First, grasp the effective score of poetry appreciation questions
Poetry appreciation requires candidates to identify the theme, thoughts, feelings and social significance of poetry from the aspects of content, language, structure, writing skills and work style. To grasp the effective score, candidates should have the overall concept and overall thinking, and know how to grasp the core score. So, what is the core of a poem?
1. Poetry title. To appreciate poetry, the first thing to look at is the topic. Poetry topics can often provide a lot of useful information for candidates, such as: Send Wei to Danyang to join the army, and Han Cong's Farewell to Spring, which implies the genre (farewell poem) and content (time, place, people and events) of poetry. Su Shi's Red Plum points out the poet's writing object, that is, the subject image in the text. It can be seen that reading the title of a poem is the first and important step in poetry appreciation.
2. Poet. Looking back at the poetry appreciation in the national and provincial college entrance examination questions, it is not difficult to find that masterpieces are the mainstay, and many works by famous writers, influential and representative poets and lyricists in different periods are selected. For example, a romantic poet represents Li Bai, a realistic poet represents Du Fu, and an idyllic poet represents Wang Wei.
By knowing the author, we can know the main content and style of his works (referring to the different creative characteristics caused by the author's life experience and artistic accomplishment). For example, Tao Yuanming's poems are quiet and peaceful, Wang Wei's poems are picturesque, Li Bai's poems are fresh and elegant, Du Fu's poems are gloomy and frustrated, Su Shi's and Xin Qiji's poems are bold and unrestrained, and Liu Yong's and Li Qingzhao's poems are graceful and restrained) and their interests, opinions and opinions are helpful to further understanding and appreciating poetry.
3. Poetry background (notes under the text). It is difficult for candidates to grasp the background of poetry in the college entrance examination, so they should pay special attention to the notes below the text-this is an important information. In addition, besides reading notes, careful analysis of the stem can also get information about the content of the poem.
4. Poetry genre (theme). According to the content, poetry can be divided into allegorical poetry, pastoral poetry, landscape poetry and philosophical poetry. Different types of poems have different emotions. Knowing the genre (theme), candidates can better grasp the content, theme and author's thoughts and feelings.
5. Poetic artistic conception. The so-called artistic conception refers to the imaginary realm created by the combination of objects (that is, images) that entrust the author's feelings. Including scenery, environment and emotion. When doing artistic conception analysis, we should describe the pictures expressed in the poem, summarize the characteristics of the atmosphere created by the scenery, and analyze the author's thoughts and feelings. Many images in ancient poetry often have special connotations, such as the crystal of ice and snow symbolizing loyalty and noble character, folding willow symbolizing farewell, cicada symbolizing noble character, and lush vegetation as a desolate contrast to express ups and downs. Chrysanthemum symbolizes the quality of loyalty and nobleness, plum blossom represents the image of being proud of frost and fighting snow, and pine tree symbolizes loyalty and nobleness. Lotus expresses love, partridge expresses parting, phoenix tree and cuckoo symbolize desolation and sadness, and red rock symbolizes homesickness and sadness. ...
6. Poetry content. Every author of classical poetry wants to express his interests, opinions, viewpoints and opinions through his works. Some are straightforward, some are subtle, and some are vague. Especially for works with lyrical scenery, his views and attitudes are not easy to grasp, and he can only understand and think from the literal meaning of the works.
For example, Huang Tingjian's "Cattle with Bamboo Stone (Citation)". This is the first painting poem. The first two couplets describe the contents of the painting, including stones, bamboo, shepherd boy and old cow, which form a complete picture. The poet used his imagination to write the scenery in the painting vividly, and showed his appreciation and love for the painting incisively and vividly. The last two couplets describe the poet's feelings caused by the contents in the painting, and express his yearning for the natural and quiet pastoral life.
7. poetic language. Poetry is the art of language. The linguistic features of poetry are embodied in many aspects, such as wishful thinking, conciseness, implication, rhythm, rhythm and so on. Words that can be used to answer the language characteristics of poetry are: fresh and natural, unpretentious, colorful, beautiful and smooth, euphemistic and implicit, bold and unrestrained, elegant in style, concise and vivid, and so on. Language features are also related to the author's writing style. For example, Li Bai's poems are natural, Wang Wei's poems are fresh, Tao Yuanming's poems are true and plain, and Li Shangyin's poems are gorgeous.
