In the third century, Donghu was divided into two branches-Xianbei and Wuhuan, and the capital of Yuan Dynasty was the place where Wuhuan people lived.
After the 4th century AD, Tuoba Xianbei rose and established the Northern Wei Dynasty. The capital of the Yuan Dynasty is located in the pasture outside the Great Wall of the Northern Wei Dynasty.
In the 10 century, Liao Dynasty and Jin Dynasty used it as an excellent place for hunting and traveling.
In the fourth year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1 168), Wan named it Jinlianchuan, meaning "Lotus is connected, golden branches and jade leaves are connected".
In the fourth year of Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty (12 1 1), Genghis Khan led Mongolian cavalry south to collect gold and occupied Zhou Huan in the upper reaches of Luanhe River, and Jinlianchuan became Genghis Khan's summer resort.
In the eighth year of Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty (12 15), Genghis Khan took Zhou Huan Liang Zhong as his "Summer Palace". When Genghis Khan enfeoffed the generals, Shangdu area in Yuan Dynasty was the hereditary territory of Muqali family.
From the forty-ninth year of Jiading to the fifth year of Baoyu in the Southern Song Dynasty (1256~ 1258), Kublai Khan ordered his near minister (Liu) to build a city on the north bank of Luanhe River and east of Longgang, and named it Kaiping. After Kublai Khan ascended the throne and established the unification of the Yuan Dynasty, Kaiping House was continuously renovated and expanded.
Four years after the Yuan Dynasty was unified (1263), it was promoted to the capital and named Shangdu.
From the Yuan Dynasty to the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty (127 1), Kublai Khan named the country "Yuan", and Shangdu and Dadu became two alternate capitals of the Yuan Dynasty, which experienced eleven emperors. 108. Until the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Shangdu was the political, economic, military and cultural center of the Yuan Dynasty.
1996, the Shang du site in the Yuan Dynasty was first listed in the World Heritage List of China.
1999, the state invested100000 yuan to move out 103 employees of "Wuyi Animal Farm" in the site and reclaim the site.
In 2002, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region repaired the wall of Imperial City in Yuanshangdu Site for more than 300 meters, filled the vegetable pits, artificial canals and other facilities in the site, and closed the roads in the site.
In 2006, the site of Shangdu in Yuan Dynasty was once again included in the re-established preparatory list for applying for intangible cultural heritage.
In 2008, the declaration of intangible cultural heritage entered the substantive operation stage.
In 2009, the autonomous region set up a leading group for the application of intangible cultural heritage, headed by Bater, then chairman of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and the application for intangible cultural heritage entered a critical stage.
On June 20 10, in order to restore the original ecological environment of Yuanshangdu site, strengthen the environmental management and protection of Yuanshangdu site, and promote the application process of Yuanshangdu site, * * * established Yuanshangdu site nature reserve, and determined 18 14.52 square kilometers as Yuanshangdu site heritage application reserve, including 34,342 hectares and buffer zone. Wetlands, grasslands and forests around the Yuanshangdu site have all been included in the scope of the Yuanshangdu site application protection area.
20 1 1 formulated a series of protection laws and regulations, such as the Master Plan for the Protection of Yuanshangdu Site, the Measures for the Protection and Management of Yuanshangdu Site, and the Plan for the Protection of Ecological Environment and Characteristic Landscape of Yuanshangdu Site. Yuan Shangdu Ruins Museum Project with an investment of more than 60 million yuan; Yuanshangdu Site will be officially opened to tourists on July 1 1. 20 1 1 In August, according to the requirements of the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage and the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, United Nations experts made an on-the-spot investigation and evaluation on the heritage value, protection and management of the ruins in Yuanshangdu.
On May 20 12, the World Heritage Center issued an official report, which adopted the expression of outstanding universal value of the heritage in the application text, determined that its authenticity, integrity and protection and management status fully met the requirements of the World Heritage, and nominated the Yuanshangdu site to be included in the World Cultural Heritage. On June 29th, the 36th meeting of the World Heritage Committee held in St. Petersburg, Russia, unanimously agreed to include the site of Yuanshangdu, a cultural heritage project declared by China, in the World Heritage List.
