"The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is China's first full-length historical romance novel. It mainly describes wars and reflects the political and military struggles between the three political groups of Wu, Shu and Wei. It can be roughly divided into five parts: the Yellow Turban Rebellion, Dong Zhuo's Rebellion, the heroes vying for the throne, the Three Kingdoms, and the Three Kingdoms' return to Jin. On the vast background, scenes of turbulent and majestic war scenes were staged, and more than a thousand characters were successfully portrayed, including Cao Cao, Liu Bei, Sun Quan, Zhuge Liang, Zhou Yu, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, [1] etc. The characters' images are popular among the people, and the historical descriptions of all parties are not treated in the narrative way of enemy or friend, which has had a profound impact on later generations. The editor, Luo Guanzhong, combines the Thirty-Six Stratagems of the Art of War between the lines, with both plot and tactics. "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" reflects rich historical content. The names of characters, geographical names, and main events are basically the same as those in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms". The character's character is also based on the fixed image left by "Three Kingdoms", and is re-developed, exaggerated, beautified, vilified, etc. This is also the routine of historical romance novels. Most historical romance novels alternate between fiction and reality, emphasizing reality and fictitiousness; taking into account both ancient and modern times, criticizing the past and judging the present; a story narrates the love of two dynasties, and a character has the characteristics of both dynasties. On the one hand, "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" reflects the true history of the Three Kingdoms and takes into account the readers' needs to understand the real history; on the other hand, it exaggerates, beautifies, vilifies, etc. the characters of the Three Kingdoms to a certain extent based on the actual social conditions of the Ming Dynasty. It provides readers with some inspiration and takes into account the readers' needs to increase their knowledge and the rulers' needs to consolidate their rule. It not only reflects the true history of the Three Kingdoms more truly, but also reflects many social contents of the Ming Dynasty. The Three Kingdoms was a very different era from the Ming Dynasty. It did not have brothels or casinos. Both the official and the private sector adhered to Confucian culture, which promoted benevolence, righteousness, Tao, morality, etiquette, trustworthiness, loyalty, chastity, filial piety, honesty, and kindness. , beauty and truth are the re-embodiment of Han culture. Compare the Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty and Ming Dynasty, which all had a large number of brothels and casinos. Although Confucian culture was the official culture, Buddhist culture had a greater influence among all levels of society. Due to the long-term development of exotic folk customs such as brothels and casinos, the people gradually followed a market culture that combines the characteristics of Chinese culture and the culture of the Western Regions. The ideas of arrogance, extravagance, lewdness, shamelessness, fakeness, ugliness, evil, committing crimes, and robbery are widely spread among the people. The romantic style of Indian society and the romantic style of Buddhist literature also developed for a long time in the Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties. Romantic literature such as romance novels and historical romance novels has developed greatly. Officialdom and battlefields have also become game fields. Romanticism is popular. Yue Fei's encounter with unwarranted charges is a typical example. Compared with the Song Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty, the Three Kingdoms era has huge differences in ruling ideology, officialdom, social ecology, and the state of the world. The contrast between ancient and modern times is strong, which can give full play to the artistic characteristics of time travel and criticism in historical romance novels, making the text more humorous and interesting, and the characters The image has more artistic tension, while still retaining the practicality of intellectual content, making it the first historical romance novel to be compiled into a book. "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" pioneered historical romance novels and is an example of "telling history and reproducing historical facts". Since then, poets and literati have followed suit, and China's five thousand years of history have been written into various romance novels, but their achievements are far from surpassing "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms".
