As a unique literary form, duality is its main feature. In the Tang Dynasty, Japanese monks took photos of King Kong all over the world, and summarized the antithesis into 29 kinds in the Mirror Flower Garden. The cloud in "Li Weng to the Cloud":
Heaven is to the earth, rain is to the wind, and the mainland is to the sky. Mountain flowers are to the sea trees, and the sun is to the sky. Thunder is foggy and the sun is shining in the sky. The wind is high, the moon is white and the rain is red. Cattle and women go around the galaxy, and two businessmen fight west and east. In October, the frontier fortress is cold and frosty, and the three winters are long and snowy.
These 29 kinds are only 29 aspects of dual figures of speech. If you write a poem according to these aspects and stick it on the door, it will become a couplet. For example, a couplet hung in front of Xiushan Cooper Pavilion in Xiushan Park, Tonghai County: "Xiushan is a beautiful place with light rain; Cedar blows cedarwood. " This is a palindrome pair composed of "rain to wind" in dual rhetoric. The pronunciation is exactly the same.
The most prominent feature of couplets is antithesis, which has two basic requirements:
(1) has the same structure and the same part of speech.
Couplets are composed of upper and lower sentences, the upper sentence is called upper couplet and the lower sentence is called lower couplet. The sentence structure of the upper couplet and the lower couplet should be consistent. That is, nouns to nouns, verbs to verbs, adjectives to adjectives, disyllabic reduplication to disyllabic reduplication, notional words to notional words, and functional words to functional words; Subject-predicate structure and subject-predicate structure, partial structure and partial structure, verb-object structure and verb-object structure. For example, cicada forest is quieter and Tonamiyama is more hidden.
On the contrary, the same rhythm.
The upper and lower couplets of couplets must be even, right. That is, flat voice and silent voice are used alternately. This can make the rhythm harmonious, the timbre sonorous and catchy. Yin Ping and Yang Ping in modern Chinese are flat tones in ancient Chinese, and rising and falling tones are voiced sounds in ancient Chinese.
Take Wu sentence as an example: the standing pattern is "flat and flat" versus "flat and flat". For example, the stars are as wide as Ye Ping; The moon runs up the river. The starting formula is "Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping, for example: passing through an ancient forest without human traces; But now I hear the bell on high.
Generally speaking, the last word of the first couplet of a couplet should be oblique, and the last word of the second couplet should be flat. To judge whether a couplet is flat or flat, we should judge it from the second word of the couplet, because generally two words are a syllable, and the focus of the syllable naturally falls on the second word. Couplets are both flat and rhythmic. Generally, two words are one beat, one word is one beat, three words are three beats, five words are three beats, and seven words are four beats. For example: four sides/lotus/three sides/willow; A city/mountain/half a city/lake.
Confrontation can be divided into working pair, wide pair, borrowing pair, flowing water and so on. Work is a clever confrontation with work. The antithesis is very strict, requiring both part of speech and part of speech. This is the opposite of industry. The so-called relative parts of speech means that nouns were divided into the following ten categories in ancient times. Such as: astronomy, seasons, geography, palaces, utensils, clothing, diet, stationery, literature and art, vegetation, birds and animals, insects and fish, and body. Personnel, interpersonal relationships, etc. These types can only be called working pairs after they are paired into couplets. For example, in the morning, she saw her hair cloud changing in the mirror; Singing at night, the moonlight is colder. "Xiao" and "night" are both nouns and seasonal words, and the two couplets are a pair.
Forgiveness is for workers. Tolerance is not so strict, as long as the parts of speech are the same, they can be relative. For example: the sunset outside the mountain and the snow outside the lake; The bedside book runs by the window. The four nouns "mountain", "sun", "lake" and "snow" make an exception to the four nouns "window", "water", "pillow" and "book".
There are two forms of borrowing: one is borrowing meaning, and the other is borrowing sound. For example, the house is very common, but I have heard of it several times before Cui. "Ordinary" means ordinary, but in ancient times, eight feet was "seeking" and two was "constant", so counting "several degrees" was very neat. In addition to borrowing meaning, sometimes the pronunciation is opposite to the bottom couplet. For example, mermaids shed pearl-like tears in the moon-green sea, and the blue fields breathe their jade in the sun. Color is expressed by the pronunciation of pale, which is opposite to blue in the bottom couplet, to the sky in the sea, to the moon, to the jade in the pearl, and so on. It is both a part of speech and a similar word.
Running water pairs are also called series. It means that the relationship between two opposing sentences in couplets is not antagonistic, and the meaning of a single sentence is incomplete. Together, it constitutes a meaning, like running water, so it is called a flowing pair. Or we can understand it this way: its upper and lower conjunctions are not juxtaposed, but are often subordinate relations such as causality, conditions, assumptions, etc., which belong to partially correct complex sentences, and their contents are connected in series to form a series pair. For example, wildfire never completely devoured them, but they grew taller in the spring breeze.
In addition, there are other different antithesis forms of couplets, such as embedded antithesis, top antithesis, split antithesis, homophonic antithesis and overlapping equivalence. The number of couplets is generally at least four words, but there are also three words and two words. Reading is from right to left, right is the upper part, left is the lower part, and pasting is also from right to left. First stick the upper part, then stick the lower part, and finally stick a horizontal batch to form a "door" shape. Short couplets within seven characters are not punctuated, but long couplets can be punctuated.