Geographical location Yuanshangdu Site is located in Zhenglan Banner, Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, on the northwest lightning river of Duolun County, east longitude11609' 50 "-11'40", north latitude 42 20 ".
The site of Shangdu in Yuan Dynasty is a typical site of Shangdu in Yuan Dynasty, which belongs to the valley plain and sandstorm accumulation area. The terrain here is high in the south and low in the north, which consists of two geomorphic units: low hills and sand dunes. The altitude is between 1265- 128 1 m. The overall landform is Chahar hilly area at the northern foot of Yanshan Mountain, which consists of sandy land, typical grassland, forest grassland and wetland.
Climate Yuanshangdu Site belongs to the semi-arid continental climate in the middle temperate zone, with an annual average temperature of 65,438 0.5℃, an average temperature of-65,438 07.8℃ in Leng Yue and an average temperature of 65,438 08.7℃ in the hottest month. The average annual precipitation is 365 mm, mainly from June to August, accounting for about 67% of the annual precipitation. The annual average wind speed in this area is 3.6 m s- 1, the extreme maximum wind speed is 40.0 m s- 1, and the annual average windy days are 72 days (wind speed ≥ 17 m s- 1), and the wind direction is mainly westerly.
The overall layout of Yuan Shang Capital Site is divided into Miyagi, Imperial City and Outer City, with mountains in the north and water in the south.
As the ruling center of Mongolia, Shangdu in Yuan Dynasty is outlined. It is bounded by Shangdu River in the south, Longgang Mountain in the north and the vast Jinlianchuan grassland around it, forming an overall planning form with palace ruins as the center and layered radial distribution, namely palaces, temples and Mongolian traditional buildings.
Well-preserved Miyagi, Imperial City, outer city walls, neat and symmetrical streets, patchwork architectural relics, grasslands with good natural ecology, numerous cultural relics and beautiful ecological environment constitute the most complete large-scale ancient capital site in China.
The outer city of cultural relics remains in a curved ruler shape, which is spread around the west and north sides of the imperial city. The west and north walls are 2220 meters long, the east wall is 8 15 meters long and the south wall is 820 meters long. The existing city wall covers an area of about 288 hectares, with a base width of 10 meter, a top width of 2 meters and a storage height of about 3-6 meters. The outer city is 225 meters away from the north side of the west gate, and an east-west partition wall is obliquely built to the west wall of the north gate of the imperial city, which divides the outer city into two parts: the west and the north of the imperial city. The bottom width of the partition wall is 3m, the remaining height is 0.7-0.8m, and the top width is 2.05m All the city walls are rammed with loess, and the rammed layer is about 20cm thick, with uneven thickness. The density is not like the imperial city, and there is no masonry in appearance. * * * There are four doors, one on the south wall, one on the west wall and two on the north wall. The outer city is surrounded by moat ruins.
The outer city imperial city imperial city plane is nearly square. East wall length1410m, west wall length1415m, north wall length1395m and south wall length1400m. Covering an area of about 164 hectares, the existing height is about 6-7 meters, the wall base is 12 meters wide, and the top is about 5 meters wide, which gradually narrows upward. There are horse faces on the outside of the four walls, 6 on each side and 24 on each side. The bottom width of the horse face is 12m, the convex wall is about 5.4m, and the existing height is about 5.8m. The middle of the horse face is rammed with loess, and the inner and outer sides are wrapped with natural stones. The stone wall is about 0.5-0.6m thick, and the outer stones are slightly flat. Dig the foundation trench at the bottom of the stone wall and build the foundation of the slope wall. The imperial city wall has six gates, one in the middle of the north and south walls, and two in the east and west walls. On the west side of the western wall and the outer side of the northern wall of the Imperial City, obvious river ditch remains were found. The river ditch is about 25m away from the city wall and is10m wide.
The plane of the imperial city Miyagi is almost square. The east wall is 605m long, the west wall is 605.5m long, the north wall is 542.5m long and the south wall is 542m long. Covering an area of about 32 hectares, it is surrounded by rammed earth walls with different heights, with a maximum height of 5m, a wall base width of10m and a top width of 5m. Some walls are brick, with loess rammer in the middle and blue bricks on both sides. The bottom cushion of brick wall is based on stone strips or schists. There are three gates in the east, west and south, and closed trenches are dug outside the city walls.
