The Northern Wei Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang from the founding of Emperor Daowu (383) to the seventeenth year of Emperor Xiaowen Taihe (493), and ruled the Central Plains for a century. In this century, they persecuted the Han nationality and other nationalities, causing armed resistance from the people of all ethnic groups and the Han nationality. This form of resistance is becoming more and more diverse. The region includes Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces. In order to suppress the resistance of the people in the Central Plains more effectively and further consolidate the political power, Emperor Xiaowen had to move the capital to the customs in addition to implementing the land equalization system in the Central Plains, reducing rent adjustment and making concessions to the people of all ethnic groups.
2. Solve the serious food shortage in Saibei area.
Since the Northern Wei Dynasty, the capital of Daowudi was Pingcheng, with a concentrated population, many tourists and difficult food supply. In the 11th year of Taihe (487), a serious drought occurred in Pingcheng area, and the Northern Wei Dynasty had to move its capital. Moreover, since Emperor Xiaowen expanded the implementation of the land equalization system, the agricultural economy in the Central Plains became the main foundation of the Northern Wei Dynasty. It is of special significance to move the capital city from Pingcheng outside Guanwai to Luoyang, the political and cultural center of the Central Plains, from a specific stage of social and economic development.
3. Avoid the soft encirclement in the north
Rouran, living in the north at that time, was powerful. If the Northern Wei Dynasty is still a city of peace, it is in danger of being surrounded by softness, and even the city of peace may fall. If you move south to Luoyang, you can avoid the danger of egg accumulation, but there is peace of the rock.
4. The political system of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which has been sinicized for a long time, is not worthy of being a new political center.
Emperor Xiaowen acceded to the throne in the fifteenth year of Taihe (49 1). In 2000, Mingtang was built and the ancestral hall was changed. The next year, he destroyed the Taihua Hall and rebuilt the Taiji Hall. 17 years, converted into a harem. The national strength of the Northern Wei Dynasty reached its peak. It is better to move the capital to Luoyang, so that the capital can be completely built and supervised by Hong. At the same time, Luoyang is the political and cultural center of the Central Plains. Emperor Xiaowen takes Luoyang as his capital, and it is fitting that he is the inheritor of Chinese culture. Luoyang, the capital, can confuse a group of Central Plains doctors who are obsessed with A Midsummer Voice.
After the unification of the north, if you want to annex Jiangnan, you must move the capital to the south.
At this time, the decline of the national strength of the Southern Qi not only threatened Luoyang, but also Emperor Xiaowen believed that if the South invaded on a large scale, the reunification of the North and the South could be expected. Besides, if we want to cut the south, we have to make great use of the Han people, so it is more convenient to move the capital to the south and recruit troops nearby. So Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital with the ambition of invading Jiangnan.
6. Take the policy of moving the capital to revitalize Xianbei.
Although the Northern Wei Dynasty was gradually sinicized at that time, it was generally Xianbei, and the founding of the People's Republic of China has been more than one hundred years. Therefore, Emperor Xiaowen really wanted to give his people a new stimulus with the policy of moving the capital, which is inevitable.
(2) Contents of reorganization
A few years before and after Emperor Xiaowen moved to the capital, he devoted himself to the construction and reform of internal affairs education, which was a famous localization movement of filial piety in history. His sinicization policy is as follows:
1. Political aspects
A. Luban
Officials in Wei Chu have no money, so they give it to the people, so that honest people can eat and wear enough, and greedy people can afford it. In the eighth year of Taihe (484), invited by Gao Lv, the book supervisor in Shangshu, the Chinese system was adopted, which stipulated that the salaries of all officials were equal to prevent corruption.
B. Establishing three systems
The so-called three long, is to restore the ancient Lu Li system. At the beginning of Taihe, according to Li Chong's words, five households set up a neighbor, five neighbors set up a mile, and five miles set up a leader. The third leader himself is relieved of his official duties, while one adjacent leader is relieved of his official duties, two leaders and three leaders. The "three-long system" raised the status of Han people, thinking that they were ordinary people, and the special status of Hu people also changed, making the status of Hu people the same as that of Han people.
C. Equal field system
In 485 AD, Emperor Xiaowen adopted Wang Anshi's suggestion and implemented the land equalization system by granting land. The implementation of this system is still a household registration survey conducted by the government, which distributes barren land to landless poor peasants by households and collects land rent according to cultivated land. The provisions of the land equalization system:/kloc-40 mu for men and 20 mu for women over 0/5 years old. If there are yellow cattle, one head can be divided into 30 acres, but it is limited to 4 heads. Lu Tian is not allowed to buy or sell, and when he dies, he belongs to the government. When the population increases, it will also lead to new land. In addition, 20 mu of mulberry fields (houses or fields for planting trees) are given to men and women, which is called Yongye Field. Mulberry fields are all in the world, and they will not be returned when they die.