8. Poetry skills. Appreciating the expressive techniques of literary works is to analyze what expressive techniques are used in the works, what role they play in the works, what content they express and what effect they receive.
The expressive skills (or artistic techniques) of poetry are mainly manifested in lyric methods and expressive techniques. There are direct lyric and indirect lyric. Indirect lyricism can be divided into borrowing scenery to express feelings (often involving the blending of feelings and scenes in the scenery), supporting things to express feelings, and supporting things to express feelings. Expression techniques include description techniques (contrast-positive contrast, association and imagination, line drawing, etc. ) and rhetorical devices (metaphor, personification, symbol, metonymy, exaggeration, contrast, intertextuality, comparison, pun, allusions, rhetorical questions, etc. ).
The use of expression skills is a way for the author to express his feelings. When doing analytical skill questions, candidates should accurately point out what kind of techniques are used, and explain how the author uses this technique in combination with poetry, and finally point out how this technique can effectively convey the poet's feelings.
9. Poetry emotion. Poetry is one of the carriers of emotion. His emotions are nothing more than joy, cheerfulness, yearning, sadness, hatred, sadness, homesickness, sadness of parting, melancholy and desolation. The past has hurt the present. Candidates should understand the author's feelings between the lines of poetry.
10. Poetry theme (ideological content). The themes of ancient poetry include the following categories: worrying about the country and hurting the time, making contributions, homesickness for the people, and giving people away in the pavilion. Pay special attention to the miscellaneous feelings of life, some write about the leisure of sending feelings to the mountains and rivers, and write about the feelings of the past ups and downs; Some write about the feelings of satirizing the present through the past, and write about the fleeting sadness of youth; Others write about frustrated official career and happy life.
Second, grasp the effective score of classical Chinese appreciation questions
When appreciating classical Chinese, reading is the basis of solving problems. For this kind of questions, candidates should pay attention to accumulate knowledge and improve their reasoning ability.
In the accumulation of knowledge, the content words in classical Chinese are the most important. In addition, when inferring, we should develop reasonable associations around the key points. Specifically, to grasp the effective score, we can start from the following aspects:
1. Pay attention to textbook review. Although reading the text comes from outside class, the specific basic knowledge of classical Chinese comes from inside class. Only by mastering the basic knowledge points can we cope with it freely.
2. Strengthen language sense training. Candidates should try to figure out the meaning of the content words in classical Chinese in the usual translation process. Experience the usage of function words in classical Chinese, understand the special sentence patterns in classical Chinese, summarize the main points of the article, and check for missing words. Strengthen the sense of language and lay a good foundation.
3. Change the concept of reading. We should read classical Chinese as a composition chapter, because classical Chinese is also a "text". Judging from the college entrance examination questions, it is natural to emphasize answering according to the context, and it is not only required to regard classical Chinese as a material and tool for learning ancient Chinese.
In addition, the requirement in the "Examination Instructions" is "reading simple and easy classical Chinese". The so-called "simplicity" is mainly manifested as follows: in terms of expression, narrative is the main method, mixed with a little discussion or lyricism; In terms of word use, it is mainly common classical Chinese substantive words and common classical Chinese function words, and less involved in difficult, strange and biased knowledge points; From the content point of view, it has little to do with the social, historical and cultural background of the author's writing, and even less to do with the ancient law system of names and things. This requires candidates to pay attention to the following two points when answering questions:
1. Strengthen the overall reading awareness and mark the important information in the text. After reading the article carefully, understand the main content of the full text. The classical Chinese chosen in the college entrance examination is often about telling stories and focusing on characters, so you should read the article silently once or twice with the question "Who did what". What was the result? Why? ”。 In order to answer the question accurately, we must patiently read through the paragraphs from the whole (center, general idea) to the part (key words, levels, etc.). ).
2. Pay attention to screening key information. We should put aside the names of people, places, officials, things and laws in the text and carefully ponder the words that play a key role in understanding the paragraph in combination with the context.
In short, if we really want to grasp the effective point of appreciation of ancient poetry. On the premise of laying a solid foundation, every candidate should firmly establish a global concept, have a global awareness, and conduct special training in different categories.