There are many flowers in Kunming, with more than 400 varieties, 180 kinds of common flowers, which are open all year round. Can you sum up the flowers in Kunming? Three kinds: one is wild flowers, such as primroses, azaleas, orchids and pink flowers. Second, fruits and flowers planted in orchards and courtyards, such as peaches, plums, pomegranates and pears; The third kind is artificially cultivated flowers for people to watch, such as chrysanthemum, plum blossom, Burmese laurel, cherry blossom and so on. There are also eight famous flowers in Yunnan, namely camellia, azalea, meconopsis, primrose, orchid, orchid, lily and magnolia. These colorful flowers make Kunming more beautiful.
Naxi nationality:
Mosuo people are a branch of Naxi people who live in Yongning area of Ninglang, Lijiang, and still retain the remnants of "Axia" marriage system and matriarchal family. The so-called "A Xia" and "A Zhu" are "bosom friends" in Mosuo language. The characteristics of this kind of marriage are: men don't marry, women don't marry, husband and wife are in their own parents' homes, and they have no substantive economic ties to make friends with Ah Zhu. Men go to the woman's house at night and stay overnight, which is also called "walking marriage". During the day, the man returns to his mother's house, and the child born belongs to the woman. A father has no obligation to raise a child. He raises a nephew, and the children are raised by the woman's uncle. Of course, in the busy farming season, if the woman's family needs it, the man can also help.
A-note marriage is based entirely on love. In productive labor and daily life, once a man and a woman have love, they can have a note relationship. This relationship is not restricted or interfered by any articles of association or anyone, and it is completely maintained by the feelings of both parties. Once the two sides find that their feelings are incompatible, they can dissolve themselves and find another lover who is more suitable for them. In a person's life, some people fall in love only once or twice, while others fall in love several times or more. This kind of note marriage promoted and consolidated the consanguineous family with mother as the core. In the long-term Arab-Israeli marriage, the form of marriage has also changed from separation to cohabitation, that is, the two sides no longer live in their respective parents' homes, but in the parents' homes of both men and women. With the development and progress of society, most Mosuo people today are monogamous, and the "one note" marriage has been decreasing, which will be followed by the gradual disintegration of matriarchal families, and the "one note" marriage will become history. The "Azhu marriage" of Mosuo people is praised by ethnologists as "a living fossil in the history of family and marriage development in human society". Its family organization and marriage form have attracted more and more attention from scholars at home and abroad, and attracted many tourists.
Love:
Because of the freedom of love, most Naxi young men and women have their own lovers and sweethearts before marriage. But according to the traditional marriage, parents have to do everything, and parents pay attention to the right match. Therefore, children's opinions are not sought, and lovers are not allowed to get married from time to time. This phenomenon was particularly prominent before the founding of the People's Republic of China. Therefore, lovers whose parents don't agree to get married often express their resistance by escaping marriage and favoritism. Some agreed to flee to remote places and live incognito, and then return to their original places several years later; Some simply settle abroad forever and don't return to their original places; Some ways of resistance are even more tragic, and that is double suicide. The methods of double suicide include diving, cliff rolling, self-immolation, hanging, taking poison and so on. They think that people can't get married in the world, and only when they die can they live together forever in the "Jade Dragon Third Country", which still happens from time to time until the 1950s and 1960s. With the change of history and people's ideas, the marriage of young Naxi men and women is completely arranged by their parents, which has changed a lot. Escaping marriage and double suicide have become a sad history.
Mosuo people living in Lugu Lake, Ninglang Yi Autonomous County, Lijiang area have obvious matriarchal clan characteristics in marriage and love customs. A man and a woman live in their parents' home after they have established a marriage relationship, belonging to two families respectively, for life. This kind of marriage relationship is known locally as walking marriage, also known as Asha (Mosuo, meaning partner) marriage. Usually, men live in the woman's home at night and return to their parents' home at dawn the next day to produce and live with their families. The child born is raised by the woman's family. Traditionally, men have no obligation and responsibility to raise children. This kind of marriage is a combination of voluntariness and freedom, and the duration depends on the feelings of both men and women, some for months, some for years or decades, and some for life. Although the men and women in this marriage relationship are not family, they are all based on love life. This kind of marriage has no legal guarantee, and it is completely maintained by feelings and traditional moral concepts. As long as both men and women don't want to spend the summer again, this marriage relationship can be dissolved without any formalities. After the two sides break up, both men and women can make new friends with Asha, and no one will interfere or raise objections.
Mosuo men and women generally reached the age of eighteen or nineteen and began to make friends with Asha. They mainly look for partners through activities such as labor, festivals, temple fairs and parades, so as to establish the relationship between xia and Xia.
