Du Fu was a great realistic poet in Tang Dynasty, and he was also called "Du Li" with the poet Li Bai.
There are about 65,438+0,500 poems by Du Fu, most of which are included in Du Gongbu Collection.
Du Fu, a late bloomer, was not famous before his death, but later became famous all over the world. His works have had a very important and far-reaching impact on Chinese and Japanese literary creation.
Du Fu lost his mother when he was a child and was fostered in his aunt's house. He has been wandering all his life and is down and out. Poor and sick in his later years, he was not only deaf, but also paralyzed in bed, full of talent and knowledge, and finally failed to display it. 59 years old, died on a boat in Xiangjiang River.
Du Fu's birthplace has been controversial academically, so I won't discuss it here.
Throughout the life of the poet Du Fu, there are six particularly important nodes:
1. I took an important exam and all the candidates failed.
Du Fu was born in 7 12 AD, which happened to be the year when Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty ascended the throne.
Du Fu read a lot of poems and books when he was young, but he failed in the imperial examination many times.
In the fifth year of Tianbao (AD 746), Du Fu, 35, ended his wandering life and came to Chang 'an to seek an official position.
In the sixth year of Tianbao (AD 747), Du Fu confidently took the examination organized by Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty in Chang 'an, which called on those who passed the "one art" in the world to go to Kyoto for selection.
Because Li, a powerful man at that time, was jealous of his talent, he directed a farce of "there are no heroes in the wild", which made all the students who took the exam lose the election, and Du Fu was not spared. Originally, I was full of confidence and expectation for this exam, but I didn't expect to get such a result, which made Du Fu feel sad and indignant.
Second, to offer "three gifts" to Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, to seek career development, and to realize his grand political ambition and ideal of "being a gentleman, being a gentleman, and then purifying customs"
After Du Fu arrived in Chang 'an, Chang 'an brought him not only a hard life, but also a cold and sad reality. Coupled with the innocent failure in the last exam, Du Fu's health went from bad to worse. He hesitated in poverty and depression, even had the idea of retiring, but he finally chose a difficult road to seek an official position, and Du Fu followed this road to the person he loved all his life.
Lu You, a writer, historian and patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, once wrote a portrait of Shaoling, which roughly described Du Fu's miserable life in Chang 'an:
Chang' an leaves can be swept, and the north wind blows the horse down.
Duke Du is not famous in his forties, and he has three grasses in his sleeve.
The noise of horses and chariots is loud, and the guest pillow is drunk.
The cup is cold and sad, and the cockfighting urges the brocade!
The road to the imperial examination was blocked, so Du Fu had to find another way, constantly throwing poems at dignitaries, hoping to get their recommendation, but with little effect.
In 75 1 year, it happened that the imperial court held a ceremony of suburban temples, so Du Fu made three famous products, namely, offering the imperial palace, enjoying the imperial palace and being in the southern suburbs, and presented them to Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty together with a sincere application letter, hoping to attract the attention of the emperor.
Although Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty appreciated Du Fu's talent and specially organized an examination for him, it was not until 755 10 that Du Fu, 44, was awarded the small official position of "Hexi County Commandant".
However, Du Fu did not accept this work arrangement, and the court later awarded Du Fu the title of "Cao Shenjun, the right guard of the government" to manage the East Palace Suwei.
A man with great ambitions and wizards struggled for nearly 10 years to get such a humble office. Du Fu's frustration and frustration can be imagined.
In order to make a living, Du Fu, who was poor and ill, was reduced to interacting with the hungry and buying official rice at a reduced price during his stay in Chang 'an. Moreover, his deteriorating health made Du Fu feel the approaching shadow of death. He has to support himself, sell medicine in the market, often live with friends and lead an extremely difficult life.
The frustration of official career and personal poverty made Du Fu increasingly sober. He clearly saw the extravagance and corruption of the rulers and the deep suffering of the people. Du Fu no longer has the "frivolity" and strong physique of his youth, and he gradually turned into a mature realistic poet who cares about the country and the people.
In this respect, a great realistic poet was born in frustration and distress.
Immortal masterpieces such as Chedian, Second Road, Before Traffic Jam, After Traffic Jam, Five Hundred Words from Beijing to Fengxian, and famous cautionary phrases such as "The wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the road freezes to death" all come from this period.
During this period, Du Fu also forged an unforgettable friendship with Zheng Qian, a famous scholar at that time. Zheng Qian's poems, books and paintings were once rated as "Three Musts" by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. He and Du Fu are very similar in talent, temperament, preferences and fate.
Third, he was displaced and demoted in the Anshi Rebellion.
Tang Xuanzong Tianbao 14 year (AD 755), that is, the year when Du Fu was appointed as the right guard and led the government soldier Cao to join the army, the "Anshi Rebellion" which lasted for more than 8 years broke out and Chang 'an fell.