"The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" describes the history of nearly one hundred years from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty, reflecting the political and military struggles of the Three Kingdoms era as well as the penetration and transformation of various social contradictions. Regarding the attitude towards the Three Kingdoms, respecting Liu, opposing Cao and despising Wu is the main tendency among the people, and it shows an obvious tendency to support Liu and oppose Cao. Taking Liu Bei's group as the center of the description implies the people's hope for the rejuvenation of the Han nationality and the royal orthodoxy. , although these old views are no longer relevant today. When the Qing Dynasty's Mao family and his son revised the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, they deleted and corrected the untrue and ridiculing and strange powers in the version handed down from the Ming Dynasty. Lu Xun said in "Historical Changes in Chinese Novels": "Because the affairs of the Three Kingdoms were not as complicated as the Five Dynasties; nor were they as simple as those of Chu and Han; they were neither simple nor complex, so they were suitable for novels. Moreover, the heroes of the Three Kingdoms era were wise and intelligent. His martial arts skills are very touching, so people like to use them as the basis of novels." The book also depicts nearly 200 characters, among which the most successful ones are Zhuge Liang, Cao Cao, Guan Yu, Liu Bei and others. Zhuge Liang is the incarnation of a "virtuous prime minister" in the author's mind. He has the integrity of "devoting his whole life to the end of his life" and his ambition to manage the world and benefit the people to create a peaceful and prosperous age. The author also endows him with the magical ability to control the wind and rain, and make miraculous calculations. Cao Cao was portrayed as a traitor who "would rather teach me to betray the world than teach the world to betray me." He was both talented and strategic, cruel and treacherous. He was a political careerist and conspirator. Guan Yu is "mighty and resolute" and "righteous as heavy as a mountain", but he is mainly based on personal grievances. Liu Bei was portrayed as a model of a benevolent king who was kind to the people and loved things, courteous to virtuous subordinates, and knew people well. The wars in it have various techniques, and readers often feel the war scenes of swords, light, blood and shadow. Among them, the descriptions of wars such as the Battle of Guandu and the Battle of Chibi are considered to be ups and downs, ups and downs, making people thrilling to read, and the plots that are not found in history books are described in great detail. However, the first 33 chapters cover the 24 years from the sworn alliance in Taoyuan to the unification of the north by Cao Cao, and the 71 and a half chapters cover the 27 years from Liu Bei's three visits to the thatched cottage to Zhuge Liang's death in Wuzhangyuan. The next 46 years only took 15 and a half chapters to end hastily.
Because "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is unique among ancient Chinese historical novels in terms of its spread and influence among the people, this has caused ordinary people, and even some experts and scholars, to have a negative opinion of the period from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Three Kingdoms period, which is the history described in the novel. The general situation, events, and characters of the period lack correct common sense. To a certain extent, the content of the novel "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" has occupied the status of real history in the minds of the Chinese people. This phenomenon has been reflected in recent movies and literary works. react. There has been a lot of controversy among the public about this phenomenon. Extraordinary narrative talent, panoramic war descriptions, artistic models of characteristic characters, and simple classical Chinese constitute the main features of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms".
"The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is not only an earlier historical novel, but also represents the highest achievement of ancient historical novels. The novel uses simple classical Chinese, which is bright and smooth, and is both elegant and popular. The writing style is rich in changes, contrasting, redundant, twists and turns, and swaying. It also uses a magnificent structure to completely and tightly organize the complicated events and numerous characters over the past century or so. The narrative is methodical, echoes back and forth, is related to each other, closely linked, and advances layer by layer. The artistic achievements of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" are more important in its description of war and characterization. Novels are best at describing wars and can write out the characteristics of each war. Pay attention to describing the use of different strategies and tactics under specific conditions, and guide the display of subjective initiative in combat, instead of spending the main text on pure strength and martial arts competition. Such as the Battle of Guandu, the Battle of Chibi, the Battle of Yiling, etc. The