What do you know about tiles?

Tile is the covering tile on the eaves of ancient palace buildings in China, commonly known as "tubular tile head" or "tile head". There are some people who call themselves "Dang" in the Wadang script, such as "Qi Gong Dang", "Lan Chi Gong Dang", "Jingshi Dang Yu" and "Wu Yin She Dang". The ancients taught that "pawn" is "bottom" because pottery tiles are pressed up one by one, arranged from the roof to the eaves, and the leading tiles are at the bottom of the tiles. Below the tiles are rafters, which can prevent wind, sun and rain, protect the rafters from erosion and prolong the service life of the building. So the name of the tile probably comes from its position and function. According to the literature, China ancient building tiles began in Xia Dynasty. Archaeological data show that palaces, ancestral halls and other large buildings in the Yin and Shang Dynasties were still "Maozitu steps", and there were no traces of useful tiles, let alone tiles. So far, the real tile was first seen in the ruins of the early Western Zhou Dynasty. Wadang objects were first found in Fufeng Chen Zhao site in the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty. Tiles and tiles solved the problem of roof rain protection, and made the ancient buildings in China get rid of the simple state of "Mautz soil steps". In the history of architecture, tile and tile dang are a great original invention of our ancestors. Ceramic tile is a practical and decorative building component. There are many kinds of ceramic tiles: as far as materials are concerned, ceramic tiles mainly include gray ceramic tiles, glazed tiles and metal tile. Grey pottery tile is the oldest and most common tile, and it has been the most important variety from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. After the Tang Dynasty, glazed tiles appeared. Glazed tiles are fired on argillaceous tiles, and the colors are blue, green, blue and yellow, which are used in advanced buildings. During the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, metal tile was used in some buildings. There are three kinds of metal tiles: cast iron, brass and gold plated. Look from the shape, there are three kinds of tiles: semicircle, circle and big semicircle. The tiles in the Western Zhou Dynasty are all semi-circular, while the tiles in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are mainly semi-circular, but they are already round. During the Qin and Han dynasties, circular tiles occupied the mainstream, while semi-circular tiles were gradually eliminated and eventually disappeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The large semi-circular tile-shaped tiles appeared in the Qin Dynasty. A large semi-circular tile with a diameter of 6 1 cm and a height of 48 cm was unearthed in Building No.2 in the North of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum. The face pattern is composed of two strange-looking poems, which are symmetrical left and right, vigorous and vivid, and have high decorative art value. Cultural relics and archaeology is known as the "tile king". This kind of large semi-circular tile was also found in the Qin and Han architectural sites of the "Jiangnv Tomb" in Suizhong County, Liaoning Province. As far as decorative patterns are concerned, tiles can be divided into three categories: pattern tiles, image tiles and text tiles. Moire tile unearthed from the west wall of the inner city of Qin Shihuang, diameter 15cm. Note that it is a round button with a circle of small breast nails around it. Four mushroom-shaped moire patterns are symmetrically and evenly distributed outside the heart, giving people a strong standardized and stylized aesthetic feeling. In Minhe County, Qinghai Province, a feather figure of the Tutang Dynasty, with a diameter of 13 cm, is a boy standing in front of him with wide eyes and realistic wings on both sides, like an angel, innocent and influenced by foreign culture. This is a rare artistic treasure in China ancient tile. Writing tiles were popular in Han Dynasty. The number of tiles ranges from 1 to 12 characters, but there are no1/tiles. The four-character tile is the most common. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, tile characters declined gradually; After Sui and Tang Dynasties, tile characters have been rare. The decoration and beautification of the word tile on the building is realized by personally feeling the vivid and wonderful words. Wonderful and vivid words are not only works of art, but also because of their social ideology, they often become propaganda materials for rulers to publicize their political achievements and thoughts. The tile-shaped illustrations selected in this edition and the experimental edition of junior high school China history published by People's Education Publishing House are all such publicity materials. 1 1 The tile-shaped illustration in the current edition of Rehabilitation in the Early Han Dynasty and the Governance of Cultural Scenery has the words "Han and the World" in front of it, which is obviously the propaganda material for the rulers to publicize their political achievements in the early Western Han Dynasty. The tile-shaped illustration in Lesson 23 "Great Integration of Northern Nationalities" is preceded by the words "Qin Long Xinghua Mou Gusheng", which means: "The pre-Qin dynasty rose like a dragon, and its educational achievements can be compared with those of ancient sages." The tiled illustrations in lesson 14 "The Rise of Xiongnu and the Peace War in the Han Dynasty" in the first volume of the seventh grade of History of China have the words "Khan descended from the sky" on the front, which is the propaganda material for the supreme ruler of Xiongnu to instill the concept of "destiny" into his subjects. At the same time, it is also a historical witness of Sino-Hungarian friendly relations after Huhan Khan surrendered to China.