D. Changing the official system
The names of officials in the early years of the Northern Wei Dynasty were mostly in Chinese and Xianbei. After Emperor Xiaowen moved to the capital, he followed Wang Su's original official system and the official system of the Han feudal regime in the Southern Dynasties. In Emperor Xiaowen's view, the Northern Wei Dynasty could become the imperial dynasty of China.
E. Amending the Criminal Law
Revised laws of China.
F. Variable metrics
According to the laws of China, the five baht money of the Han Dynasty was made with long rulers and vats, while the five baht money of Taihe was made.
2. Customs
A. it is forbidden to marry with the same surname
In the seventh year of Taihe (483), Xianbei people were forbidden to marry with the same surname, and offenders were considered immoral.
B. Prohibition of nudity
In Taihe 16 (492), Emperor Xiaowen banned Xianbei people from being naked.
C. no Hu fu
Xianbei people originated from the Great Wall, and they are left-handed with common braided hair. Their clothes are narrow and short, and their clothes are wide and Han Long. Emperor Xiaowen arrived, dressed in the clothes of the Han emperor, and the courtiers also adopted the clothes of the Han people. Five-level uniforms were also formulated and made according to the system of China.
D. Duanbei language
When the Northern Wei Dynasty established the Central Plains, it naturally used its own language. The orders in the army are all in Xianbei language, and Han Chinese officials in the Northern Wei Dynasty should also learn Xianbei language. When Emperor Wen was filial, Xianbei and other languages of all ethnic groups were banned, and only Chinese was spoken in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Those who speak northern languages in the imperial court are exempt from official positions.
E. change one's surname
The surnames of Xianbei people are mostly in affixes. Emperor Xiaowen not only abolished the use of Xianbei language, but also naturally changed Xianbei compound surname into Chinese single surname. For example, Tuoba changed to Yuan, Dugu changed to Liu, changed to Lin and Khan changed to Korea. The old family of ministers also evolved from the Han surname.
F. Clan decision
It is stipulated that all Xianbei clans should establish the same genealogy as Han people, and reward Hu and Han people for intermarriage. Starting from themselves and their children, princes should marry women from the Central Plains and list their ex-wives as concubines. So Han and Xianbei became the same front. At that time, there was still a boundary between Han people and ordinary people. He took advantage of the conflict between Han and Shu Ren to join Xianbei into the clan class. So Hu Han's family got mutual help. However, the Xianbei people who came to the capital city were increasingly extravagant and corrupt, and the Hu people who had not been sinicized in the border areas clearly differentiated them.
G. Prohibition of burial
Those who ordered Xianbei nobles to die in Luoyang were buried in Mangshan, Luoyang, and were not allowed to be buried in Pingcheng. At the same time, northerners moved to Luoyang and changed their native place to Luoyang County, Henan Province.
3. Customs
A. Build Tang Ming (where ceremonies are held) and Biyong (imperial academy), collect classics and set up music and ceremonies.
B. Establish four primary schools in imperial academy and Luoyang, Guo Zi, carry forward Confucianism, reuse Confucian scholars, and knighthood bachelor students, such as Liu Fang and Li Biao. Cui Guang and the people in the mountains are good examples.
Fourthly, the influence of Emperor Xiaowen's localization policy.
1. Hu Han's cultural integration
The implementation of the policy of sinicization has made the blood, religion, speech, customs and habits of Hu Hanmin people melt into one furnace. Xianbei people's acceptance of Chinese culture changed from barbarism to civilization, and their cultural level naturally improved, and they also made great progress politically and academically. Since then, the Hu nationality has completely merged into the Han nationality group unconsciously, which has enabled the Chinese nation to expand again. Therefore, politically speaking, it was the Han nationality who was conquered during this period; But culturally, it was the conference semifinals who were conquered.
2. Hu ethnic groups lived together, which laid the foundation for the prosperity of Sui and Tang Dynasties.
After the implementation of the sinicization policy, northerners are the same as southerners. Northerners "dyed wuyue in the south", and southerners can also speak Jin dialect. The orthodox culture of the Central Plains exchanged with the local culture of wuyue, and Confucianism flourished. In the north, Hu Han was assimilated; In the south, with the development of cultural exchanges, the heroic spirit of Hu people has been integrated into the melting pot of the Chinese nation. The Chinese nation has also injected new blood and gained new vitality. The harmony between the Han people and the Hu people was also tainted with the martial arts of the Hu people, which revived the vitality and led to the reunification of the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Wendi, who started a new bureau, was the Han people.