writing method of each war also changes with the characteristics of the war. While writing about the war, other activities are also written as the prelude, aftermath, or auxiliary means of the war. , making the tense, intense and thrilling war appear to be tense and relaxed, alternately fast and slow. For example, before the Battle of Chibi, it describes the cooperation between the Sun and Liu families, the conflicts between Zhuge Liang and Zhou Yu, Cao Cao's temptation, the preparations of the Sun and Liu coalition forces to lure the enemy in, etc. In terms of character creation, the novel pays special attention to putting the characters in the first place. In the sharp contradictions of real struggle, their thoughts and characters are expressed through their words and deeds or the surrounding environment. For example, Cao Cao is treacherous, and every move seems to be hiding a conspiracy; Zhang Fei is outspoken, and there is innocence and recklessness everywhere; Zhuge Liang is clever and clever, and he can always deal with things easily and calmly. The famous chapters such as Guan Yu's "warm wine and kill Hua Xiong", Zhang Fei's "powerful Changban Bridge", Zhao Yun's "riding alone to save the young master", Zhuge Liang's "seven captures of Meng Huo" are even more widely circulated. Although "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" takes history as its theme, it is not a history book but a literary work after all. Because it has been artistically processed and contains a lot of fiction. The artistic achievements of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" are multifaceted: 1. It successfully created many characters. The book contains 1,798 people, among whom the main characters are all artistic models with distinctive personalities and vivid images. Various characters have their own characteristics; similar characters have their own personalities. When describing characters, the author is good at grasping the basic characteristics, highlighting a certain aspect, exaggerating it, and using contrast and foil methods to make the character's personality vivid and vivid. This is a basic principle for the author to create characters. The best illustration of the application of this principle in novels is what people have always called the "three virtues", namely Cao Cao's "treacherousness" - being extremely cunning; Guan Yu's "righteousness" - "righteousness is as heavy as a mountain"; Kong Ming's "righteousness is as heavy as a mountain"; "Zhijue" - Extraordinary wit. The main method of depicting characters in novels is to place them in thrilling military and political struggles, and in sharp and complex conflicts. For the main characters, their complex personalities are often expressed through a series of storylines and character language. 2. It is good at describing war. The book covers more than forty wars, major and minor, showing scenes of thrilling war scenes. Among them, the Battle of Guandu, the Battle of Chibi, and the Battle of Yiling are the most outstanding. The author always focuses on describing the key battles that determined the rise and fall of the Three Kingdoms, and takes the characters as the center to write out all aspects of the war, such as the strategies and tactics of both sides, the balance of forces, the transformation of status, etc., and the writing is rich and colorful. , ever-changing, each with its own characteristics, fully embodies the complexity and diversity of war; it not only depicts the fierceness, tension, and thrills of war without appearing miserable, but generally has a high-spirited style, and some even appear calm and dynamic. There is stillness, tension and relaxation. 3. Its structure is both majestic and sophisticated. The time lasts for hundreds of years, there are hundreds of characters, the events are complicated, and there are many clues. The description must not only conform to the basic facts, but also pay attention to the coherence of the artistic plot. Therefore, it is very difficult to arrange the structure. However, the author is able to write in an orderly manner, with clear context, each chapter can become an independent chapter, and the whole book is a complete artistic whole. This is mainly due to the author's grand and rigorous conception. He took Shu Han as the center and the contradictions and struggles of the Three Kingdoms as the main line to organize the storyline of the book. It is both tortuous and coherent, with masters and slaves, and masters and slaves working closely together. 4. The language is concise and smooth, as clear as words. Today, this language seems half-literate, but at the time it was close to vernacular; writing novels in this language is a pioneering work, and compared with the rough and complicated language of some novels in the past, it is a Obvious progress.
The Three Heroes Battle against Lu Bu: Lu Bu was defeated by Sun Jian at Hulao Pass, and Liu Bei and others did not participate in the attack on the Dong coalition. Guan Yunchang warmed wine and beheaded Hua Xiong: Hua Xiong actually died with During the confrontation between Sun Jian's troops. Ten permanent attendants: Historically, the ten permanent attendants were Zhang Rang, Zhao Zhong, Xia Yun, Guo Sheng, Sun Zhang, Bi Lan, Li Song, Duan Gui, Gao Wang, Zhang Gong, Han Kui, and Song Dian.
