"Sadness" is an abstract emotion, which can't be seen or touched. In order to increase its sensibility, poets of all ages have various ways to express their thoughts.
First, from the content of "worry".
(1) There is sadness of missing my hometown, such as the Yellow Crane Tower in Cui Hao and "But I look to my hometown, and the twilight is getting thicker? There is a sad fog on the waves of the river, a night-mooring near maple bridge, A Frosty Night for Fishing and Sleeping, Zhang's Moonlit Night on the Spring River, White Clouds Gone, Green Maple Full of Sorrow, Zhou Bangyan's Red Lips, Chu Ge Ku, Village Twilight Drum, and the poet pinned his lingering homesickness on the Vivi River. Another example is Jie Jiang's "A Piece of Plum", "A piece of spring sorrow is waiting for wine to pour". Spring worries are getting deeper and deeper, and only by drinking can we drown our worries, expressing the poet's homesickness on the way to exile.
(2) There are worries about homesickness and making friends, such as Wei's "However, things are unpredictable, and spring only brings me sadness and fatigue" ("Send Li Wei? Yuan "". Friends are not in sight, and the taste of loneliness makes the poet deeply moved.
I miss my husband more than Li Qingzhao. Li Qingzhao's "Drunk Flowers", "The fog is thick and the clouds are sad forever, and the golden beast disappears", describes the pain of poets who miss their husbands on the Double Ninth Festival. "On the Phoenix stage, I remember playing the flute." "Far away from Wu Lingren, smoke locks Qin Lou. Only the running water in front of the building should remember me and stare at me all day. Looking at the place, I have added new worries since then, and I have done my husband and wife's old worries, new pains and endless thoughts. " In Jade, the words "flowers floating with water, one kind of lovesickness, two places of leisure worries" have placed deep love and attachment on her husband, just like a fallen flower flowing like a river, which is really "how did you get the first worry this time" (Slow Voice). Li Bai's "I heard that Wang Changling moved to Longbiao Yao to the left" and "I am worried about the bright moon, and I will go to Yelangxi with the wind". I felt heavy when my friend was demoted. Let the cool breeze and bright moon bring me thoughts and concerns about my friends. Wei's "Giving Peace" and "However, things are unpredictable, and spring only brings me sadness and fatigue" are unpredictable and full of sadness, so he misses his friends and falls asleep alone.
Another example is Huang Tingjian's Good Things Nearby. "When you wake up the heartstrings, feelings overlap on two mountains. I don't know who Jiang Yue is waiting for, but the Yangtze River sends water, white clouds are long, and Qingfeng is at a loss. Zhang's "Qing Ping Le" "Lan radial flies back. Tian Wei's Nankezi dreams of being afraid of sorrow, and comes back drunk in spring. Liu Yong's Klang Ganzhou "wants beauty makeup, how many times have you missed, and God knows how to get back to the boat?" Whether it is a close friend or a confidante, whether it is at the ends of the earth or in front of the road, the taste of loneliness makes the poet deeply moved, full of sadness and endless.
(3) Feel the sadness of hurting yourself. Lu You's Operator is lonely and stormy at dusk. It is lonely to be alone in the biting wind and rain at dusk. Li Bai's "Difficult Road to Shu" and "The cuckoo cries on a moonlit night and the empty mountain is sad", and the birds of Zigui cry sadly on an empty mountain on an autumn night, which is a sad sadness; Lu You's "Hairpin Phoenix" is "a melancholy, a few years away", its beautiful and pleasant moments are memories, and a person is helpless in front of me; Li Shangyin's untitled "Seeing Clouds Change in the Morning Mirror, Singing at Night Dare to Cold the Moon" can't sleep at night, but he is deeply worried and more miserable. This is a lonely worry; Li Bai's "Into the Wine" and "How easy it is to lock the mirror on the shelf, the morning is black, and the night is snow" ... Give them to teenagers to exchange good wine and sell the sorrow of the ages. Time flies, youth is hard to come back, and the years have dyed the temples white, and there is no ambition to serve the country. This is a sad sadness. Wang Changling's "Dragon Label Barbecue", "Don't worry about string songs, the mountains and the bright moon are not empty", the song is low, and the moon is empty. This is a worry about the distance and a worry about being broad-minded. Another example is Liu Yong's "Dead Hua Lian", in which the wind is sparse in a dangerous building, looking anxiously at spring and the gloomy sky; Yang Wanli hurts spring, and the place where he doesn't look at presbyopia every year is not that you are sick in anxiety; Ouyang Xiu's "Die Lian Hua" stirs up spring scenery and worries like catkins, and there is nowhere to find it in your dreams; And Shi Dazu's "Quiet Xiangjiang River" is full of fish and waves.