3. Ren Wei lost its original resilience.
The royal family of Xianbei nobles who moved to Luoyang with Emperor Xiaowen became extravagant. They indulge in the dream of Chinese civilization, "pretending to conquer the nation and taking it for granted to squeeze the enjoyment of the conquered nation, so they become arrogant and extravagant." On that day, the wind of extravagance pervaded the whole capital, and princes and ministers, all kinds of people were extravagant and extravagant, and their life was so extravagant that their discipline naturally relaxed. Their inherent national spirit of being brave and good at fighting has declined.
4. Causing conflicts between civil servants and soldiers.
After Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang, the north was empty, and some people who stayed in the north were like slaves, while court officers and soldiers were often suppressed by civil servants. The so-called "self-guilt, don't associate with it in this world, and push it all your life, which is the first of the military strategists." Therefore, they are very dissatisfied with the enjoyable life of the nobles in Beijing. They once caused an accident and publicly killed the minister. As a result, the gap between civil servants and soldiers has deepened, and the concept of valuing literature over martial arts has become more and more obvious.
5. Leading to mutiny in six towns.
According to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the most important person is "marrying an official" to compete with each other. After Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang, people in six towns (namely, Huai Shuo, Fuming, Wuchuan, Rouxuan, Huang Huai and Yuyi) were not as good as those in Beijing, no matter whether they were married or officials. Luoyang people become clean, and people in six towns become turbid; People in Luoyang have become very rich and comfortable; The poorer the people in the six towns, the harder their lives are. In Luoyang, the sinicization deepened and the cultural level improved; In Jin Ryu, the degree of sinicization is shallow, but it still retains its original simple and brave character, and its culture is backward. Therefore, two distinct groups have gradually formed: one is Luoyang group; One is Liuzhen Group. The two groups are different in culture, social organization, social status and political status. Therefore, the confrontation caused by estrangement eventually led to the unprecedented civil strife in six towns in the Northern Wei Empire.
6. The implementation of the land equalization system further developed the economy in the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
The farmland sharing system distributes farmland to farmers who have no farmland, ensures the implementation of fallow system, and stipulates the private ownership of mulberry fields, so that farmers who have lost their land can reunite with their land to a certain extent. After the demise of the Sixteen Countries, the social economy in the north is likely to continue to develop. Since then, cultivated land has increased and agriculture has made rapid progress, which prepared the premise for the economic prosperity developed on the basis of the equal land system in Sui and Tang Dynasties. This is a great event in the history of feudal economy. The reason why the economy of Sui and Tang Dynasties developed further than that of Han, Southern and Northern Dynasties was that the land equalization system of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty had a positive impact.
7. Arouse the dissatisfaction of Xianbei's old ministers
Because Emperor Xiaowen overused the Han people, it caused the envy of Xianbei's old ministers. The biography of Lu Wei in Nanqi said that Mu Tai turned against the Han people because of filial piety, which shows that Xianbei people are dissatisfied with the policy of localization of Emperor Xiaowen.
8. The success of Xianbei people's leap to feudalism.
Emperor Xiaowen's series of reform measures undoubtedly shortened the process of Xianbei people's leap to feudalism and made their parents' slavery quickly enter feudalism, which can't be said to be the contribution of Emperor Xiaowen's localization policy.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) conclusion
Generally speaking, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty implemented the land equalization system in the Central Plains, moved the capital to Luoyang, and adopted a series of reform measures. His subjective motivation is nothing more than easing ethnic and class contradictions and consolidating rule. These deceptive reforms are all top-down, although they can achieve certain results, such as recruiting some shameless Han literati to help Xianbei nobles rule the Han people, but Xianbei nobles still oppress and discriminate against the Han people. Therefore, the Han people's hatred and resistance to Xianbei rulers cannot be eliminated. On the other hand, these policies have created favorable conditions for the further integration of Xianbei and Han nationality. Of course, this is the inevitable product of historical development, that is, Emperor Xiaowen will realize it sooner or later if he doesn't do so. However, Emperor Xiaowen complied with the trend of historical development and contributed to the social and economic recovery and the integration of all ethnic groups at that time. Therefore, Emperor Xiaowen is still an insightful politician.