East-west dispute
The dispute between the East and the West was typical in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties. The war of Qin's annexation and unification, the Chu-Han war, the challenge of the eastern vassal States to the central government in the Western Han Dynasty, and the war between Guandong County and Dong Zhuo in the late Eastern Han Dynasty were all situations of struggle between East and West.
At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the ceremony collapsed, the merger war rose, the vassal States attacked each other, and the social order was chaotic. Qin lived in Guanzhong since Longxi, and after many changes, it developed into a powerful country based on farming and war. Since Shang Yang's political reform, Qin's intention to Jin Dong has become increasingly obvious. Based on Guanzhong, Hanzhong and Bashu, Qin pushed the six countries to the East. Lian Heng became the main content on the political stage at that time.
The so-called alliance is mainly because Shandong governors tried to make a grand alliance running through the north and south because they were threatened by west Qiang Qin, and refused Qiang Qin in the west; Lian Heng came into being as an opponent of the League. After several generations of efforts, Qin's eastward advancement has made great progress. By then, Qin has invaded Nanyang basin, Sanchuan basin and southwest Shanxi, and is attacking along the Yellow River and Taihang Mountain, in a good situation of actively advancing eastward. The capitals of the six countries are on the second step, with the danger of mountains and rivers as the barrier.
In the 26th year of Qin Dynasty and 18th year of Chu (28 1 BC), a wise man in Chu talked with the King of Chu about the world situation at that time, and said when talking about the strategic situation with the eastern countries: "Big bird, facing the sea, stands in the east, with his left arm in the southwest of Zhao, and his right arm resisting Chu, bowing to his knees. ("Historical Records" Volume 40? Chu Family can be said to be a good summary of the confrontation between the East and the West at that time. Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries and unified the world, basically following this trend to further develop potential energy, and the confrontation between East and West in later generations basically did not show this trend.
After the death of Qin, Chu and Han contended, Chu occupied Pengcheng and Han occupied Guanzhong, and the two sides launched a fierce tug-of-war in Xingyang. In the third year of Hanwang (204 years before the commons), Liu Bang was trapped between Xingyang and the elevation, and wanted to abandon the east and retreat from the public in order to refuse Chu. Li Shiqi suggested that Liu Bang said, "I would like to rush into the army first and collect Xingyang. According to the chestnuts in Aocang, I am in danger of blocking Gaocheng. Du Taihang is on this road, far from the mouth of the flying fox, and keeps the white horse method to show the form and effect of the princes, so the world knows where to go. " (shiji volume ninety-seven? Shi Li's proposal aims at promoting a clear confrontation between East and West. He said that the lines guarded by several passes are basically the eastern edge of the second ladder of Chinese terrain mentioned above. It is very helpful for Liu Bang's future strategic decision to clarify the opposition between East and West. If the suggestion at that time was based on defense, then Han Xin led the troops eastward to Taihang Mountain, Liu Bang went through the customs south of Wuguan to divide Chu, sent Sui to lure Ying Bu back to Han, and other important measures were based on the description of the confrontation situation and were an extension of this situation.
The Western Han Dynasty unified the world with Guanzhong as the foundation and ruled the world with Guanzhong as the center of gravity. The ideas of "controlling the world by force" and "controlling the princes of the East" are branded in their ruling policies. Jia Yi wrote a letter, never forgetting the "worries of Shandong" and taking pains to prevent the "heretics of great governors" in the East (Hanshu, volume 48? Jia Yichuan); During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he also set up customs officers in Huguan and Pujinguan to detain his travel. In the second year of Hanyang Shuo (23 BC), there was a flood in kanto region, and it was written that "the refugees who want to enter Hanguguan, Patio, Hukou and Wuruanguan shall not be detained." ("Hanshu" Volume 10? This historical data shows that most of these checkpoints restrict the flow of people between the East and the West. In the Western Han Dynasty, it was already "the sea is one, the beam is open and the beam is closed, and Chishan is forbidden." (Historical Records 129? (Biography of Huo Zhi) There were certain checks and restrictions on the population movement between the East and the West, not to mention the Qin Dynasty. Although this policy has its inevitable side, it does hinder the completion of the deep integration of East and West. Therefore, the unification of Qin and Han dynasties still contains considerable fragility, and the gap between the east and the west has not been completely eliminated. This gap will appear whenever there is an opportunity. The chaos of princes with different surnames in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty and the chaos of princes with the same surnames in the middle period are the manifestations of this gap.
