, it is rare to be able to
in poetry, drama, calligraphy and painting, and leave a far-reaching impact on the present and future generations. Yuan Zhonglang honored his poems as the first in the Ming Dynasty, and his plays were highly praised by < P >. As for painting, he was one of the most outstanding figures in China's < P >.
is very respectful to
, and once carved a seal, calling himself "
under the door
". In modern times,
Bai
also admired him deeply. However, Xu Wenchang's life was unfortunate. Although he had a strong ambition for fame and career and a desire to serve the country, he never even passed the exam. He was imprisoned for seven years in middle age because he madly killed his wife. In his later years, he lived by selling
or even books and clothes, and finally died in poverty. People love him very much, and many stories about Xu Wenchang are still circulating in Zhejiang. His former residence in Shaoxing, < P >, has survived more than 4 years, and it is still preserved, which maintains the long-term memory of this literary artist with a civilian flavor.
first, the talent is well-known and well-known, but it is not sold for many times.
Xu Wenchang's name is Wei, and his literary length is his word. Also known as
Shanren,
Sheng, Tian Shuiyue, etc.
Sixteen years (1521) was born in
(now Shaoxing), a declining
. His father, Xu Chang, was a Sichuan
. He was originally a Tong's, and gave birth to two sons, Xu Huai and Xu Lu. After marrying Miao, he never gave birth. In his later years, he gave birth to Xu Wenchang and died a hundred days after Wen Chang was born. After that, Xu Wenchang was raised by Mrs.
Miao until she was fourteen years old. After Miao's death, she lived with her eldest brother Xu Huai until she was twenty-one years old
Pan's family. Although he was born in a bureaucratic family, Xu Wenchang's early life was not happy. His biological mother is a < P >, so she naturally has no position in the family.
Mrs. Miao raised Xu Wenchang as her own flesh and blood, with high expectations; But perhaps for this reason, when Wen Chang was ten years old, Mrs Miao kicked his biological mother out of the house. Losing her mother at an early age was a great stimulus to Xu Wenchang. Although he was able to take his mother back to his home at the age of 29, he still couldn't forget it until he was in his twilight years. Because Xu Wenchang is < P > and two < P > brothers are twenty or thirty years older than him, Xu Wenchang has no position in the family. When he was young, he didn't get the scholar's exam. In his last book to < P > officials asking for a second interview, he said, "Learning is ineffective, so I don't trust my father and brother. And the flesh and blood are fried, and the beans are burning, and I look around day and night, but my body and shadow! " Look very sad and angry. When I was an adult, my family's fortune declined, and Xu Wenchang's family, of course, was not so comfortable. An alert and sensitive person, who grew up in such a bumpy situation, naturally tends to develop a stubborn and extreme character.
Xu Wenchang is extremely intelligent by nature. He studied at the age of six, and he was able to write at the age of nine. When he was in his teens, he imitated < P >' s "Laughing at Laughter" and wrote "Disruption", which caused a sensation in the whole city. The local gentlemen call him a child prodigy, compared with
and
. In his twenties, he was associated with < P > Chen Haiqiao, < P > and others in Yuezhong, and was listed as one of the "Ten Scholars in Yuezhong".
once praised him and said, "Close the city gate, there is only one." It is said that at a < P > meeting, the master deliberately embarrassed Xu Wenchang, pointing to a small thing on the table and asking him to give a gift, but secretly ordered the servant to hold a paper roll more than ten feet long. Xu Wenchang put pen to paper and wrote it in one breath, which surprised the full house.
Xu Wenchang, who has been famous for his talent since childhood, has always been quite conceited and full of yearning for fame and fortune, but he has repeatedly suffered setbacks on the road of imperial examination.
