pen
Brush can be divided into long front, center and short front according to the stroke length, and its performance is different. It is easy to draw beautiful lines before long, dignified and heavy before short, and both before medium and short. Painting landscapes should be centered. According to the size of the nib, brushes are divided into three types: small, medium and large. Various models should be prepared for painting landscapes. Generally, a little wolf hair should be prepared for small scenery, a big wolf hair for big scenery, a sheep brush for small white clouds and big white clouds, and a bigger sheep brush for bucket pens is enough. How sharp the new pen is, it is only suitable for drawing thin lines, and the effect of rubbing, wiping and knocking the old pen is better. Some painters like to paint with a bald pen, and the points and lines drawn have a vigorous and simple beauty.
black
There are two common raw materials for making ink: lampblack and pine smoke. The ink is called lampblack ink and Song Yanmo. Oil fume ink is made of tung oil fume. The ink is black and shiny, which can show the subtle changes of ink color and is suitable for landscape painting. Pine smoke is dark and dull, which is mostly used for feathers and characters' hair, and is not suitable for landscape painting. When choosing ink, look at its color first. Purple light ink is the best, followed by black, followed by cyan, and poor gray ink cannot be used. Listen to the sound again. The sound is crisp when the good ink is struck, delicate when it is ground, slow when it is inferior, and rough when it is ground. Clean water should be used for grinding ink, and the force should be even, and the ink should be slowly ground clockwise until it is thick. The ink used for painting should be freshly ground. The ink that has been stored for a long time is called Su Mo, and there are concentrated dregs in Su Mo. It will get dirty if it is not used well. At present, calligraphy and painting inks produced in Beijing, Tianjin and other places (such as Yidege) are easy to use and have been used by many painters. But the glue in the ink is heavy, so it is best to add a little water and grind it evenly with an ink ingot. The ink color is better.
paper
During the Tang and Song Dynasties, silk was widely used in Chinese painting, and it was not until the Yuan Dynasty that paper was widely used in painting. The paper used in Chinese painting is different from other kinds of paintings. It is rice paper made of rosewood as the main raw material. Xuan paper was produced in Jingxian County, Anhui Province, and belonged to Xuanzhou in ancient times, so it was called Xuan paper. Xuan paper is divided into raw Xuan, cooked Xuan and semi-cooked Xuan. Cooked rice paper is processed with alum water, and the ink is not easy to penetrate and will not melt when it meets water, but the effect is different from other papers. It can be used for detail description, repeated rendering and coloring, and is suitable for painting green and colorful meticulous landscapes. Raw rice paper is not treated with alum, which is characterized by strong water absorption and water permeability. It melts when it meets water, and it is easy to produce rich Mo Yun changes. It can receive the artistic effect of water-light ink printing, vigorous and beautiful, and is mostly used for freehand brushwork landscape painting. Familiar posters are easy to master, but they are also prone to problems of fluency and stagnation; Sheng Xuan's paintings are interesting, but they penetrate quickly and are difficult to master. Therefore, painting landscapes generally likes to use semi-cooked rice paper. Semi-cooked rice paper melts slowly in water, which not only changes Mo Yun, but also does not penetrate too much. Easy to master rubbing, rubbing, tracing and dyeing, and can show rich brushwork and ink interest. Other paper that can replace Xuan paper for painting include North Korea paper in Northeast China, Jiajiang Xuan paper in Sichuan and Liuji paper in Jiangxi. Its performance is close to that of semi-cooked rice paper.
inkstone
The most famous inkstones in China are She Yan and Duanyan. She inkstone is produced in Shexian County, Anhui Province, and Duan inkstone is produced in Gaoyao County, Guangdong Province. Okay, inkstone. Generally speaking, it is enough to choose inkstones of various properties for calligraphy and painting. When choosing an inkstone, the stone is delicate and moist, easy to ink and does not absorb water. Wash the inkstone in time after use, keep it clean, and avoid sun exposure and fire roasting. The quality of inkstone has a great influence on the color of ink. The most ideal inkstone is Duan Xi inkstone produced in Zhaoqing, Guangdong, or Anhui inkstone, which is made of stone slips, with fine ink quality, fast ink development and fine grinding, and can be preserved for a long time, but the quality of good inkstone is expensive, and the quality of Luoxi inkstone produced in the second aquatic product of this province is also good. However, it is not appropriate to choose plastic products poured from resin and stone powder. Although it is better to use fine stones, there are too many. There are also many styles of inkstone, among which Mohai No.1 is the most convenient and can store a lot of ink. You can cover it after use to prevent the ink from drying up. After a period of time, there is too much residual ink, so it should be soaked in water first and then washed away to keep the inkstone clean.