Romance in the Taoyuan: A fictional plot. Liu, Guan, and Zhang are just brothers in love. The author made it up to highlight the righteousness of the three people below. Famous weapons: Famous weapons such as the double-pronged sword, Qinglong Yanyue Sword, Zhangba Snake Spear, Fangtian Painted Halberd, Qingzhi Sword, etc. are fictitious. Zhang Fei whipped the governor: It was Liu Bei who did it. Because the governor refused to see Liu Bei, Liu Bei was furious and beat the governor with his stick. It was not Zhang Fei's doing. Cao Cao offered a seven-star sword: It is also fictional. In the novel, Cao Cao attempted to assassinate Dong Zhuo by offering the sword. In "Three Kingdoms", Cao Cao believed that Dong Zhuo would eventually be defeated and rushed back to his hometown overnight. I would rather teach me to betray the world than teach the world to betray me: The original words of Cao Cao's famous saying should be "I would rather betray others than others betray me." The description in the novel has ulterior motives, which is actually to belittle Cao Cao.
Three Kingdoms (5 photos) Death of Sun Jian: Because he pursued the enemy with only a few followers, he was caught in an ambush by Huang Zu and died in Xian Mountain. The death of Empress Dowager Dong: Empress Dowager Dong actually died of illness, not poisoned by He Hou. Tao Qian: Tao Qian’s behavior is inconsistent with historical facts. Guan Yu's execution of chariots and horses in Xuzhou: It was also done by Liu Bei, not Guan Yu. There are three things about Tushan: there is no such thing in historical facts. Bloody Edict on Clothes: This is indeed true, but Ma Teng is a warlord with a bandit nature, and attacking Li Guo is just a personal grudge. Red Rabbit Horse: After Lu Bu's defeat, the Red Rabbit Horse disappeared. It did not become Guan Yu's mount. Guan Yu punished Wen Chou: Wen Chou died in Cao's army's rebellion. Possibly killed by soldiers of Guan Yu, Zhang Liao or Xu Huang. Death of Sun Ce: He was assassinated by an assassin. The assassin was a domestic slave and retainer of Xu Gong, the former prefect of Wu County. His death was not caused by Yu Ji's sorcery. Passing Five Passes and Killing Six Generals: A fictional plot. After Guan Yu left Cao Cao, he did not pass the five passes, and Kong Xiu, Meng Tan, Han Fu, Bian Xi, Wang Zhi and Qin Qi were not recorded in historical records. Guo Jia left behind a plan to conquer Liaodong: a fictional plot. Guo Jia died suddenly at the age of thirty-eight. He left no plan behind. This plan was Cao Cao's own plan. Guan Yu's ancient city beheaded Cai Yang: Liu Bei did it, and the location was not the ancient city. Xu Shu’s wisdom: Xu Shu is rarely recorded in official history. He is a character that the author tried his best to describe in order to highlight Zhuge’s wisdom below. Xu Shu enters Cao Ying: Cao Cao marched south, Xu Shu fled south with Liu Bei, Xu Shu's mother was captured in the rebellion, Xu Shu bid farewell to Liu Bei and entered Cao Ying, and later became an important minister of Wei. Zhuge Liang burned Bowang Slope: Liu Bei did it, Zhuge Liang was not out of the mountain at that time. Zhuge Liang's Burning of the New Country: There is no record in history and it was made up by Luo Guanzhong. Changbanpo Zhao Yun's seven entries and seven exits: Historically, Zhao Yun only rescued Mrs. Gan and Adou, but there is no record of seven entries and seven exits. Changbanpo Wenpin battle against Liu Bei: Historically, Liu Bei's army was defeated by Cao Cao's five thousand tiger and leopard cavalry. Mrs. Mi jumped into the well: there is no record in official history. Liu Cong was killed: After surrendering Jingzhou, he was appointed by Cao Cao as the governor of Qingzhou and granted the title of Marquis. He was not killed. Later, in order to commend his achievements, Cao Cao moved him to the position of admonishing doctor. Wu Guotai: A fictional