That year, he stumbled into a scholar's exam, and then he took part in
again and again until he was forty-one, and he took the exam eight times, but he still failed to win the exam. In the meantime, he lost his wife at the age of 26 and moved out of Pan's home to make a living by teaching. At the age of 37, at the invitation of
, I joined
to take charge of documents. It is no accident that Xu Wenchang failed again and again in the imperial examination. He liked
and hated the word
when he was a teenager. In addition, his personality was exposed and his emotions were publicized. I'm afraid he really couldn't write a qualified
but gloomy and rigid
. However, although Xu Wenchang knew clearly that < P > was useless, he had always been < P > to some bureaucrats who came from the imperial examination and had no talent, but it was the only way out for the old literati politically. It is a heavy blow to Xu Wenchang to try again and again and not sell it, and the future is hopeless. In his later years, he wrote "Self-distorted Spectrum", and specially wrote down the poem "Early Morning" read by Du Fu when he entered school at the age of six: "The cock crows < P > the dawn is cold", which reveals endless feelings about life.
2. From military activities to prison
Xu Wenchang usually gives people the impression of relying on his talents to celebrate his birthday, but he is also a person who cares about social politics and is full of patriotic enthusiasm. During the Jiajing period, the southeast coast was frequently invaded by < P >, which brought heavy losses to people's lives and property because of the slack military equipment and incompetence of officials. On the one hand, Xu Wenchang sharply criticized this with his poems, on the other hand, he devoted himself enthusiastically to < P >. Although he had no job, he changed into a short coat several times and ventured to the front with the army to observe the situation, then recorded the course of the war, analyzed the reasons for success or failure, and put forward a general plan to break the enemy to relevant officials. Most of these articles are written in a practical way, which is different from the general scholars' comments.
In the thirty-sixth year of Jiajing (1557), Xu Wenchang was recruited by
Southeast Military Affairs, and took charge of documents. This is the most proud period of Xu Wenchang's life. At the beginning of the curtain, he wrote "Into the White Deer Table" for < P >, which was appreciated by the emperor. Since then, Hu Zongxian has been more < P > to him, and especially to his laissez-faire personality. Tao Wangling's
records that Xu Wenchang often drinks with his friends.
If he can't find him in an emergency, he waits at night with the door open. Hu Zongxian was told that Xu Xiucai was drunk and shouting loudly, but Hu Zongxian praised him instead. At that time, Hu Zongxian was
dignified, and the military and civilian officials were afraid to look up when they saw it, while Xu Wenchang, dressed in shabby black and white cloth, went straight into the door and talked about what was going on in the world. In
, it is hard to find out what Xu Wenchang did for the war against Japan. However, as Xu Wenchang, with his curious personality and his enthusiasm for < P >, it can be concluded that Xu Wenchang participated in many important schemes. In his retained articles such as "The Book to the Governor's Mansion", we can really see some pertinent opinions-although the art of managing soldiers he proposed is a bit harsh.
Of course, there are many disappointments in
. Hu Zongxian kept close contact with
for various reasons, while Xu Wenchang hated
, and his closest friend
was killed because of his inscription
. However, Xu Wenchang had to write some words to flatter Yan Song on behalf of Hu Zongxian, which was really a tragedy of literati.
in the forty-first year of Jiajing (1562), Yan Song was removed from office and
took office
. Under
, Hu Zongxian was illegally involved, and was arrested in Beijing in the following year (later, he was only dismissed for his meritorious service), and Xu Wenchang left
. In the forty-fourth year of Jiajing, Hu Zongxian was arrested and imprisoned again, and died in prison. His original < P > was also implicated by several people. Xu Wenchang was a little extreme by nature, and he failed in the exam for years, so he was very unhappy mentally. At this time, he was deeply saddened by Hu Zongxian's death by < P >, and he was more worried about his persecution, so he was completely disappointed with life and even went crazy. He wrote an indignant
, then pulled out the nail on the pilaster and smashed it into the ear, bleeding like a spurt, and it took several months to heal. Later, he was hit with vertebra < P >, but he didn't die. So repeated attacks, repeated suicide nine times. In the forty-five years of Jiajing, Xu Wenchang was put in prison because he suspected that his stepwife Zhang was unfaithful and killed her.
