First of all, express long-term homesickness
This kind of emotional expression is the most common in ancient poetry. Every year in late spring and early summer, the cuckoo begins to crow. Its voice is very distinctive: first, it is continuous and sad, as if pouring out resentment; Second, if the cry is "it is better to go home", then the ancients called it "homesick bird" or "urging birds to go home". Cuckoo's voice is very emotional, which makes people feel heartbroken, but it is more likely to cause its * * * sound in the hearts of wandering wanderers and arouse their homesickness.
For example, Li Bai's "Look at the Rhododendrons in Xuancheng": "Shu once smelled birds, and Xuancheng also saw rhododendrons. One is called, one is ileum, the other is broken, and I remember it on March 3. " The word order of the first two sentences is reversed: originally, I saw the azaleas in Xuancheng first, and then I thought of the Zigui bird in Shu, but the poet reversed it. In this way, I put my thoughts on my motherland in a prominent position, indicating that this kind of thoughts on my motherland was trapped in my heart, and once aroused today, it is even more bitter and intense. Take one or two sentences from three or four sentences respectively, further rendering the deep homesickness. The first sentence says "I have heard of it", and the third sentence emphasizes that it is as true as I have heard of it: the common name of Zigui bird is heartbroken bird, and the poet's sorrow is broken inch by inch. The last sentence highlights the theme of homesickness, which combines the blooming of azaleas, the sad cry of Zigui and the heartbroken pain of the poet, and covers the whole poem with boundless sadness.
Another example is Cui Tu's "Spring Festival Evening" in the Tang Dynasty: "Flowing flowers bloom two heartless flowers, sending the east wind to spring. Last night, Dream Butterfly returned home to Wan Li, and Zi Guizhi. The book movement in the old garden has been dead for several years, and Huafachun is only full of mirrors. Of course, if you don't return it, you will return it. Who will fight for the five lakes? " Among them, "Wan Li, Dream Butterfly" was the third night of last month. Well-written sentences are well known. Fourteen words write three meanings: from homesickness to dreams; Wake up homesick; When the rules cry, anxiety aggravates anxiety. These three layers, one deeper than the other, set off each other, such as "Butterfly Dream" and "Home Wan Li", one virtual and one real; "Butterfly Dream" and Zigui cry, one is happy and the other is sad; Zi Gui's crying and the midnight moon, with one sound and one color, constitute a cold, desolate and sad atmosphere, which is shocking and sad. The specific scene in the late spring evening and the crying of Zigui under the moon constitute a bleak and sad atmosphere, so that homesickness is not directly pointed out in the poem, but a kind of homesickness comes to the fore.
Xie Fangde, a poet at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, expressed the pain of national subjugation in Homesickness: "Du Fu advised people to return home every day, who knows when to return home! I hope the emperor has a god to ask, when is the date of returning home? " The title of this poem is "Knowing Du Yu in Spring". There are sighs and questions in the poem, and four sentences repeat the word "return". It can be seen that his homesickness is extremely tragic because of the pain of losing his family and country.
Second, pour out the grievances that are difficult to send.
Writing grievances with cuckoos can be roughly divided into two categories:
One is to tell the truth, because of the recognition of the myth that Wang Di changed to Du Fu, and write poems directly for discussion. For example, in the poem Zigui written by Luo Yin in the Tang Dynasty, he said, "I hate a long way to go, and I will listen to it on my pillow. It is better to have a stone pile than to have a revenge. " "Tongliang Road is far from the grass, and I hate listening on my pillow." There is a saying that the cuckoo is wronged and flies everywhere until it is far from home. The poet runs around all day, and it is unbearable to hear the harsh cry of cuckoo in bed at night, which deeply causes the poet's inner pain. The phrase "it is better to hold a stone than to hold a stone" means that the cuckoo's sound reminds the poet of Jingwei bird, which is also a ghost: Du Fu might as well hold a stone and fill the sea like Jingwei bird, crying and moaning like this. The poet expressed a feeling of regret and resentment through Jingwei Bird. This poem is not only an ode to the cuckoo, but also a reflection on oneself through the image of the cuckoo, which has historical significance and emotional deposition, and expresses his sense of life experience.