The east gate of Miyagi Guanxiang is about 800 meters long and extends to the northeast. Nanguan, about 600 meters long, is connected with the buildings in Luannan. Today, there is a stone bridge foundation connecting the rivers on both sides. Xiguan extends westward about 1000 meters; There are no ruins of buildings and streets outside the wall of the northern city, because the northern part of the outer city is the palace where the emperor travels happily. In the foothills one kilometer away from the north wall, there are large architectural relics, mostly small buildings arranged in order, and some form building areas, in which the main roads and paths are arranged in order. In these architectural sites, only the wall foundation made of stone can be seen, and there are few traces on the surface. Only some buildings near the south have residual tiles and fragments of clay Buddha statues, which should be the ruins of small Buddhist temples.
When Liu Jiandu closed the iron tent canal, iron canvas was erected on the mountain to save water. "The iron canvas stands upright and the sea is exhausted, and Wolong flies away." The mountain erected by this iron pole is called Iron Pole Mountain. Aobao on Hataishang in the northwest of Yuan Dynasty is Tiezangan Mountain. On the west side of Aobao, the iron pole base is still preserved. The Tiezangan Canal was designed and built by Guo Shoujing, a famous scientist in Yuan Dynasty, in the second year of Dade, Yuan Chengzong (1298). Tiezangan Canal turns southeast 450 meters outside the west gate of the outer city in Yuanshangdu, and turns south into the Lightning River on the north side of Xiguan Street. The channel is about 50 meters wide, 2~5 meters high and nearly 6 kilometers long. The canal was built to ensure the safety of the capital.
Overview of the tomb of the main canal with rammed earth and iron rice on the left side
Twenty-six tombs were excavated from the altar after the cleaning of Zhuangzishan cemetery DZXM8, of which 19 had no tombs, all of which were pit tombs with long trapezoidal plane. The specifications of each tomb vary greatly, and the direction of the tomb is mostly northwest. Due to early theft, the burial style is unclear. There are many funerary objects, including copper, iron, gold, silver and silk. The above picture shows the altar after the cemetery DZXM8 is cleaned.
Zhenzishan tombs
Hazelnut Hill Tombs-Aerial photo Hazelnut Hill Tombs are located in Shangduhe Township, northwest of Duolun County, 9 kilometers away from the ruins of the ancient city in Yuanshangdu. It is the largest tomb group in Yuan Dynasty near Shangdu in Yuan Dynasty, belonging to Han tombs. Based on the main peak of Zhenzi Mountain, the tombs are distributed in fragments on the gentle slope of Simian Mountain, covering an area of about 174 hectares. According to statistics, there are nearly 1500 tombs. In addition, a small number of tombs have been found at the foot of Nanping Mountain, which is connected with the Hazelnut Mountain tombs in the south of the Yuan Dynasty.
A tree tomb group
The tree burial group is located on the gentle slope of the mountain bay in the north of Yinle Sumu, Shangdu, about 12 km northwest of Yuan Shang Capital Ruins in Zhenglan Banner. It belongs to ordinary Mongolian tombs. The tombs of this tomb group are basically distributed on two adjacent gentle slopes with high terrain in the north and low terrain in the south, which are divided into two areas, with the distance from east to west of about 1500m.
A tree tomb group 1995~ 1998, Inner Mongolia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology cleared 26 tombs in three times. There are very few funerary objects unearthed in tombs, and there are also very few funerary objects unearthed in * * *. * * A total of 8 tombs were unearthed, with funerary objects 19 1 piece. "Because of the theft, the location of the funerary objects in the tomb is not clear. Burial objects unearthed from tombs are generally rare. * * Unearthed funerary objects 19 1 piece, and 8 tombs without any funerary objects. There are also many funerary tombs, generally about 5-8, with a maximum of 6l and a minimum of 1.