when you first go to prison, life is naturally painful. Xu Wenchang was wearing < P > and covered with lice. In winter, snow accumulated on his bed, and he was shivering with cold. Even the food sent by his friends was taken away. Later, many of his friends moved around to save him, which improved his treatment. Among them,
was the most powerful aid, and then
(he was a famous
in the late Ming Dynasty). They were all
from Xu Wenchang, and they were all top scholars, so they were quite prestigious. With the help of these friends, Xu Wenchang spent seven years in prison, and was finally released on the occasion of
taking the throne
. This is
. Xu Wenchang is 53 years old.
Third, in his poor old age
After so many hardships, Xu Wenchang no longer has any political ambitions, but his concern for state affairs has never waned. After he was released from prison, he first traveled in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, climbed mountains near the water, and made many friends in poetry and painting. In the summer of Wanli four years (1576), Xu Wenchang was a friend of
. At this time, Wu Dui, who had achieved
and shouldered the heavy responsibility of the north, invited him to go north, and he gladly went. Xu Wenchang spent less than a year in the shogunate, but he left many poems describing the scenery, folk customs and life in the north. In the preface to many officials, he likes to talk about political affairs, especially about the strategy of < P >. At that time, < P > presided over the state affairs and adopted the policy of appeasement to Mongolia, which Xu Wenchang appreciated. He was respected in Wu Dui, but he was in poor health, so he had to return to his hometown via Beijing in the following spring.
, Xu Wenchang should
move to Beijing, but the relationship between them soon deteriorated. According to
' s account,
is a stern person who abides by etiquette, while Xu Wenchang is indulgent by nature and unwilling to be bound by traditional etiquette.
Xu Wenchang was often restrained by feudal ethics, which greatly annoyed Xu Wenchang. He once said to
: I killed someone when I was dead, but it was just a knife in the neck, and now you want to chop me into pieces! Because of the < P > with old friends and the unequal treatment with bureaucrats, Xu Wenchang was depressed and had a relapse, which was convenient for him to return to his hometown after living in Beijing for three years. Since then, Xu Wenchang has never left his hometown.
In his later years, Xu Wenchang became more and more disgusted with rich people and people with manners, and most of his friends were former friends and followers. It is said that someone came to visit, but Xu Wenchang didn't want to see him, so he pushed Chai Men and shouted, "< P > isn't here!" He died of his estate all his life, and his money was easily scattered. At this time, he had to live by selling < P >. But with a little money, I refused to do it again. However, a group of friends of < P > and the younger generation often get his masterpieces by cheating or robbing them. Xu Wenchang seems to be particularly fond of crabs, and many < P > records how friends exchanged live crabs for his paintings. In the last few years, Xu Wenchang suffered from various diseases, so he could not paint often, and his life was even poorer. Xu Wenchang's Collected Works contains poems such as Selling Minks, Selling Pians, Selling Paintings, and Selling Books, which shows the bleak future of this great writer and artist. In 1593, Xu Wenchang died at the age of 73.
IV. Various artistic achievements
Xu Wenchang's literary and artistic creation involves a wide range of fields, but it can be pointed out that they have the same characteristics, that is, they are never
others in art, like originality, have a strong personality, are bold and unrestrained in style, and often show a love for
.