The common ways for them to make friends are: if one party likes the other, they can grab something from the other party as a test; If the other party acquiesces or even treats each other warmly, it means that they agree, and the two sides can be friends with Asha from now on. If the other party is serious and asks for the return of the stolen things, it means that he does not agree, and this party has to give up.
Making friends with xia through singing plays an important role in xia's marriage. This way of making friends is especially popular among young men and women. Young men and women will sing beautiful Mosuo love songs, and on festive occasions, they will work as follows, go up the mountain to cut firewood, fish in the lake or get together at night to find and test the right person and make friends with xia. Therefore, in Mosuo area, this kind of Axia love song is very rich and wonderful, which often attracts great interest from cultural workers and tourists.
Throwing stones to test is also a way to make friends with Xiamen. Whenever night falls, the young man will quietly come to his favorite girl's house, pick up a stone and throw it on the wooden house where the girl lives, then wait patiently and observe the movement. The girl heard the sound of a stone falling on the roof and knew that a young man was coming to visit, so she looked through the window and the door. She thought the young man liked it, so she enthusiastically opened the door to let the young man in. The girl won't open the door if she doesn't want to. The young man waited around, but when he saw nothing, he had to give up.
Make friends with xia: When young men and women get together, they like to jump around the bonfire. In the raging fire, young men and women are in a circle, singing and dancing, and they are happy. At this time, the young man who is ready to woo the girl will suddenly cut into the girl's side and change his strength by holding the girl's hand loosely and tightly while dancing, so that the girl's held hand will be loved. The girl knows that if she also likes the young man and is willing to marry him, her hand will respond to the young man with a loose and tight strength change. If the girl doesn't want to, there will be no reaction, and she will still jump into her pot. If a young man fails to have sex several times, she will have to find someone else.
At first, it was a secret that men and women became Xia Hou's friends in various ways. With the passage of time and the deepening of feelings, the relationship between two people will gradually become public. When the relationship between xia and Xia is relatively stable, when the man comes to the woman's house, he can chat with the woman's family, help the woman's house to do farm work during the busy farming season, send some gifts to the woman's house on holidays, or give some money and things to his children. According to the traditional customs of Mosuo people, all descendants of immediate family members within five generations are forbidden to make friends with Asha, and they can make friends, and they are not limited by rank or nationality.
The way to dissolve xia's marriage is simple. As long as the woman refuses to accept, or the man stops coming to the door and sends a message to the other party, xia's marriage is over. There are also cases where the living expenses of Axiaguan have developed into a formal marriage between men and women, but this is only a minority among Mosuo people after all.
Marriage customs:
The day before the wedding, the groom's family was also very busy, arranging rooms along the room, setting up colorful sheds, decorating lanterns and putting up couplets everywhere. Slaughter pigs and sheep at the same time, hang a sieve wrapped in red paper or paper silk, insert three arrows on it, and write the words "Linlin is coming". To stop the white tiger. The new bed was arranged by the matchmaker and the groom's mother. A little boy with grandparents and living parents was invited to sleep in the new bed with the groom that night.
The next day, accompanied by the matchmaker and relatives and friends, the groom went to the woman's house to visit relatives, and prepared an empty sedan chair or horse for the bride to ride when she came back, and also brought two tables of banquets and other gifts. Arriving at the door of the woman's house, the bride team had a good time. After three performances in a row, the woman's door was opened, the bride was allowed to enter, and then she was warmly received. Usually around noon, the man's bride-to-be partner carries the bride into the sedan chair. At this time, the bride struggled desperately and looked unwilling to leave. After comfort and persuasion, I bid farewell to my parents and relatives, accompanied by my uncle, uncle and sister. Take a car or ride a bike on the road.
The bride came to the man's door, but the man's door was closed. At this time, the person who saw the bride off sang Naxi minor at the door and let the man's house open. Will the golden camel come? Is the silver camel here? The woman's family sang outside the door: "The golden camel is coming, and the silver camel is coming. Open the door quickly. " After the duet, the gate opened, and the bride and groom had to cross the red paper saddle to get in. At this time, Dongba wants to chant Buddhist scripture, and at the same time, it points a few drops of ghee or water on the bride's forehead, indicating that the bride is already a man's family.
When the bride enters the house, she should give her in-laws a pair of shoes. At this time, the bride-to-be deliberately threw the shoes given by the bride to the groom into the depths under the new bed, so that the groom bent down to pick them up and put them on. This custom is called changing shoes. Then a worship ceremony was held. The bride and groom worship the heavens and the earth, their ancestors, their in-laws, and then the elders in the family, and then the husband and wife worship each other. When visiting the church, the bride holds salt and the groom holds a teapot. After the ceremony, the bride should symbolically take a look at the red cabinet where she got married, lock it and throw the key in the red cabinet, and the children will fight for it immediately, because whoever grabs the corner key in the night shift can redeem the wedding candy from the bride.