The bronze statue of Kublai Khan was cast in 2007, with a height of about 7.5 meters, a length of 34 meters, a thickness of 6 meters and a total weight of 80 tons, symbolizing the 750-year history of the ruins of the capital of the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan's 34-year reign, the accession of six emperors in the capital of the Yuan Dynasty and Kublai Khan's 80th birthday. This statue is beautiful in shape and rich in content. It is a condensed picture of Yuan Shizu's great military career and the rule of the country. In the middle is Kublai Khan. Kublai Khan (12 15- 1294) was the first emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. On the right side of Kublai Khan's statue is the scene of Mongolian cavalry, and on the left is the ministers of Yuan Dynasty, mainly the envoys of Liu, Kelpolo, Guo Shoujing, Yao Shu, Basiba, Persia and other countries. Bronze statue of Kublai Khan Jinlianchuan grassland
"Jinlianchuan", formerly known as Dongli Lake Dongchuan, is full of Jinlianchuan in summer and looks like a golden ocean from afar. It stretches on both sides of Shangdu River in the upper reaches of Luanhe River, with a length of 60 kilometers from east to west, and the widest part is the ruins of Yuanshangdu, about 5-6 kilometers. In May of the eighth year of Jin Dading (1 168), Jin Shizong named Dongli Lake Dongchuan Jinlianchuan, which means "Lotus is connected, and its golden branches and jade leaves are connected". In the first year of Yuan Xianzong (125 1), Kublai Khan was ordered to be in charge of "General Military Affairs in the Southern Desert of China". Jinlianchuan grassland is rich in wildlife resources, which is not only a natural excellent pasture with beautiful aquatic plants, but also a cool amusement place for riding and hunting. It was once a summer resort for emperors in Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties. Jinlianchuan grassland Huang cheng Ming de men
It is the first gate from Huangcheng Road to Yuanshangdu, belonging to the south gate of Huangcheng, located on the north-south axis between Huangcheng and Miyagi. The entrance is 24 meters long and 4.7~5.7 meters wide. The walls on both sides are made of blue bricks, and the roof of the ticket collapses, leaving the architectural remains of the collapsed gate about 7 meters high at the entrance of the ticket. Outside the door, the urn is rectangular, 63 meters wide from east to west and 5 1 meter long from north to south. This wall is made of stone. Wengcheng Gate is12m long and 3.5-3.8m wide. There are stone pillars in the middle, which are ordinary stones. There are stone fork posts and wooden door posts on both sides of the door. The Imperial City Mingdemen Palace Yutianmen belongs to the south gate of Miyagi and lives on the north-south axis of the Imperial City and Miyagi. The doorway is of masonry structure, and the urn is outside the door, 60 meters wide from east to west and 27 meters long from north to south. In the Yuan Dynasty, there were poems such as "Ten thousand people ride south of the city, and hundreds of officials are under the imperial gate" and "Hearing the imperial edict in front of the imperial gate, flying to the metropolis by post horse". This is the place where hundreds of officials gather and listen to the announcement. Archaeological findings show that there are two rows of building bases on the east and west sides of the urn, which is supposed to be a resting place for officials to go to court or wait for orders. Miyagi Yutianmen Miyagi Daan Pavilion
The base of this building is located in the center of the palace city. The upper floor is the former site of Yonghe Palace in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the lower floor is the base site of Da 'an Pavilion in Yuan Dynasty. The base address plane is convex, with a length of 36.5 meters from east to west and a width of 30 meters from north to south. The outer edge of the corner at the bottom of the foundation is surrounded by regular strip sandstone. A complete white marble dragon pattern column foundation with a height of 2. 