(4) the sadness of leaving bitterness and hatred. Ouyang Xiu's "Walking on the Sand" is "parting from sorrow is getting farther and farther away, and the distance is like spring water". Although people are separated from each other, their feelings are getting deeper and deeper, and the poet's sadness is more exciting. Fang Shunqing's "Memories of Qin E" is "the end of the world is boundless, the Qiang tube whimpers, the dark clouds are long, and the sorrow is between heaven and earth, which seems endless. Liu Yong's "Lin Yuling" "Holding hands to see tears, there is nothing to say. "Lovers are sentimental, and there is more pain of parting. A thousand words come to mind but they choke. Meng Haoran's "Send Du fourteen times to the south of the Yangtze River" "Where does the sunset sail? And heaven remains our neighbourhood, my friend is far away. Looking around, my heart aches. In Li Qi's Farewell to Weiwan, the poet is sad and frustrated, and the wanderer faces Yunshan, feeling dejected. Bai Juyi's Farewell to Ancient Grass and Ah, my friend's prince, you left again, and I heard them sigh after you directly expressed the pain of parting, which was sad and sad.
(5) Worrying about the country and the people. Xin Qiji's "Fishing" "Don't dance, can't you see that Yuhuan Yanfei is dusty? Leisure is the hardest. Don't lean on the hedge, the sun goes down, and the flowers are bright. " The national luck is slim, people are old, and the national conditions have nowhere to report. It is difficult to show their ambition. "Idleness" makes people worry, and the poet's patriotic feelings can be learned from the sun and the moon. Qu Yuan's "Li Sao" "laments the hidden tears, laments the hardships of the people", tears streaming down her face, lamenting her concern for the country and the people. Du Fu's "From Beijing to Fengxian to chant 500 words", "When you are poor, you worry about Li Yuan, and your intestines sigh with heat", people lament and the people suffer. However, Lu You's "The Storm of November 4th", "Sleeping in a lonely village without mourning, but thinking about protecting the country and defending the country", is not sad and desperate, but expresses the poet's unswerving ambition to serve the country and worry about the country and the people. Wen Tianxiang's "Jinling Yi", "From now on, the blood will return to the cuckoo in Biejiang South Road", is the poet's wish to return to the cuckoo as soon as possible through legend, indicating that although he had to leave his hometown, his love for his hometown remained the same, and his attachment to his death was mixed with grief.
(6) There are worries about hurting spring, such as Yang Wanli's "If you don't take presbyopia every year, you will get sick if you don't worry" ("Injury to Spring"). The spring is beautiful, but I have no intention to appreciate it. I am only worried about getting sick, which really hurts readers.
(7) There are worries about longing for spring, such as Ouyang Xiu's "stirring spring, worrying like catkins, and Yi Yi's dream is nowhere to be found" (Butterfly Loves Flowers), and Liu Yong's "leaning on a dangerous building, looking forward to spring worries, making the sky dark" (Butterfly Loves Flowers). In the dream of catkins flying, on the dangerous building with sunny weather, the longing for spring suddenly gives birth to a long sorrow.
(8) There are worries about acacia, such as Li Qingzhao's "Flowers from Shui Piao to water, one kind of acacia, two places of leisure" ("Jade"). My husband is in the distance, and the long thoughts make the flowers float and the water flow, and everything is in the deep acacia.
Second, from the scope of worry.