After the fall of Chang 'an, Du Fu moved to Lingwu in the north and went to Tang Suzong, where he succeeded to the throne. Unexpectedly, he was brought back to Chang 'an by the rebels halfway. After half a year, Du Fu risked his life to escape from Chang 'an and was appointed as the left gleaner by Tang Suzong, which is also the origin of Du Fu's title of "left gleaner".
Soon, Du Fu was implicated in pleading with the Prime Minister's Office and was almost executed. Fortunately, then Prime Minister Zhang Hao and ancient historian Wei Li rescued Du Fu.
After the recovery of Chang 'an in 757 A.D., Du Fu returned to Chang 'an again, and was immediately demoted to join the army as the secretariat of the state.
During this period, Du Fu had a deeper understanding of reality, witnessed the separation of war and relatives, and witnessed the suffering of the people in the war. These experiences made Du Fu more sober and rational. He wrote many realistic masterpieces handed down from generation to generation, such as Sad Chen Tao, Hope in Spring, Northern Expedition, Qiangzhai, Three Fairs and Three Farewells.
Fourth, resign and go west, and the city is short and leisurely.
In July 759 (the second year of the Tang Dynasty), Du Fu resigned and started the arduous journey of "wandering in the southwest between heaven and earth" with his family. During the turbulent journey, Du Fu's family experienced hardships and hardships, including a nephew who went to Taizhou, Gansu Province, and a county magistrate who went to Tonggu (now Chengxian County, Gansu Province), but none of them got help. In order to make a living, Du Fu followed the monkey farmers to the mountains to pick up acorn chestnuts to satisfy his hunger, and also dug yellow medicinal materials to sell in the market. The whole family often falls into the predicament of no fixed place, hunger and cold, and lack of food. .
The Empty Capsule written by Du Fu at that time not only reflected the scene of war and turmoil, but also described his own experience and the extremely difficult situation of the people at the bottom of society:
Bai Cui is still bitter, the morning glow is shining.
The world is cold, and my way is difficult.
The well is not frozen in the morning, but it is cold without a bed at night.
I'm afraid I'll be shy when I'm empty, so I saved a dollar to watch it.
At the end of the same year, the Du Fu family arrived in Chengdu. With the support of his good friend Yanwu, he built a thatched cottage beside Huanhuaxi and often drank and sang with his neighbors. Du Fu lived in Chengdu for more than five years after his resignation. Except for the previous year, the rest of the time is relatively stable. There is a seven-tone "Cheng Tang" handed down, which mainly describes the scenery of the thatched cottage built by Du Fu and the joy of settling in the thatched cottage. When Du Fu visited Wuhou Temple in the second year (760) after he settled in Chengdu Caotang, he also wrote a poem "Shuxiang" which praised history and remembered the past. We can feel Du Fu's rare calmness and leisure in these two poems.
When Du Fu was in Chengdu, Yanwu, once again the capital, appointed him as "Foreign Minister of the School Inspection Department", which is also the origin of Du Fu's title of "Du Gongbu".
V. Temporary security Kuizhou
In April 765, Yanwu died, and Du Fu's family left the thatched cottage by Huanhua River in Chengdu in May of the same year and began to wander in Jingchu.
Everywhere Du Fu went, he saw people fleeing to avoid heavy taxes and wars. The living conditions of the refugees are extremely miserable, and Du Fu can't help but sigh that "in troubled times, the people are lonely and anxious, and the chaff is narrow."
In 766 AD, Du Fu's family came to Kuizhou, Sichuan, and then moved to Xi Kui. During this period, Du Fu suffered from lung disease and wind arthralgia. During his cultivation, Du Fu, with the support of his friends, rented farmlands and managed citrus orchards, and lived a relatively stable life for two years.
During this period, Du Fu wrote more than 400 poems, among which the famous hiking, eight poems in autumn and five poems on historical monuments were all works of this period.
Six, Xiangjiang swan song: the last drift
In the first month of 768, Du Fu's family left Kuizhou and headed east along the river. At that time, Du Fu was 56 years old, deaf in both ears and unable to move his right arm because of wind arthralgia. However, due to his livelihood, Du Fu had to go to the fish market to set up a stall to sell medicine.
During the wandering journey, Du Fu, who was tortured by illness, was still attached to the world, and wrote such famous articles as "Climbing Yueyang Tower" and "Time wasted".
In the autumn of 770, due to the flood, Du Fu's idea of going to Chenzhou, Hunan Province to go to his uncle could not be realized, so he planned to go north to Hanyang and return north along Shuilu Road. When the boat arrived at Dongting Lake, Du Fu wrote "Sleeping on a Boat with Thirty-six Rhymes in the Wind", expressing his feelings about the world and telling his tragic situation of poverty and illness.
Soon, Du Fu died on a boat in Xiangjiang River. Du Fu, a great realistic poet born in frustration and suffering, finished his miserable life, leaving more than 1500 classic poems handed down from generation to generation, which will be read by future generations forever.