In the evening, a banquet brought by the woman's family was placed in the new house. The bride and groom had dinner with several children, and the rest of the guests were warmly treated by the man's family. In the evening, young men and women can go to a noisy room and get together to dance with Naxi people, while Dongba people of Naxi people keep singing (wedding tunes), which is full of warm and festive atmosphere. On this day, the woman's family also hosted a banquet to entertain relatives and friends, and invited Dongba to sing (marry a female tune).
The next day, my mother-in-law will personally bring a bowl of lotus seed porridge and a bowl of noodles to her new wife to show her concern for the bride. On this day, there will be an engagement ceremony, that is, all the men will be invited to meet the bride in the order of seniority. The elders also sent blessings to the bride and gave her a gift.
The third day is a return visit. The bride and groom should take gifts back to the woman's home. Meet the woman's parents, uncles, uncles and other elders and have dinner together. According to the custom, no matter how far the journey is, the newlyweds should return to the man's house on the same day.
On the fourth day, accompanied by her sister-in-law, the bride went to the streets to buy fish, onions and Song Ming, respectively, to show her affection for fish and water, to light up the future and make the children smart. After the wedding, there will be a ceremony to send XiShen.
If you travel to Lijiang, don't miss the opportunity to attend the Naxi wedding.
Festivals:
Sanduo Festival, also known as February 8th Temple Fair, is a traditional festival of Naxi people. Sanduo God is the main god of Naxi nationality. During the temple fair, there were a sea of people, cigarettes curled up, and it was early spring. Camellia and cherry blossoms were in full bloom. Its warm atmosphere and spectacular scenes are the first of all temple fairs in Lijiang. Those who take part in the worship of heaven or the "three-day sacrifice" should clean their hands in advance and pass through the fireworks lit by azaleas to show their filth.
Etiquette and taboos:
Naxi nationality attaches great importance to credit and loyalty. Generally speaking, they don't care about the mistakes made by guests because of ignorance, but they value equality and credit. Therefore, when dealing with them, it is best to directly explain what they want, and not to cheat.
Pay attention to correct sitting posture when meeting guests and eating, avoid talking loudly, guessing fists and swearing, don't step on the table rails, and don't cross your legs when there are old people. When the host toasts, drinks, tobacco and rice, he should touch his hand to express his gratitude.
Don't knock on the chopsticks, turn over the vegetables and pick them up one by one when eating. Generally, when picking vegetables, you should ask others to move chopsticks together, first once, stop for a while, smoke a cigarette and then pick up the second chopsticks. The chicken head should be enjoyed by the elderly, but the chicken feet should not be eaten by children (Naxi people think that children will tremble when eating chicken feet to write).
When the host holds a meal, he should take the initiative to ask about the amount needed, and don't leave leftovers at the bottom of the bowl. If you sit on the "two-person stool" and stand up, you should take care of others to prevent others from falling over, which is unsightly and will cause pain. * * * When eating, if you have finished eating, you'd better stay with others for a while. Please say hello to others if you want to leave early.
When entering Naxi family, don't beat the dog of the host family, don't beat and scold the children in front of the host or guests, and don't take the initiative to enter the bedrooms of the elderly and women. In Lugu Lake area, girls are not allowed to enter the "flower house" at will, and don't ask about "xia". Don't sing love songs and whistle at home (thinking it will attract ghosts). My father-in-law is not allowed to enter my daughter-in-law's bedroom. Don't sweep the floor at night, and guests are not allowed to sweep the floor here. Don't close the door immediately when the guests leave, but escort them to the gate. Women's underwear should not be aired in public, and pants and skirts should not be aired above the passage where the owner enters and exits.
In Naxi areas, you don't have to rush into the wedding banquet because of a random invitation, and you can't miss the opportunity of mourning because of the host's "rejection". Because for Naxi people, help in times of disaster and sadness will be the most reliable foundation of friendship, and even the usual grievances can be eliminated. On the other hand, if you only know congratulations when you are happy and don't know how to express condolences when you are sad, you will be considered as a fake friend or an ordinary friend.
Generally speaking, visiting patients should avoid talking about death; Full moon guests should not say "beautiful" or "heavy" to the baby (because Naxi customs pretend to be beautiful and emphasize inanimate things), and can use words such as "robust and brave"; Use words such as "virtuous, capable and handsome" to the bride or woman. Filial piety does not attend the wedding.
Naxi people pay more attention to fertility, and the etiquette of "real guest" is unique: when the baby of the host family is born, the first member who accidentally enters the family is called "head guest". At this time, no matter whether this person is male or female, old or young, near or far, he should be treated as a distinguished guest. The host family should first scoop clean cold water (pistachio water) for the lucky first guest to drink, so as to wish the mother and son peace, health and happiness, and then the host family will cook rice wine and eggs to entertain the first guest.