In the 11th year of Emperor Gaozu (BC 196), Wang Ying of Jiujiang turned against him, which shocked Hanting. Therefore, Chu Lingyin and Gong Xue analyzed Liu Bang and said: "If the above plan is made, Shandong is not Han; For the sake of recruits, the number of victories and defeats is unknown in the end; Your Majesty is resting on his pillow for this plan. Take Wu in the east, Chu in the west, land in the east, send a message and hold your ground. Shandong is not a Han nationality. Dongwu, Xichu, Han Wei. According to the chestnuts and elevation of Aocang, the number of winners and losers is ultimately unknown. Take Dongwu and Xicai. It is more important to go to Vietnam and return to Changsha. Your majesty rests on his pillow, and Han has nothing to do. " (shiji volume ninety-one? Ying Bu is located in Huainan area. In fact, Gong Xue's "Upper China" strategy was to annex the eastern plain and confront the Western Han Dynasty. Ying Bu is a brave general. Since Han Xin and Peng Yue were punished, there is no comparable general in the Han army. No one can charge and no one can be an enemy; Long-term calculation is not the basis. Therefore, for Ying Bu, perhaps what Gong Xue said is more appropriate. Taking the middle strategy, slightly taking it, and then "taking Wei Yuhan, according to the chestnut of Aocang, the mouth" to decide the outcome will reproduce the situation of the Chu-Han war. At this time, the situation in the East is better than that of Xiang Yu, while that of Liu Bang is worse than before. Therefore, from the perspective of war, Ying Bu may have a chance to win by taking the middle strategy. Ying Bu finally lost because of the worst choice. Ying Bu didn't adopt the strategy of "going to China" as Gong Xue said, but Gong Xue's analysis is a very representative judgment on the situation in the West Han Dynasty.
During the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms, General Huan, under the command of Liu Bi, the king of Wu, suggested that the king of Wu should say, "There are many infantry in the kingdom of Wu, and the infantry takes risks; Handy rides a bike, and the car rides the ground. I hope that Wang Shoucheng will abandon it, take Luoyang Hukuxi, eat Aocangsu, block the danger of mountains and rivers, and make the princes safe, although they will not enter the customs. That is, Wang Xuxing went out of the city, and the Han military vehicle rode to the suburbs of Liangchu, and it was defeated. " (Historical Records Volume 106? In general Huan's suggestion, besides the tactical considerations of comparing the advantages and disadvantages of infantry and cyclists, it is more noteworthy that it has outstanding strategic vision. He said: "If you can't pass through these cities, you will abandon them. The west took advantage of Luoyang Arsenal, ate Aocang millet, and blocked the mountains and rivers from making princes. Although you don't enter the customs, the world will be settled. " It can be described as a replica of Gong Xue's policy, and its main purpose is still to promote the formation of a clear confrontation between the East and the West. It is said that there are granaries and arsenals in Luoyang area. Unfortunately, the prince of Wu did not listen to General Huan's advice, but made a sharp attack on Liang's disregard for Yang, and was finally defeated by Zhou Yafu.
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Liu An, king of Huainan, attempted rebellion again. Liu An and his men studied the world situation day and night. "According to the map, deploy soldiers to enter." He asked North Henan about his plan to send troops, and talked about the mistakes made by the king of Wu during the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion. He said, "How does Wu Can know what to do?" More than 40 people succeeded in one day. Today, please go first. Zhou was blocked by Yingchuan soldiers, and Chen Dingfa sent Nanyang soldiers to guard Wuguan. Henan satrap has a unique Luoyang ear, so why worry? However, there are still Linjinguan and Hedong in the north, and Shangdang is connected with Hanoi and Zhao Guojie by several lines. People say that' the road to perfection is impossible and accidents are impassable'. How to treat the recruitment of soldiers in the world according to the danger of Sanchuan? "(hanshu volume 45? It seems that Liu An saw the key to the loss of Wu Wanghui and Liu Bi. "There will be more than 40 people in the Han Dynasty a day", which means that the army of Hanting counter-insurgency successfully passed through the elevation port and developed rapidly, which shows the importance of elevation at that time, so he planned to "ask the elevation port first" and then "hold the shaft". Liu An's attempt to vent failed, but his plan was not implemented yesterday.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Guandong County began to beg from Dong Zhuo. Dong Zhuo moved Emperor Han Xian to Chang 'an and sent him to guard Luoyang. Cao Cao suggested: "Listen to my plan: Let Bohai (Yuan Shao) lead the people of Hanoi to Jin Meng; General Zizyphus jujuba will keep the elevation, and according to Aocang, Saiyuan and Taigu, he will be in full control of his risks; General Yuan (Yuan Shu) led an army to attack, analyze and enter Wuguan, so as to shock Sanfu. Don't hit the high base and deep wall; Profit is a suspicious soldier, showing the situation in the world, and going against the plan can stand still. " ("History as a Mirror" Volume 59? At that time, Dong Zhuo was a good soldier in Liangzhou, and the generals who won Dong Zhuo were all Kanto people. Judging from the composition of personnel, this confrontation has the color of contradiction between the east and the west; According to Luoyang, Dong Zhuo plundered property and transported it to Guanzhong, suggesting that he had the intention of going west; When Dong Zhuo moved westward, Sima Xunshuang said to Dong Zhuo, "Shandong soldiers were not banned in a day, so they moved westward, which was also the trend of Qin and Han Dynasties." Both sides recognized the confrontation between the East and the West at that time, and Cao Cao's exposition was the key to understanding the confrontation and struggle between the East and the West. But the generals didn't listen, and eventually there was no food, and the situation at the end of the Han Dynasty was out of control.
