are mainly based on notes and reasoning, expressing their inner feelings.
6. Yuan Qu: It was named after Sanqu (a new style poem that appeared in the Yuan Dynasty) and Yuan Zaju. Many works in Yuanqu express the melancholy feelings of Han literati, and also express the dissatisfaction of lower-class literati with the darkness of society at that time.
7. Ming and Qing novels
Reasons for prosperity: the development of commodity economy and the expansion of citizen class.
The characteristics of novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties are as follows: ① Popular literature flourished, and four fantastic books appeared-Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, The Journey to the West and Jin Ping Mei. (2) It is full of money worship and mercenary social atmosphere. Represented by "Sanyan" and "Erpai", businessmen are described as the objects of praise for the first time. (3) It has the color of criticizing reality. This kind of novels mostly use innuendo, satire and romanticism, among which Cao Xueqin's Dream of Red Mansions, Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio and Wu's The Scholars have the highest achievements and the greatest influence.
Literary characteristics of China in different periods in ancient times;
Fourth, Peking Opera.
The emergence and development of Peking Opera;
Formation: ① During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, Huizhou Opera Troupe performed in Beijing. During the Daoguang period, Han opera artists went to Beijing to perform in Huizhou classes, forming a situation of "the confluence of Huizhou and Han". (2) Since then, Hui Opera and Han Opera have merged with each other and accepted the singing, repertoires and performances of other folk tunes, forming a new kind of opera, which was later called Beijing Opera.
Development: During Tongzhi and Guangxu years, Peking Opera matured and famous artists such as Cheng Changgeng and Tan Xinpei emerged. In the late Qing Dynasty, Peking Opera spread from Beijing to all parts of the country and became the largest popular drama in the country.