(1) countless endless troubles. Use water to describe sadness, such as Li Yu's Yu Meiren. "How much sadness can you have?" Like a river flowing eastward, the mourners hate it as if it were rolling eastward. Ouyang Xiu's "Walking on the Shore of Shakespeare", the distance is boundless, and the distance is like spring water; He Zhu's Magnolia is full of worries; Qin Guan's "Jiangchengzi", the river is full of tears and endless worries; And his Millennium is full of troubles like the sea. Li Bai's "Uncle Yun, the farewell book of Xuanzhou Xie Tiao Building", "Although the water is still flowing, though it is cut with a knife, raise a glass to ease the sorrow", with exaggerated antithesis, wrote the endless melancholy that the knife is constantly cut and the wine is inexhaustible. Zhang Lizhen's "Sauvignon Blanc", "Autumn scenery of Wushan Mountain, autumn scenery of Moon Mountain, relative sorrow of the five mountains and the western hills, endless flow of the Yangtze River", Li Jieren's "Stay in Wuguan again, leave the cold current unlocked, and see the guests off overnight" and Fan Chengda's "Nankezi", "If you want to stay by the river, why should the river flow eastward?" Wang's Picking Mulberry Seeds, Sorrow about the Yangtze River, Wonxi Yarn, Breaking Countless Rivers, New Sorrow Divides into Guangling Tide, He Zhu's Linjiang Fairy, "Idle worries come back and forth, corresponding to the two tides", is a personification method to write the poet's endless bitterness, and the poet uses the boundless river to turn the invisible sorrow into a figurative shape, highlighting the endless sadness. In the word "Jade Case", He Zhu said: "How much leisure is there? Yichuan smoke, the wind in the city, the plum yellow rain "is a quip, which describes the numerous leisure worries with the smoky grass by the river, the catkins flying in the wind in the city and the plum rain in the south of the Yangtze River. It is a masterpiece of the ages, so He Zhu is called "He".
(2) Long and distant worries. Describing sorrow in exaggerated ways, such as Li Bai's Hengjiang Ci "One Water Draws Sorrow for Wan Li's Length", "White Hair Three thousands of feet, Sorrow as Long" (Song of Autumn Pu), "Wan Li" and "Three Thousand", are extremely worrying. Li Bai's "Into the Wine", "Five flowers, a thousand golden flowers, give them to the boy in exchange for good wine, and sell them with eternal sorrow", is full of sorrow, worrying for thousands of years and worrying for thousands of years. This is to express sadness directly by calling. Li Yu's "Qing Ping Le" is "far away from hate like spring grass", and describes the sadness of parting with endless and ubiquitous spring grass in the distance. Jie Jiang's plum blossom introduction "nobody cares about me, but there are plum blossoms in the snow tonight, which seems to worry about me", Jiang Baishi's tanchun is slow "the grass is dying and the smoke is dying, the crow sends the sun, and the sand is blowing around Ye Ping", and Zhang Yan's Klang Ganzhou "leaves are worried about everything", which is like snow all over the sky, but also like a little plum blossom, and more like fallen leaves everywhere.
(3) Broad and heavy sorrow. For example, "Bai Xuege Farewell to Tian Shuji Wu's Home", "The sand sea deepens the ice, and the gloomy clouds condense in Wan Li", and Wan Li condenses into gloomy clouds, with a very broad space. This is to write sadness with duality and exaggeration. Xie Yi's Partridge Sky is full of sorrow and water. When you look up, you are full of sadness, and you can connect with the sky. The item "Water" was fascinated by Taoyuan, and I dreamed of returning to Pengdao, covered in wind and frost. Today, on the river, there are thousands of waters and temples in Qian Shan. These are metaphors and exaggerations. He Zhu's "Complaining about Three Three" is "Lian Zhi Meng Yu". Trouble follows the grass and is green all over the south of the Yangtze River ",which is an anthropomorphic way to write trouble. Zhang Qian's "Qi Tianle", "Looking far away is worrying", Huai Shang's female "Reducing Magnolia", "Huai Shan is faint, and thousands of miles of clouds hate. Zhu Dunru's Sasai and Wan Li floating in South Vietnam, with tears in the mountains, add sorrow with wine are both exaggerated ways to write sorrow. The "worry" in Li Wenshan's "Offering a Big Officer on a Rainy Night" seems to be a measure; Li Bai's "Song of Autumn Pu" "White hair and three thousands of feet, sorrow is like a long beard", which shows the length of sorrow; Qin Guan's Millennium, "Spring is over, flying red like the sea", is about a wide range of other worries.