During the Sixteen Kingdoms period, Zhao confronted each other in the north, with former Zhao occupying Guanzhong and later Zhao occupying Hebei, and the two sides confronted each other in Shanxi and Henan. After Hu captured Puban, an important town of former Zhao in Shaanxi, it triggered a decisive battle between former Zhao and latter Zhao in Luoyang. Liu Yao, the former Zhao defeated Shi Hu and the latter Zhao, and then sent troops south to besiege Luoyang and the latter Zhao. Zhao Hou personally led his troops to help Luoyang. On the way to March, he learned that Liu Yao was still trapped in Luoyang, and said, "It is the best policy to let Yao be a soldier." Water blocking, secondly; It is a good thing to be in Luoyang. "("History as a Mirror "Volume 94) If Liu You can keep off or check Luoshui, it is to defend the enemy from danger. Schleswig had no choice. With thousands of troops, Luoyang could surrender without fighting. It was a big mistake of Liu Yao to give up the risk of elevation and drowning and let the enemy enter the danger, which led to Liu Yao's failure.
Later, Qian Qin and Qian Yan confronted each other in the north. The situation of the battle of Luoyang, where the former king of Qin stormed Qianyan, was somewhat similar to that of Luoyang in Zhao before and after. When Wang stormed Luoyang, he sent his troops to seize the danger of high altitude first, so as to cut off the road of Qian Yan's reinforcements. Luoyang became a turtle in a jar and surrendered without a fight.
East and West Wei confronted each other in the north and fought fiercely in Henan. The two sides fought fiercely in Luoyang several times. However, West Wei Jun can neither rely on Tiger Prison in the east nor Jinmenghe Bridge in the north, so it cannot benefit from the repeated storming of Luoyang. This situation continued until the era of confrontation between the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and did not change much.
A typical East-West dispute is generally launched between the second and third steps in China. The eastern edge of the second step in China is the confrontation front: it starts from Youyan in the north, goes south along Taihang Mountain, passes through Songshan Mountain and Fangcheng Mountain, and connects with Tongbai Mountain. The line from Dahongshan to Western Hubei Mountain is the frontier of east-west confrontation. This series of north-south mountains separates the eastern and western parts of China.
There are some mountain passes in this mountain range, which are the main roads of east-west traffic. Along Taihang Mountain, from north to south, there are passes such as Juyongguan, Feihukou, Zijingguan, Daomaguan, Jingxingguan, Jingkou and Tianjingguan, and there are passes such as Gaogu, Taigu, Huaiyuan, Guangcheng and Luyang in the north and south of Songshan Mountain, which guard the passage between Yan State and the west, near Luoyang. Therefore, the urgency of the front-line struggle between the two sides, especially in the elevation area, is the key to the struggle. Elevation is located on the central axis of the confrontation between east and west, and being able to control elevation is a shortcut to control the east-west passage. Liu An said that "people say' the road to success is impossible, and the world is impassable'" was a popular view at that time.