In addition, Ye Luo wrote in the poem "Smelling Du Fu": "Flowers are spent the night before Bishan Mountain, and the east wind of the bright moon is called Du Fu. Listening in the middle of the night will make you feel lonely and insomnia. It is no accident that your body is so sad and my tears are flowing. I don't know if there is hatred. When I am a crane, I will become a fairy. " According to historical records, although Ye Luo was brilliant, he tried every time. He only worked as a small official like a postmaster in his life. For the sake of his future, like many people, he left home thousands of miles alone and tasted the pain of running around, but in the end he accomplished nothing. Such a sad poet is naturally extremely sensitive to the cuckoo's cry. When the poet heard the cuckoo's song among the guests, he gave birth to infinite sorrow. At the same time, the tragedy of the cuckoo myth also makes the poet compare the cuckoo to a person with the same fate, which is reflected in the titles of "you" and "I" in the poem. "Your sadness is like this, my tears are accidental. While feeling their unfortunate life experiences, poets hope that God will sympathize with them, save them from the suffering world and enter a beautiful fairyland together.
The other is to write characters' grievances with cuckoo. For example, Pei Che's "Hanging Meng Changtu" in the Tang Dynasty: "What is the name of the chapter? You can only throw water with Jun and Qu Ping. From then on, the cuckoo will make two noises on the moonlit night in Shujiang. " Pei Che wrote this poem in memory of Meng Zhaotu. According to the New Tang Book, Meng Changtu is Meng Zhaotu's fault. In the second year of Xuanzong Guangming, the eunuch Tian was authoritarian and framed Guo Qi, the general of the Yellow Head Army. Meng Zhao asked for it himself and didn't call it. Meng sued Tian, but Tian hid and stopped fighting. He ordered Zhao Tu, a historian, to join the army and sent people to drown in the frog brocade. Through Du Fu's voice, the poet expressed his sympathy for Meng Zhaotu and accused those in power. Yu Jing's poem "Zi Gui" in the Northern Song Dynasty said: "It is always unjust to call Spring a disability." Sparse smoke and bright moon trees, light rain and falling flowers. Falling easily will dry the tears, but it will hurt the soul. I am ashamed of my name, and I remember my home for you. "In the poem, he told his political grievances with his friend Fan Zhongyan through the crying of the voice of Zigui. The last sentence in the poem, "I am ashamed of my fame, remembering my hometown for myself", ostensibly says that I have the desire to return home as soon as possible, but what I actually reveal is my disappointment and contempt for the officialdom full of fighting.
Third, express the feelings of rise and fall and the hatred of home and country.
In one version of the myth of "Wang Di becomes a cuckoo", Wang Di Du Yu lost his position because of "whoring his wife", and his soul became a cuckoo, crying and wailing all day long. As Hu Ceng, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, said in his poem "Chengdu": "Du Yu was once the emperor of Shu, turning birds into flies and returning to his old city. Every year, it is called Peach Blossom Moon, which seems to tell the spring breeze to die. " Therefore, in ancient poetry, many poets use this to write their own feelings of rise and fall and the hatred of their home country.
For example, Du Mu's poem Du Fu in the Tang Dynasty said, "What is Du Yu's grievance? Call him Shumen every year. So far, hatred has accumulated and has been hanging on the soul. Grass tangled intestines, safflower dyed Bi Hen. The mountains and rivers are full of spring scenery, who can make sense? " Facing the legend of the cuckoo, the poet just questioned and imagined its mourning year after year. The first four sentences are: Du Yu, what kind of grievances do you have that make you shout to the palace gate of Shu country year after year? Today, you are still singing the dead soul of thousands of years of hatred. The last words say: the grass condenses the sadness of wandering home, and the red flower is stained with the blood of cuckoo. Nowadays, mountains and rivers are full of beautiful spring scenery. Du Fu, why did you cry all night? This poem uses the cuckoo god to express the poet's block base with the meaning of cuckoo. Du Mu was a poet with great ambitions, but his time was eventful in the late Tang Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty was nearing the end of its decline. Influenced by his family, Du Mu had the ambition to help the world through the country since he was a child, and paid attention to the strategy of helping the poor through chaos. He put forward many beneficial plans to the court, which were not adopted, so he used Du Fu to express his grievances and grievances in his poems: Du Fu, what's the use of crying for a long time and suffering? Now the monarch ignores them, but they still have fun and don't reflect on themselves. Only I can understand your good intentions.
Fourth, express the feelings of cherishing spring and hurting spring.