character. Sun Quan’s mother had died of illness long ago in front of Ganlu Temple. Confucianism: Only records Zhuge Liang's meeting with Sun Quan. The war faction and the peace faction in Soochow are increasingly competing with each other. Zhuge Liang is just an envoy. Zhou Yu outsmarted Jiang Qian: After the Battle of Chibi, Jiang Qian failed to persuade Zhou Yu. Death of Taishi Ci: Taishi Ci died of illness in 207 and did not participate in the Battle of Hefei. Zhuge Liang's wisdom inspired Zhou Yu: It was Zhou Yu's wisdom that inspired Sun Quan. Borrowing arrows from straw boats: This did not happen during the Battle of Chibi. Sun Quan had a similar case of borrowing arrows from straw boats only in the Battle of Ruxuwu. The bitter meat plan: It is true that Huang Gai pretended to surrender, but there is no historical record of the bitter meat plan. Kan Ze: Kan Ze was an important minister of the Eastern Wu Dynasty. He was a figure respected by Sun Quan and had never participated in military operations. Pang Tong presented the Lian Lian strategy: Lian Lian was Cao Cao's decision, and Pang Tong had never participated in the Battle of Chibi. Kong Ming seeks the east wind: It is purely fictional and was added to the novel by Luo Guanzhong in order to show off Zhuge Liang's "divine calculation". Battle of Chibi: Both the "Book of Wei" and "Book of Shu" record that Cao Cao was defeated in battle with Liu Bei. Sun Quan's army did participate in this battle, but it was difficult to achieve full success. In fact, Zhou Yu attacked with fire in the front, and Cao Cao burned the ships in the rear. Hua Rong said: Liu Bei led his troops to pursue the defeated Cao Cao, but he arrived too late and Cao Cao ran away. The Battle of Nanjun: It did not happen. After Zhou Yu's death, Lu Su persuaded Sun Quan to lend Jiangling to Liu Bei. Borrowing Jiangling (Jingzhou was divided between Cao, Sun and Liu at that time, Sun Quan did not "borrow Jingzhou") in order to give Cao Cao one more powerful enemy. Guan Yu's battle with Huang Zhong: Liu Bei conquered Jingnan, and the guards of the four counties surrendered. Huang Zhong surrendered with Han Xuan, the governor of Changsha. Marriage between Sun and Liu: Mrs. Sun's marriage to Liu Bei was only a political marriage, but there is indeed a record of her throwing herself into the river in "The Legend of the Martyred Girl". Moreover, it was not Zhou Yu’s idea, but Sun Quan’s choice. Losing his wife and losing his troops: Sun Quan did not use Zhou Yu's beauty trick, but voluntarily married his sister to Liu Bei. Three Qi Zhou Yu: Historical records record Zhou Yu's rational, generous and friendly style. And Zhuge has never even met, so the three-qi Zhou Yu is purely fictional. Zhou Yu died of illness in Baqiu on the way to conquer Shu, but he was not angry to death due to Zhuge Liang's intelligence. The Wolong Diao Xiao at Sanjiangkou: Diao Zhou Yu is Pang Tong, not Zhuge Liang. Ma Chao raised troops: Contrary to historical facts, Ma Chao raised troops first, causing his father Ma Teng to be killed. The little people who reported to Cao Cao: Qin Qingtong and Miao Ze are missing from the historical records. Zhang Song presented the map: Liu Bei asked Zhang Song about the situation of soldiers, horses, food, money, etc. in Shu, so Zhang Song drew a map for Liu Bei. Luofengpo: It should be that Pang Tong died from an arrow when he attacked Luocheng, not that he was shot to death by random arrows at Luofengpo. Ma Chao's battle with Zhang Fei: It was Ma Chao who wrote a private letter to Liu Bei asking for surrender. There was no incident in the novel where Zhang Fei and Ma Chao fought for more than 200 rounds without deciding the outcome, and were later surrendered by Zhuge Liang. Conquest of Hanzhong: The commander-in-chief during the conquest of Hanzhong was Liu Bei, Fazheng's staff officer. Plan to seize Tiandang Mountain: pure fiction.