Judging from the overall situation of China's terrain, this kind of confrontation is a snob in the West, while the East is at a relative disadvantage. The terrain in the west is very high, facing east and commanding. If we can get the first line of elevation, we will get a very favorable offensive situation. If we lose the first line of elevation, we will lose all our land. Therefore, in history, the victors in the West are the majority and the victors in the East are the minority.
North-South confrontation
North-South confrontation is another prominent phenomenon in China's historical stage. The historical confrontation between the north and the south is closely related to the geographical dividing line between the north and the south in China. The line from Huaihe River to Qinling Mountain is the geographical dividing line between north and south of China. The Yangtze River Basin and the Yellow River Basin are the main areas in the north and south. Tzu Chi has a close relationship with the northern interior. The north-south span is large, the climate and environment between the north and the south are quite different, and there are also great differences in production methods, social culture and even living habits. This is the geographical basis of the North-South confrontation.
The north-south confrontation is mostly between the northern minority regime and the southern Han regime. In the history of China, except for the brief confrontation between Sun Wu and Cao Wei (Western Jin Dynasty), other north-south confrontations, such as the confrontation between the Northern Dynasties of the Sixteen Countries and the Southern Dynasties of the Eastern Jin Dynasty after the decline of the Western Jin Dynasty, and the confrontation between Jin, Meng and the Southern Song Dynasty after the decline of the Northern Song Dynasty, were all established by ethnic minorities. Northern minorities take nomadic riding and shooting as their profession, and men are born brave and good at fighting; Strategically and tactically, he is used to cavalry field operations and long-range raids. After entering the Central Plains, these ethnic minorities can accept the advanced culture of the Central Plains to varying degrees, thus improving their social organization efficiency; But they live in the north for a long time, and they are habitually cold, but they are not resistant to summer heat, so the operation in the south is suitable for autumn and winter. The southern Han people take farming as their occupation, and the main characteristics of their society are high degree of social civilization, high degree of social organization and high degree of water conservancy utilization. Running the army is good at organization, order and discipline, and has undergone strict training; Its operations pay attention to the methods of armed forces, such as the Great Wall War and the city defense war, which can transport manpower and material resources by rivers and waterways, so the operations in the north are suitable for spring and summer.
Both the North and the South have their own strengths and strengths. The topography of the north and south and the climate characteristics of Huanghuai area make the north and south have their own advantages and disadvantages in time and location. There are not only vast plains in this area, but also rivers and waterways distributed vertically and horizontally, with obvious changes in cold and summer seasons. What is good for the south is not necessarily good for the north, and what is good for the north is not necessarily good for the south. Both sides have the opportunity to give full play to their strengths and take advantage of each other's weaknesses. The characteristics of this weather and geographical location also make it easy for the north and south to fall into a tug-of-war.
North-South military confrontation generally takes Huanghuai Plain as the main battlefield and Huaihe River to Qinling as the confrontation line. This confrontation line swings between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River to a certain extent with the growth and decline of the strength of both sides. South of the Huaihe River, the rainy season is long, and rivers and waterways crisscross, forming a dense river network, which is enough to cushion the impact of northern fighters. The south can make use of these rivers and waterways, build military strongholds, guard some main passages, and give full play to its expertise in water warfare and urban defense; In addition, the rainy season in the south is hot and humid, and the people and animals in the north are not suitable, which also weakens the momentum of the soldiers in the north. In this way, the northern troops and the right wing will face great gas and environmental difficulties when they cross the Yellow River and continue southward. But in the north of Huaihe River, the situation is different. The river north of Huaihe River has short rainy season, dry climate, limited river flow and frozen in winter, so it is easy to cross, which is not enough to stop the fighters in the north. If Tzu Chi crosses the Yellow River and goes north, it will face the difficulty that the supply line is too long. In this way, the Huaihe River, as the geographical dividing line between north and south of China, is also the dividing line between north and south.
Northern nomads often use the weakness of the Central Plains regime and rely on military advantages to penetrate into the Central Plains and open up the northern region; After losing control of the North, the Southern Han regime can integrate the main society in the South with the advanced social culture in the Central Plains, give full play to the special features of the Southern Han society, and keep half of the south of the Yangtze River, thus forming a situation of confrontation between the North and the South with the minority regimes in the North.