1 m, a width of 0.53 m and a thickness of 0.52 m was unearthed in the southwest corner of the foundation site, and it was carved with exquisite dragon patterns. Daan Pavilion was built in the third year of Zhiyuan (1266). After Kublai Khan captured Bianjing in the Southern Song Dynasty, he "took the material of Xichun Pavilion in Bianjing Song Dynasty, with a slight profit and loss, so he was named Daan. "The whole pavilion is soaring and perching in the sky", which makes the viewers sigh that "God is a ghost, and the heart of the cave is frightened", while the Yuan people have the admiration of "Da 'an Royal Pavilion is a magnificent pavilion, and the Chinese que soars into the sky", which shows its once magnificent scene. Da 'an Pavilion was used as the "main hall" of Miyagi in the Yuan Dynasty. The emperors of the Yuan Dynasty often held important political ceremonies here, such as the emperor's accession to the throne and the reception of foreign envoys. In addition, daily activities including the emperor's visit to the DPRK, discussion of state affairs, Buddhist practice and gathering with ministers were also held here. There have been many major events with worldwide or regional influence, including the enthronement of five emperors, including Yuan Chengzong, Wuzong, Tianshun Emperor, Wenzong and Shun Di, Kublai Khan's meeting with Kyle Polo in Yuan Shizu, and Kublai Khan's surrender after the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty. Miyagi 1 Building Base (Jin Kui Pavilion) Miyagi Mu Qing Pavilion
The base site of this building is located in the middle of the north wall of Gongcheng at the northern end of the central axis between the Imperial City and Miyagi City. It is the largest building in Miyagi, and it is the seat of Mu Qing Pavilion according to archaeological research. Muqing Pavilion was built in the 13th year of Yuan Dynasty (1353). The Yuan Dynasty was a palace for banquets, discussions and residence, which was called "North Que" in Yuan poetry. The existing abutment of Muqingge site is about 8m high, with a width of 137m from east to west and a length of 67m from north to south, with a total area of 9 180m2. The abutment plane is concave, with halls on the east and west wings, which is in the form of "que-style building" After archaeological excavation on the top of the East Wing, it was found that there was a large wooden structure on the top of the foundation site. Miyagi No.2 Building Base (Muqingge) East City Wall of Huangcheng
The total length of the city wall is 14 10 m, and the middle is rammed with loess, and the rammed layer is about 12- 14 cm thick. The inner and outer sides are wrapped with natural stones, and the stone wall is about 0.5-0.6 m thick. Most of the walls are well preserved, and the residual height is about 2.0-5.5 meters. In 2002, the 368-meter outer wall and two horse faces in the northern section of the East Wall of the Imperial City were cleaned and maintained. The existing building of Huangcheng East City Wall Site Museum was built in April 2007, completed in April 2008 and opened to the public in July 2008. The architectural function of the building is divided into exhibition hall, cultural relics warehouse, commercial studio, office building and so on. It basically has comprehensive service functions such as cultural relics collection, exhibition, research, education, communication and administrative office. There are five exhibition halls at present.
On April 20 1 1, the museum began to rebuild and exhibit the exhibition hall, and improved the security system and tourist service facilities. Opening to the outside world in July, 20 1 1. At present, the new museum of Yuanshangdu Site is under construction. The value of the Yuan Dynasty Capital Museum site is praised by historians as the capital site comparable to the ancient Italian city of Pompeii, which combines Mongolian culture and Chinese civilization and records an important civilization stage in human history. Well-preserved Miyagi, Imperial City, outer city walls, neat and symmetrical streets, patchwork architectural relics, grasslands with good natural ecology, numerous cultural relics and beautiful ecological environment constitute the most complete large-scale ancient capital site in China.
The rich cultural remains of Shangdu Site in Yuan Dynasty show that it is not only a precious human cultural heritage, but also one of the birthplaces of nomadic civilization. As the cultural heritage of the most representative nomadic people in the world, Shangdu Site in Yuan Dynasty has important historical, cultural, scientific and artistic values, has become an important milestone in the process of Chinese civilization and nomadic civilization, and is indispensable in the history of human civilization.
The success of applying for the World Heritage in the Yuan Dynasty can also have a positive impact on promoting China culture to go abroad. Every China heritage is listed in the world list, which is the best embodiment of the culture going out. This will enable the west to understand China's culture, cultural heritage and cultural policies from different angles.
Foreign academic research
Kelpolo's trip to Italy described in detail the palaces, customs and religions in Shangdu. The recorded "Bamboo Palace" can be confirmed in the historical materials of China. It is a Mongolian-style big palace tent, and the Mongolian name is Sila aldo. Kyle Poirot's description of Shangdu is quite true and has high historical value.