Due to the advocacy of
, there was a trend of
in the poetry circle of Ming Dynasty. Although they also have their own achievements, this
atmosphere obviously hinders the development of poetry art. Xu Wenchang was deeply dissatisfied with this and made a sharp criticism. He said: birds learn from human speech, and nature is still a bird; If writing a poem imitates the predecessors with one intention, it will be nothing more than a bird's talk and has no real value. His own poetry creation pays attention to expressing personal actual feelings about social life, and his style is slightly close to that of < P >. He asks about learning and prospers in the Tang Dynasty, and borrows from the Southern Dynasties to get in and out of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, without losing himself in the end. This tendency was inherited by
who advocated expressing
later, which was of great significance to changing the poetic style in the late Ming Dynasty. Yuan Zhonglang, the chief commander of
, has a wonderful comment on Xu Wenchang's poems: "The length of the text is not determined to have a division, so it is
a tiller,
a landscape ... what it sees is the mountains rushing to the sea, the sand rising in the clouds, the wind whistling in the trees, the valleys mostly, and the characters
, all of which are shocking and shocking, and all of them are expressed in poetry. There is an indelible breath in his chest. The hero is lost and helpless, so it is poetry, such as anger, laughter, water-sounding gorge, unearthed, weeping at the widow's night, and chilling. When it is released, it will be thousands of miles away; Occasionally, it is deep and steep, and ghosts are angry in autumn. " Xu Wenchang's prose is the most outstanding one. In addition, many
are also very distinctive, pungent and witty, humorous and interesting, and
are far-reaching and
first-class, but on the whole, their achievements are not as good as poetry.
Xu Wenchang's drama creation includes
collection
, which includes four independent plays: Crazy Drum History, Dream of Cuixiang, Female Mulan and
. The History of Crazy Drum was written with the feeling that Yan Song killed Shen Lian, and it showed the arrogant spirit of resistance. The last two plays are stories about
' s achievements, which reflect Xu Wenchang's views on women and have certain anti-feudal significance. These works have broken the fixed format of
and opened up the door for the diversification of drama forms. In terms of drama theory, he advocates "true colors", that is, drama language should conform to the identity of the characters, and should use spoken language and colloquialism, with < P > the authenticity of things, while opposing elegant parallel language and excessive modification. These views are very < P >. In addition, he also wrote the Narrative of Nanci, which is the first theory about
in China and is of great significance in the history of drama.
Xu Wenchang once said, "My book is the first, poetry is the second, writing is the third, and painting is the fourth." This is probably what literati used to
, that is, putting their most valued art in the last position to raise others. In fact, he is the
of the
in our country, and he has an influence on
,
,
until Wu Lvshuo and
, and he has a high position on
. He is best at flower painting, indulgent with his pen, dripping with ink, vigorous and charming, with poetic lyricism and rhythm, which is highly valued by people. His calligraphy is better than < P >. Although Xu Wenchang ranks first, his achievements seem to be inferior to those of painting.
In addition,
Song on behalf of Xiao, and the novel
(the strange combination of clouds) are also said to have been written by Xu Wenchang. These are two excellent works, but their
looks very problematic, so I won't comment on them here.
——————————
, whose initial word is
, whose name is
, Qingteng, etc., was born in a small bureaucratic family in Zhejiang
(now Shaoxing) in the 16th year of Zhengde in the Ming Dynasty (AD
). He started with water, and when he was in his teens, he wrote an article "Interpretation of Destruction" by imitating "Jiechao". A little longer, studying with fellow scholar Ji Ben. Ji Ben is a student of
, the founder of psychology. Therefore, Yangming's theory of mind has a great influence on Xu Wei's life through the teaching of Ji Ben. The main point of Yangming's theory of mind is that "the mind is reason, and the mind is unreasonable". This is an acknowledgement of
and intuition, which is related to Buddhist thinking and transcendental thinking, as well as "
". The appearance of Yangming's theory of mind itself is a kind of rebellion and challenge to Answer 7b and Zhu Neo-Confucianism, which were dominant at that time. During this period, philosophy, literature and
all showed a tendency to pursue
and express
directly. Xu said that he was naturally involved in this trend.
Since I was a scholar in
, I have made many friends with my mentor, although I have failed in my repeated attempts in my hometown. Among these teachers and friends, there are officials who are registered, retired township Kun, secluded in the mountains, and teenagers who are backward. They talk about art and talk to each other
. Later, he worked with Xiao Mian,
,
, Zhu Gongjie, Shen Lian, Qian Bian,
,
and Lv Guangsheng.