Battle of Dingjun Mountain: Xia Houyuan was killed in Huang Zhong's surprise attack. Although he was indeed killed by Huang Zhong, he was definitely not killed before he could mount his horse as said in the novel. Cao Cao killed Yang Xiu: Yang Xiu was not killed on the eve of Cao Cao's withdrawal. In fact, he was killed after Cao Cao withdrew his troops. In official history, there is no incident of Cao Cao fighting again with the Shu army after killing Yang Xiu, and having his front teeth shot out by Wei Yan. Five Tiger Generals: Liu Bei did not name the "Five Tiger Generals", but only named Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Ma Chao, and Huang Zhong as the front, left, right, and back generals respectively. The Five Tiger Generals are called the Five Tiger Generals because the biographies of Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Ma Chao, Huang Zhong, and Zhao Yun are placed in the same chapter in the Three Kingdoms. Zhou Cang, Hu Ban: fictional characters, no records in history. Guan Yu's one-on-one meeting: In fact, Lu Su invited Guan Yu to discuss the matter in Jingzhou before the battle, but the two sides did not reach an agreement. Scraping bones to heal wounds: Scraping bones to heal wounds is indeed a thing, but the surgeon was not Hua Tuo, because Hua Tuo had died before the Battle of Chibi. Guan Yu Maicheng refused to surrender: There is no record, but he refused to surrender after being captured and was beheaded. Yuquan Appears as a Saint, Chasing Lü Meng's Life: Yuquan Appears as a Saint is adapted from the story of Yuquan Temple's construction in the Tang Dynasty, while Lü Meng died of illness. Seventy-two Doubt Tombs: Cao Cao is buried in Gaoling. Zhang Fei: Zhang Fei should be a handsome man, and he is good at calligraphy and painting, as evidenced by historical books and statues. Guan Ping: Guan Yu's eldest son, not his adopted son, he followed Yu to the army. His name only appears twice in the Three Kingdoms. Guan Xing: Weak Guan (nearly twenty years old) was appointed as a servant and supervisor of the army because of his talent. He was both civil and military, and was highly regarded by Zhuge Liang. He died a few years after the Battle of Yiling. Zhang Bao: Although he died young, he left an heir, Zhang Zun. Mi Fang: I didn’t see him being executed by Ling Chi after he escaped back to the Shu camp. After the war in Yiling, he followed He Qi on his expedition to the Qichun area of ??Wei State. Fan Jiang and Zhang Da: It is also not known that Sun Quan escorted him and Zhang Da back to Shu in order to avoid war. After they took refuge with Sun Quan, there was no further incident. Kan Ze recommended Lu Xun: Lu Xun was Lu Meng's deputy in Jingzhou. After Lu Meng's death, Lu Xun naturally took over the defense of Soochow's western front. Battle of Yiling: Wu’s army numbered 50,000 to 60,000, and Shu’s army numbered 40,000. It was not that they won with less, but the Shu army’s morale was indeed low. Death of Pan Zhang: Pan Zhang made military exploits for Sun Quan in the Battle of Yiling and killed Feng Xi and others. He died in 234. Bai Di Tuogu: When Liu Bei died, he Tuogu, Zhuge Liang and Li Yan, but still did not say to Zhuge Liang: "The king is ten times more talented than Cao Pi, and he will surely be able to stabilize the country and settle major events. If the heir can assist, assist him; if he is not talented, You can take it yourself." The Eight Formation Diagram: The Eight Formation Diagram is a military art diagram created by Zhuge Liang, not a magical stone formation or a maze. Seven captures of Meng Huo: There is no record of seven captures of Meng Huo in "Three Kingdoms". However, "Han, Jin, Spring and Autumn" and "Huayang Guozhi" mentioned "seven captures and seven verticals", but the specific process is not recorded, and E Huan, Zhu Rong, Meng You, Mulu King, etc. were all created