As Chen Run said in the poem "Cold Food in Dongdu" in the Tang Dynasty: "Cold food comes early in the south of the Yangtze River, and azaleas bloom in February". Every year at the end of spring, when the flowers are dying and the rain is blurred, the cuckoo crows all night. Its crowing is very crisp and urgent, which easily causes people to feel that they cherish spring and hurt it. Du Mu's poem "Xi Chun" in the Tang Dynasty said: "Flowers bloom and fall, and the four seasons move secretly. If there is no plan to extend the spring day, how can we stay in our youth? A cluster of small early, butterflies scattered, high willow smell cicada. Where are you going? The mountains are full of rhododendrons. " This poem is about the withering of spring and people's sense of powerlessness. But from the perspective of "butterfly" and "cicada", the whole poem is sad but not hurt. Lu You's "Smelling Du Yu on March 30th": "Spring is uncomfortable, and Shaohua has been driven by Shuidong. The rules only care about the area, and the blood and tears are not stopped. " The poem also uses cuckoo to write about the feelings of hurting spring, but the connotation is richer, full of the feelings of life experience and the pain of home and country. Cuckoo sound, blood and tears are zero, which is easy to cause your sadness. Lin Daiyu, an orphan girl in A Dream of Red Mansions, is such a caring person who has left her hometown and lived under the protection of others. The last sentence of Peach Blossom Tour reads: "With a cry, the spring in Du Yu is over and the lonely curtains are empty." In the poem, there are both Lin Daiyu's feelings of hurting the spring and her sigh about her life experience.
Fifth, use cuckoo to express the feeling of parting.
Bai Juyi wrote in the poem "Fujian on the River" in the Tang Dynasty: "The flowers on the river have withered and Cao Jiang has stopped. Where do the distant guests go? The lonely boat is delivered today. Cuckoo cries, bamboo spots are like blood. * * * is so touching, I'd better say goodbye to it! " The cuckoo's cry is urgent and sad, like crying; E Huang, Li Qian, looking for her husband, shed tears like blood. In this poem, the poet combines azaleas and bamboos to express the sadness of parting.
Xin Qiji's "He Xin Lang Bie Mao's Twelve Brothers" in the Southern Song Dynasty says: "The green trees listen to thrushes. What's more, the partridge stops and the cuckoo cuts. Cry until the spring, can't find a place, hate wheatgrass and rest. It has not come, and the world is leaving. Immediately, the pipa was closed and the black was sealed, and Nagato and Cui Che resigned from Jin Que. See Yanyan and give it to my concubine. The general has been through many battles and gained a great reputation. It's a long time to go to Heliang and back to Wan Li. Xiaoxiaosha is rustling, the west wind is cold, and everyone is dressed like snow. It is a strong man, and the elegy is not thorough. The singing bird knows how annoying it is, but it didn't expect it to shed tears and blood. Who * * * me, drunk on the moon. "
Partridges, partridges and cuckoos are all birds that cry in late spring, and their songs are very sad. Xin Ci sings with birds, in order to set off the meaning of parting, and the atmosphere is very delicate. Through the singing of birds, the parting stories of women were collected in Shangque, while the parting stories of men were adopted in Xiaque, which well expressed the sadness and hidden hatred of sending my brother north.
Sixth, set off the bitterness.
Bai Juyi wrote in Pipa Xing: "What can be heard here in the morning and evening? ? The cuckoo bleeds, the ape whimpers. " This is a famous sentence about cuckoo written by Bai Juyi. At that time, Bai Juyi was demoted to Xunyang and was ill in bed, feeling very miserable. There is no sound of silk and bamboo here all year round, the houses are low and damp, and the houses are full of bitter bamboos from Huang Wei. All you hear from morning till night is the cuckoo's cry and the ape's cry. The poem uses cuckoo and ape, the two most squeal animal images, which shows the infinite misery of the author's exile life.
In the northern song dynasty, Qin Guan wrote in "stepping on the sand": "The fog is lost, the moon is lost, and Taoyuan is nowhere to be found. The lonely pavilion closes the moon in Joan Hinton, and the cuckoo sounds in the setting sun. Plum blossoms are sent by mail, and fish live long. This hatred has no weight. Chen Qiang was lucky enough to go to Chen Shan. Who did he go to Xiaoxiang for? "
In the sentence "The lonely pavilion is cold in spring, and the cuckoo sounds like sunset", the poet consciously combines the original symbol of cuckoo with the image of dusk, living alone in the lonely pavilion, suffering from the "cold in spring", listening to the cuckoo's voice and watching the sunset, which makes people feel cold physically and mentally. It turns out that "the fog lost its tower" and "the peach garden looked broken" made the author feel sad and painful. How can he stand the cross attacks of Lonely Pavilion, Cold Spring, The Sound of Du Fu and Sunset? The vicissitudes of the author's pen and ink express his lonely situation when he was demoted to Chenzhou and his dissatisfaction caused by repeated demotion.