(4) Deep and heavy worries. Li Bai's Farewell, "No one can tell the sadness of the past when the sea goes straight to Wan Li", and the exaggeration of parting makes people worry about the depths of the ocean. Li Qingzhao's "Wulingchun", "I'm afraid the ship can't carry many worries", is too thick for the ship to carry, and writes the poet's deep sadness. Zhang Xian's "Fairy", "After listening to the sound of wine, you wake up drunk in the afternoon and feel sad", which shows that people wake up but are not sad, indicating that they are deeply sad. Fan Zhongyan's "Su Mu Gai", "When wine enters the intestine, it makes you homesick for tears", and when sorrow enters the intestine with wine, the depth of its sorrow can be seen ",all of which are written in anthropomorphic ways. Du Fu's quatrains, "The birds in the river are too white, and the mountains are blue and white. This spring has passed again. When is the year of return? "By describing the fresh and beautiful spring scenery, I express my feelings and worries about living in a foreign land for a long time, and pour out the sadness and desolation of homesickness. This is a happy scene to write my sadness, which has a unique charm. Another example is Li Hua's "Spring Return Improvisation" in the Tang Dynasty. " Grass grows under Yiyang City, and water flows from east to west. There are no flowers in the fragrant trees, and birds are singing all the way to Chunshan, highlighting the beautiful scenery of birds and flowers all the way to Chunshan, but no one appreciates it. It is also a way to write sadness with joy and silence with noise, and it also shows the poet's feelings and sadness about the changes of the times. Li Yu's "Seeing Youhuan" is "cutting constantly, reasoning is still chaotic, leaving sorrow and parting, and having a different taste in my heart". Down and out people, lonely hearts, homesickness and hatred of national subjugation are all imprisoned by high walls and deep courtyards. How deep is this sadness and hatred?
5] Distinctive sadness. Xin Qiji's "Ugly Slave" "Teenagers don't know the taste of sorrow and fall in love with the floor. Fall in love with the floor and worry about adding new words. Now that I know what it's like to worry, I want to talk about it. I want to say, I'd better have a rest, but I know it's cool for a good autumn. " Shangque writes about the false sorrow of an arty and pretentious teenager, while Xiaque reveals the true sorrow of middle-aged people when they have no way to serve their country and are worried about their country. This contrast between false sorrow and true sorrow is really sad. However, when you are worried to the depths and the pain is extreme, there is deep sorrow that is difficult to express and pour out in words. "Silence is better than sound", Bai Juyi's taste of relegation, poor life, degenerate life experience and miserable life are all in this silent world. This is a way to write sadness by contrast. Jie Jiang's Young Beauty "The joys and sorrows are always ruthless. Before the next stage, poets generally expressed unspeakable grief and sadness in their lives, including the longing of teenagers, the sadness of middle age and the embarrassing and lonely reality in their later years. It is really helpless and unspeakable.
Third, from the perspective of the degree of worry.
(1) has a deep sadness, such as Fan Zhongyan's "wine into sorrow, turned into acacia tears" ("Su Curtain Cover"). Trouble has entered the stomach, and its experience is evident.
(2) There are lingering worries, such as Li Bai's "But since the water is still flowing, although we cut it with a sword, we will raise our glasses to eliminate our worries" ("Uncle Yun, a farewell school book in Xietiaolou, Xuanzhou"). Worry is endless, the knife cuts constantly, the wine drowns the sorrow, and the sorrow is vividly written.
(3) There are heavy worries, such as Li Qingzhao's "I'm afraid the ship can't carry much worries" ("Wulingchun"). The worry is too heavy for the ship to carry, and the poet's feelings are alive.
Fourth, taste sadness emotionally.
(1) There are worries about loneliness, such as Bai Juyi's "Mourning in a Boudoir, Silence is Better than Sound" ("Pipa"). The taste of being relegated, the unhappiness of life and the decline of life experience are all in this silent world.
(2) There are sad worries, such as Li Bai's "Singing and Sorrow about the Empty Mountain" ("Difficult Road to Shu"). Empty autumn mountain, Zigui bird's nightclub is cold and desolate.
(3) Lonely worries, such as Lu You's "Dusk Alone, Rainy" (Operator). Being alone at dusk makes people feel lonely in the wind and rain.
(4) There are lonely worries, such as Lu You's "A melancholy mood, a few years away from the cable" ("Hairpin Phoenix"). My lover left, leaving me alone. Looking back a few years, only the loneliness in front of me lingers.