in novels. Six Expeditions from Qishan: Zhuge Liang attacked Wei five times, but only the first and fourth times he went out from Qishan. The five achievements were: the first time he was defeated by Jieting due to Ma Su's violation of Jiedu; the second time he cooperated with Soochow to fight , failed to attack Chencang, but killed general Wang Shuang during the retreat (the incident of going out to Chencang is basically the same as in the novel); the third time he successfully attacked Wudu and Yinping counties, and defeated Guo Huai; the fourth time he defeated Sima Yi; The fifth time Sima Yi did not dare to go to war, but Zhuge Liang died of illness (the Shu army advanced the national border a lot in this battle, and then Jiang Wei's Northern Expedition advanced again). Jiang Wei: Jiang Wei has never defeated Zhao Yun, nor has he defeated Zhuge Liang. But because Ma Zun suspected that Jiang Wei and others had different intentions, he followed Guo Huai to Shanggui by night. Jiang Wei found out that Ma Zun had left and had nothing to do with Zun. When Jiang Wei returned to Yixian, the officials and people of Yixian were overjoyed and recommended Jiang Wei to meet Zhuge Liang. Hao Zhao: It was Cao Zhen who recommended Hao Zhao to guard Chencang, not Sima Yi. Sima Yi and Zhuge Liang: During Zhuge Liang's first three Northern Expeditions, the Wei army was not led by Sima Yi but by Cao Zhen. Cao Zhen: Cao Zhen in official history is not a waste like in the novel. Not only is he extraordinary in courage, he is also excellent in all aspects, and he basically did not lose the upper hand against Zhuge Liang. Lost Street Pavilion: The commander-in-chief of the Wei army is Zhang He, not Sima Yi. Empty City Strategy: After the defeat of Jieting, the Wei army did not pursue the Shu army. Zhuge Liang only moved the people and food in Xi County. Moreover, the chief general of the Wei army at that time was not Sima Yi. The real empty city strategy was used by Wei general Wenpin and Shu general Zhao Yun. Cao Zhen was so angry that he died of illness in Luoyang. Zhuge Liang scolded Wang Lang to death: Wang Lang died of illness in 228 and did not go to war with the army. Zhuge Liang failed in his fourth Northern Expedition: there is no record of Gou An in the history books. In fact, the Northern Expedition failed because Li Yan was late in raising food and falsely conveyed Liu Chan's imperial edict to withdraw troops. In addition, the Shu army was about to run out of food and grass, so he made up this story. The little guy guessed that Luo Guanzhong wanted to show that Sima Yi relied on luck to win this time and burned Shangfang Valley: Zhuge Liang defeated the Wei army in Lucheng, and Sima Yi only defended the camp with his own body. "Three Kingdoms" does not mention what kind of tactics were used to defeat the Wei army. There is no big difference between Shaanxi rural legends and novels; Shangfang Valley, sometimes called Hulu Valley, is suspected to be the nickname of Lucheng. Dead Zhuge scares away living Zhongda: This is true, but it is not Zhuge Liang's legacy. The record in "Han Jin Chun Qiu" is: After Zhuge Liang's death, the Shu army retreated quietly without mourning. Sima Yi noticed it and drove his army to pursue him. When the two armies were close, Shu general Jiang Wei and Chang Shi Yang Yi ordered the Shu army to counterattack with flags and drums and pretend to attack. Sima Yi did not dare to approach, so he had to retreat. The Shu army entered the valley and then mourned. At that time, the joke that "Dead Zhuge scares away Sheng Zhongda" spread throughout the country. Wei Yan rebelled and was killed by Ma Dai: it is true, but firstly, Ma Dai did not pretend to obey Wei Yan and rebel together, secondly, Wei Yan was beheaded when he was defeated, and when he was thirty, Wei Yan never shouted those three times: "Who dares to kill me?" ".