During the Qin and Han dynasties, although there was a brief turmoil, it basically maintained the overall situation of reunification for three or four hundred years. These three or four hundred years have also accumulated many problems, which eventually led to the collapse of the political order in the Han Dynasty. The most obvious consequence of the collapse of the political order in the Han Dynasty was the collapse of the unified central empire. First, the world was divided into three parts, and the Western Jin Dynasty was briefly unified. Later, because of the Eight Kings Rebellion and Yongjia Rebellion, it became a confrontation between the north and the south, which lasted for nearly 300 years. After the Northern Song Dynasty, with the successive southward migration of Nuzhen and Mongolia, the confrontation between Jin, Yuan and Southern Song Dynasty was formed again.
At the time of confrontation between the north and the south, the competition between the two sides was originally launched on a broader stage. If we only look at the competition in the Central Plains, we should first look at the geographical situation on both sides of this area. As the strength of both sides changes, the frontier of confrontation between the two sides swings between the Huaihe River and the Yellow River. To the south of Huaihe River, Dabie Mountain and Tongbai Mountain protect the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, to the east between Jianghuai, and to the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. To the north of the Yellow River, Shanxi Plateau borders Taihang Mountain in the west and Hebei Plain in the east.
In the long history of confrontation between the North and the South, it is natural that the North and the South fought frequently. We can choose several typical examples to analyze.
In the confrontation between the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Southern Dynasties and the Northern Dynasties, the confrontation between Liu Song and the Northern Wei Dynasty is the most typical. During this period, the strength of the south reached its peak and the geographical situation was good. During this period, the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the North, and its national strength was unprecedented. Liu Yu, the founder of the Liu and Song Dynasties, successfully explored the North at the end of the Jin Dynasty and recovered a vast area south of the Yellow River. By the time he built the Song Dynasty, although Guanzhong had been lost, Henan and Shandong were still owned by the Southern Master. After Liu Yugang's death, the Northern Wei Dynasty invaded the south and seized Henan. When Song Wendi and Liu Yilong ascended the throne, they had the ambition to recover Henan. During his life, he made several expeditions to the north. Liu Song made two large-scale northern expeditions in the 7th year of Yuanjia (430) and the 27th year of Yuanjia (450). Every time Song Jun used the rainy season in spring and summer to push northward, quickly captured the important towns along the Yellow River, and then stationed along the river. After Yuan Jia led Henan in the Seven-year War, he also set up Luoyang, Tiger Prison, Sliding Platform,; However, when the autumn was crisp and the horses were fat, the northern Wei Dynasty fighters rode south and the defense line along the river quickly collapsed, so both northern expeditions ended in failure. The main reason for the failure of the Northern Expedition was the command error in Liu Yilong War. At this time, the choice of the goal of Liu Yilong's Northern Expedition is worth analyzing.
Liu Yilong's Northern Expedition is only to recover Henan, but even if it can capture Henan, it may not be able to hold Henan. After Song Jun captured Henan, he was stationed thousands of miles along the Yellow River, and his troops were weak. Moreover, although the Yellow River is dangerous, it is not impossible to cross it, especially in the cold winter, when the river ice is very strong, you can cross it without a boat. In fact, the problem facing Liu Yilong should be how to stop the aggressive southward advance of the Northern Wei Dynasty, not the offensive and defensive war in Henan. In the seventh year of Yuanjia, the Northern Wei Dynasty expelled Xia Lian from the customs. In this way, the Northern Wei Dynasty was based on Shanxi, with Hebei in the left, China in the right and the Central Plains in the south. So every time Song Jun attacked, the Northern Wei Dynasty retreated first and temporarily avoided it. When the autumn is crisp and the horses are fat, the northern Wei fighters can give full play to their advantages, and then counterattack on a large scale and easily regain their support. This is the geographical advantage of the northern Wei dynasty to the Central Plains. After Emperor Wu of Song's Northern Expedition, Ho Choi told Ming Yuan Di in the Northern Wei Dynasty that even if Emperor Wu of Song went ashore and invaded the north, our army