194 1 released the photos of the inner city affiliated to Shangdu, and the doorway and the brick wall outside were well preserved, which were almost the same as the photos of the south gate taken by Pozder Nieev in Mongolia and the Mongols, but today these sites have been seriously damaged. In the book "Shangdu", the article "Solving the Main Texts of Shangdu in Yuan Dynasty" written by Tomsuke Ishida is attached as an appendix at the end of the book. Ishida made a brief introduction to the historical records of Yuanshangdu in Chinese, Western and Japanese respectively. Although there are still some gaps, it provides convenience for in-depth study of Meta Capital and has certain academic value.
domestic
In the more than 30 years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the representative archaeological investigation reports mainly include Zhang Yu's "Old City of Beijing" in the 1960s, which reflects the general situation of the ruins of Beijing in the 1950s.
Chen Gaohua and Shi Weimin co-authored Yuan Du (Jilin Education Press, 1988), which introduced the process of the establishment and decline of Shangdu, the urban layout and the administrative management of Shangdu. It also discusses the imperial system of the two capitals in the Yuan Dynasty, as well as the court life, political life, economic life and religious activities in Shangdu, so that readers can have a more complete understanding of the history of Shangdu and its position in the history of the Yuan Dynasty. This book is the first monograph in China to systematically study the capital of the Yuan Dynasty, and it is also an important achievement in the study of Mongolian history and Yuan history.
socioeconomics
Ye Xinmin's Social Economy of Shangdu in Yuan Dynasty discusses the social and economic situation of Shangdu from the aspects of animal husbandry, grain storage and transportation, commerce and handicrafts, agriculture and reclamation.
politics
Ye Xinmin inspected the establishment, rank, position and main officials of Shangdu Government Office in Yuan Dynasty, and published Shangdu Government Office (Journal of Inner Mongolia University,No. 1983,No. 1).
Post office traffic
The post road traffic in Yuanshangdu is very developed. Yuan Zhen is the author of "A Study on the Post Road in Jingyuan and Yuan Dynasty" and "A Study on the Travel of Merchants in the Post Office". Ye Xinmin's "Beijing Post Station" discusses the post stations from Dadu to Shangdu, Shangdu to Liaoyang and Shangdu to Lingbei Province, and describes the management of the post station and the situation of the post station households. In the second chapter of Yuan Dadu, Chen Gaohua and Shi Weimin respectively inspected the traffic routes from Shangdu to Dadu from the post road, the main road and the west road, and discussed the measures to maintain the traffic between the two cities.
religion
Literature and archaeological data prove that there are Buddhist temples, Taoist temples, Hui Hui temples and Confucian temples in Shangdu, all of which are places where northern religions are developed and prosperous. Jing Jun Nogo wrote "Buddhism in the Capital of the Yuan Dynasty", which specifically introduced the Buddhist temples in the capital and the work of the Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. Ye Xinmin's Yuan Dadu Religion 1258 discusses Kaiping Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Confucius Temple and other temples. In the seventh chapter of Yuan Dadu, Chen Gaohua and Shi Weimin made some supplements and amendments to the contents of religious activities in Beijing, especially to the religious figures on patrol.
international communication
During the Yuan Dynasty, Chinese and foreign traffic was prosperous and international exchanges were frequent. The foreign emissaries who have been to Shangdu mainly include: emissaries from Farang, Kyle Polo, emissaries from Korea, Persia, Myanmar, India and Nepal.
Research prospect
Through archaeological investigation, the architectural scale and layout of Shangdu city site were basically found out, and some valuable cultural relics were found. In recent years, archaeologists in Inner Mongolia have discovered a number of stone statues in the suburbs of Shangdu site, which is worthy of further study.
Sort out the historical documents about the capital of the Yuan Dynasty. In recent years, due to a large number of references, some research work has gradually deepened.
Continue to carry out in-depth research on special topics and conduct comparative research with Dadu and Zhongdu in the Yuan Dynasty.
Warm tips of tourism information
The tourist route takes the bus (sleeper) at Beijing Liuliqiao coach station at 9:50 and 17:30 every day. The fare is 1 17 yuan, and it takes about 8 hours to reach Duolun County (at present, the bus only goes to Duolun County). You can transfer to a taxi in Duolun County to go to the Yuanshangdu Ruins Scenic Area.
Please respect the local ethnic customs, and pay attention to carrying sunscreen and anti-mosquito drugs in summer.