pigment
China's paintings developed to the Tang Dynasty, with heavy colors as the mainstream. Since the prevalence of ink painting in Song Dynasty, under the trend of literati, the use of color has gradually declined. However, painters should have a better understanding of traditional painting pigments, develop in many aspects, or better combine with ink painting. There are two kinds of traditional pigments. Mineral pigments are made by blending minerals, with thick colors and strong hiding power. Commonly used are: (1) stone green: usually in powder form, which must be mixed with glue when used. Azurite can be divided into Touqing, Erqing, Sanqing and Siqing. According to the color. Touqing is the thickest and greenest, and gradually becomes thinner and lighter. (2) azurite: Its performance and use are almost the same as azurite. Azurite is divided into cyan, cyan, cyan and cyan. Cephalosporin is coarse, and it is not easy to dye evenly. It needs to be dyed several times. (3) Zhu Jing: Zhu Jing is also called Chen Jing. Cinnabar is best in bright colors, and some are made into ink. Zhu Jing should not use azurite and azurite. (4) Zhu system: (Zhu Biao) Zhu is finely ground, mixed with glue, and floats in the orange. (5) Ochre: also known as vermilion, produced from hematite and light brown. At present, most of ochre is refined into water-soluble colloidal blocks, which are not covered. (6) White powder: it can be divided into lead powder, clam powder and chalk. Clam powder is made by processing and grinding mussel shells in the sea. After a long time, it is easy to "lead back" and turn black, and it can turn white after being gently washed with hydrogen peroxide. As for chalk (white clay powder), it is commonly used in ancient murals and does not change color for a long time. Plant pigment is transparent and thin, and has no covering performance. Commonly used plant pigments are: (7) cyanine: blue lake made of Polygonum hydropiper blue or Folium Isatidis, and then refined into blue pigment, which has a wide range of uses and can turn Garcinia into grass green or tender green. (8) Garcinia Garcinia: Brawly in the southern tropical forest, a hole is drilled from its bark, and a gelatinous yellow liquid flows out, which is accepted with a bamboo tube and can be used after drying. Garcinia cambogia is poisonous and cannot be imported. (9) Rouge (grease): a deep red pigment made from three plants: red and blue flowers, madder and purple stems. But when rouge is used in painting, it will fade with time. At present, it is mostly replaced by magenta.
Other tools
In addition to the above pens, inks, inkstones, paper silks and pigments, related utensils should be prepared on the table: (1) Color matching (color storage) tools: white porcelain products are better, and several small plates should be prepared for color matching or ink mixing, except plum blossom plates and laminated plates, which are ideal, and different pigments should be stored separately. (2) Water storage kettle: It is better to wash pens or supply clean water, and it is also made of white porcelain. (3) Thin blanket: painting the lining of the table can prevent the ink from penetrating and polluting the painting, and the picture is not easy to be damaged by the pen after the paper is laid. (4) Glue and alum: In order to prevent the color of azurite, azurite, cinnabar and other heavy colors from falling off, alum can be covered with powder and block, and the glue includes bottled liquid deer glue, strip or block cow glue, fish glue, deer glue and so on. It is best to prepare a set of cups and alcohol lamps, melt the glue and mix it with water. (5) Mortar: When the powder pigment particles are too coarse, they need to be ground in a mortar and then floated in a beaker. You can prepare the pen holder, paper presser, paper cutter, carbon tape for drawing, absorbent cotton waste cloth (or waste paper), inkpad and seal for lead printing as appropriate.