would retreat to the north and dare not fight Hebei from the southeast. The Northern Wei Dynasty was weak, and ministers were worried about Liu Song. Ho Choi also asserted: "If the country is in Henan, it cannot be defended." ("Wei Shou" Cui Haochuan) Therefore, Liu Yilong's Northern Expedition is only for northern Henan, not a long-term solution. On the contrary, the invasion strategy mentioned by Liu Xingzu, an assassin in Qingzhou, Liu Song, is preferable. In the 29th year of Yuanjia (452), Liu Yilong wanted to take advantage of the death of Emperor Tuoba-tao of the Northern Wei Dynasty to seek the Northern Expedition again. Liu Xingzu went to the table and said, "Henan is hungry and plundered. Zhucheng cannot be removed, but it can be pulled out in October; If you miss the public, you lose: take advantage of the opportunity to save things quickly. Today, the fake handsome died and was forced to spend the summer. Domestic speculation disturbed him, and he was too busy to travel far. A Dai said that it is advisable to drive Zhongshan (now Dingzhou) for a long time, according to its main points. To the north of Jizhou, the people are strong and the wheat is ripe, because capital is easy; Those honest people must leave. When Zhongzhou shook, it collapsed south of the Yellow River. I asked 7,000 soldiers in Qing Dynasty to send the general to his heart. If the pioneers win, Zhang Yong and Henan armies should cross the river for a while, so that the aspirations and voices can be raised at the same time, and the company can be caressed. Taihang Mountain in the west and Serbian army as the capital in the north (now Yongqing). If we succeed, we can wait. If you can't succeed, it's not a big injury. " (Zi Jian Zheng 126? Song Jiba) Liu Xingzu said that he invaded Hebei, blocked the pass of Taihang Mountain and contained the Northern Wei Dynasty in Shanxi. If Hebei is settled, Henan will naturally fall into the hands of Song Jun, which is indeed the prospect that the Northern Wei Dynasty was worried about. During the Northern Expedition in the seventh year of Yuanjia, Ho Choi of the Northern Wei Dynasty once said to Mao: "When I stopped in the river, I went two ways to the north, and the host went to Jizhou (in Jixian County, Hebei Province), and I ran all the way to Ye (near Linzhang, Hebei Province). In this case, your majesty should be responsive and not act rashly; Today, this is not the case. (Song Jun) East and West ranks, with a diameter of 2,000 Li, are only a few thousand each. From this point of view, they just want to consolidate the river regime and defend themselves, but have no intention of crossing the north. " ("Shu Wei" Cui Haochuan) In Ho Choi's view, after Song Jun arrived in the Yellow River, it was very dangerous to attack Hebei and the Northern Wei Dynasty. Emperor Mao was so anxious that he personally led the army to battle. It can be seen that Liu Xingzu's strategy of invading the army is bold and insightful about the strategic situation of confrontation between Song and Wei. However, this policy cannot be achieved unless it is a master of outstanding talents. Liu Yilong's ambition and knowledge are not as good as this, so he didn't adopt it. The Northern Expedition failed again.
Liu Song's two northern expeditions ended in failure, which also led to a large-scale counterattack in the Northern Wei Dynasty. It was the Northern Expedition in the 27th year of Yuanjia. After the Northern Wei Dynasty counterattacked Henan, it went all the way south to the north bank of the Yangtze River. In December of that year, Master Wei went to Guabu Mountain, opposite Jiankang, and drums shook the south of the Yangtze River. Liu Song suffered a crushing defeat in the Northern Expedition and retreated from Shouyang, Pengcheng and Xuyi. Jiangnan army, guarding along the river, Jiangnan comprehensive martial law; Between jianghuai; Clean up the fields, even at the expense of poisonous wells and weeds. Wei Jun also stormed Pengcheng, Xuyi and other important towns, but failed to break the city and had to lead the troops north before the arrival of the rainy season in the New Year.
The Northern Wei Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang when Emperor Xiaowen was in power. Previously, the Northern Wei Dynasty had seized the land of Huaibei in the Southern Dynasties. Now Luoyang is the capital of the north, closer to the Jianghuai area in the south. In order to ensure the safety of the new capital, Emperor Xiaowen unified Nanhan and the upper reaches of Huaihe River many times after moving the capital. When he took Nanyang and unified his forces to fight Xiangyang, he met with the fiercest resistance and counterattack in the south, because it had reached the defense system of the whole south in the upper reaches of Han Xiang. The two sides fought several times, forming a stalemate in Nanyang and Xiangyang. During the Southern Qi Dynasty, the two sides fought fiercely in Nanyang, Yiyang, Shouyang and Zhongli.
The "change of the river and the moon" is fierce and the north is in turmoil. A large number of survivors of the northern Wei imperial clan fled to the south. In the Southern Dynasties, Liang Wudi wanted to take Wei as the map of Wei. In the first year of Datong (529), Liang Wudi sent Chen Qingzhi, a general, to embrace Yuan Qi, king of Beihai in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Chen Qingzhi led the army to Lianke Yingcheng (now Shangqiu East) and Guo Liang (now Shangqiu). Daliang (Kaifeng), Xingyang, Tiger Prison, and then enter Luoyang. Yuan Zi, the ruler of Wei, fled to the north, and Yuan Hao ascended the throne in Luoyang. At that time, the Northern Wei Dynasty was ruled by Er Zhurong, who sat in Jinyang and remotely controlled the Luoyang court. When Er Zhurong heard that Luoyang had changed, he immediately went south, deployed various ministries and quickly assembled in the south while traveling, and then supported Wei Zhu to invade Luoyang. Chen Qingzhi defended Heyang Bridge and repelled Zhu Xing's army. Er Zhurong tied the wood into a raft and crossed the Yellow River. Yuan Hao and Chen Qingzhi army were defeated, Yuan Hao was killed, and Chen Qingzhi fled back to the Southern Dynasties. Lord Wei returned to Luoyang. The battle of Chen Qingzhi's entry into Romania was an in-depth battle from south to north after the Song Dynasty. Like the Northern Expedition in Liu and Song Dynasties, the invasion was rapid and the rout was rapid.
Since the12nd century, northern minorities have moved southward and entered the Central Plains. Jurchen and Mongolia confronted the Southern Song Dynasty successively. Jurchen originated in Liaodong, established Jin, destroyed Liao into Hebei, and destroyed Northern Song into Henan. Jin wiped out Datong in Liao and Song Dynasties, a nomadic people, by force, and the ruling area expanded rapidly. It needs time to digest the fruits of its conquest, and it also needs time to adapt to the production and lifestyle of the agricultural society in the Central Plains, including the climate and geographical environment in the Central Plains. Therefore, Jin Zaizheng's original residence successively established two puppet regimes, Zhang Bangchang and Liu Yu, as the transitional stage of his control of the Central Plains. Nomads and warriors invaded the south from time to time according to the changes of the situation, looking for the main force of the army in the Southern Song Dynasty and the ministers in the Song Dynasty.
At the beginning of the reconstruction of the Southern Song Dynasty, the national defense reconstruction was "headed by Qin and Shu, with the southeast as the tail and the Central Plains as the ridge." ("Song History" Volume 68? Zhang Jun's theory of communication with Shaanxi. The confrontation between the Southern Song Dynasty and Jin mainly depended on Sichuan, Shaanxi and Jingxiang. The three major war zones in Jianghuai correspond to each other, and they can echo between the two major war zones in the east and the west, and they can echo between the two major war zones in the east and the west. In particular, it can move to the north of the Jianghuai war zone and threaten the rear roads of nomadic people. During the confrontation between Song and Jin Dynasties, Yue Fei and Wu Gong both went north from Jingxiang and attacked Henan, threatening the road behind the nomads.
Yue Fei defeated the rebel Li Cheng, and Song Shaoxing regained Xiangyang in four years (1 134). They went north and recovered Dengzhou, Tang Zhou and Xinyang from the puppet troops. In the tenth year of Shaoxing (1 140), Yue Fei went north from Xiangyang, and successively recovered Yingchang (now Xuchang, Henan), Huaining (now Huaiyang, Henan) and Zhengzhou, and cooperated with Li Xing, who resisted gold behind enemy lines, to recover Luoyang and other places. In July, Yue Fei defeated the army of Jin Yuan Shuai Zongbi in Yancheng, and broke the counterattack of Nomads from Yingchang, and advanced into Zhuxian Town (45 miles from Bianjing) to confront 8 Jin Jun, ready to cross the river to recover lost ground; Due to Yue Fei's triumphant progress, people in Hedong and Hebei responded one after another and attacked 8 Jin Army, cutting off their retreat. The king was frightened and prepared to return to the north. At this time, He Jin gave up the land north of the Huaihe River and made peace with the Jin people. They urged Yue Fei to send troops, and Yue Fei was forced to withdraw, and the recovered states fell again. Song Gaozong killed Yue Fei, destroyed the Great Wall and the achievements of Yue Fei's Northern Expedition. The Southern Song Dynasty achieved temporary peace at the expense of Qu Chen, which is the so-called "Little He Xing Yi".
When Liang repelled the invading Allies, the Southern Song Dynasty launched a counterattack against Henan with Jingxiang Wu Gong, threatening the posterior road of Jindong Road and containing the attack in the direction of Jin-Jianghuai. Song and Jin reached a truce in the "Longxing Peace Talks", and there was no major war between the two sides since then.