In fact, there are many loyal military commanders who like to read Spring and Autumn Annals in historical classics, giving people the overall impression that these people who like to read Spring and Autumn Annals are superior in cultivation, vision and mind. Scholars read Spring and Autumn Annals to make them healthy. When military commanders read Spring and Autumn Annals, they lost the bandit spirit of "Qing Bu and Peng Yue", broke away from the pure phalanx of brave military commanders flying with eagle claws, and most of them became so-called "Confucian generals".
So what kind of book is it? Is there such great charm and "magic"? Spring and Autumn Annals is a historical chronicle of Lu, which records the history of about 240 years from Lu Yinnian to fourteen years. It is the earliest chronicle of China's history, which records a large number of important events that took place in the vassal states such as Lu.
Sima Qian said in Historical Records that "King Wen was demoted to play Zhouyi and Zhongni 'ou and wrote Chunqiu, that is, he thought Chunqiu was written by Confucius (Zhong Ni). Whether the author of this book is Confucius or many Lu historians is still controversial; However, it is an indisputable fact that Confucius made a "creative" systematic revision of Chunqiu in his later years.
Confucius once said a famous saying to evaluate himself, that is, "words are not full of meaning." The idea is that he only expounded Confucian classics (that is, introduced ancient knowledge to people) without creating them. Why did he say that? In addition to showing his modesty and arrogance, in fact, it is more important for him to show the world that these Confucian classics were not invented by me, but practiced by sages since ancient times, so as to raise the authority of this theory and persuade people to follow it.
In fact, the process of Confucius' narration, revision and correction is a process of re-creation, which is actually narration and creation, but judging from the actual results, creation or creation is not small. The use of words in Chunqiu has become a unique style of writing, which is called Chunqiu brushwork and is regarded as a standard by literary historians in past dynasties.
Because of this, Chunqiu, which has long been regarded as an authentic historical work, later entered the Five Classics (Book of Changes, Shangshu, Book of Songs, Book of Rites and Chunqiu) as the core carrier of Confucianism, and Jing Yue, collectively known as the Six Classics, but later died in the war at the end of the Qin Dynasty, leaving only the Five Classics.
Hu Shi, a modern scholar, thinks that Chunqiu is a tool book of Confucian orthodoxy, not a model history book. Because the essence of history lies in "telling the truth and remembering facts", and Spring and Autumn Annals of course records historical facts, but Confucius' personal judgment on facts accounts for a large proportion, that is to say, there are many personal subjective judgments infiltrated with Confucius' thought of "benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and trust".
Objectively speaking, Chunqiu, as a Confucian classic, not only records historical events, but also comments on events and people! Together with The Analects of Confucius, it constitutes a masterpiece with the essence of Confucianism, aiming at distinguishing right from wrong, good and evil, beauty and ugliness, simplicity and ethics. The Spring and Autumn Annals takes filial piety, benevolence and righteousness as the core and modesty as the principle.
In China's knowledge, "Jing" and "History" are the most important. History books are used to record, and classics are used to explain the truth and regulate people's behavior. However, the purpose of historical records is to tell the truth. In the final analysis, it is difficult to completely separate China's traditional thoughts and knowledge from the "classics". If "good history" and "true record" represent the basic principles of historiography, then the "righteous words" in Spring and Autumn Annals represent the highest realm of ancient historiography. In this sense, there is nothing wrong with regarding it as "history".
The historical materials of Chunqiu are of high value, and the contents recorded are basically credible, but some places are too brief and incomplete. Especially after the revision by Confucius, almost everything has his own strong and subtle meaning of praise and criticism, that is, the so-called "Spring and Autumn brushwork" is difficult for future generations to understand, so there appeared a book that explained, explained and supplemented the Spring and Autumn Annals in detail, called "biography".
Up to now, there are five biographies written for Chunqiu, which are named Zuo's Biography, Ram's Biography, Gu Liang Biography, Zou Biography and Jia Biography after the author's surname, and the latter two have been lost and annihilated. The first three books are collectively called Three Biographies of the Spring and Autumn Period. Biography of the Ram and Biography of Gu Liang in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty focused on "expressing the truth in a subtle way", that is, trying to tap the original intention of Confucius in writing books (the author thinks that Spring and Autumn Annals was written by Confucius).
Zuo Zhuan is a historical book annotated by Zuo Qiuming, a historian of Lu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, so it was also called Zuo Zhuan, Zuo Chunqiu and Chunqiu Zuoshi in the Spring and Autumn Period. Mainly to supplement historical facts and correct omissions. If Spring and Autumn Annals is a textbook, Three Biographies of Spring and Autumn Annals are three kinds of teaching AIDS, among which Zuo Zhuan has the highest historical and literary value and influence, and is easy to understand and vivid.
Because Chunqiu and Zuo Zhuan are the main books and annotations, they are in the same strain in general thought. If civil servants respect Spring and Autumn Annals, military commanders can only read Zuo Zhuan because of their own cultural level. Martial artist Guan Yunchang is reading Spring and Autumn Annals in the evening. In fact, he read the textbook "The Biography of Zuo's Family in the Spring and Autumn Period", and Li Dian was no exception.
There is a description in the biography of Guan Yu in the reflection of the three kingdoms: "The biography of Zuo's family is well-feathered, and the irony is catchy." There is a similar record in the Biography of Monroe. Later generations made a couplet for this purpose: Confucius, Guan and Erfu are immortal; Repair the Spring and Autumn Period, read the Spring and Autumn Period, and live forever. There is another two-part allegorical saying: Guan Yu read Spring and Autumn Annals-at a glance! It can be seen that Guan Yu is really familiar with Spring and Autumn Annals.
The most important feature of Chunqiu and its three biographies is respect for orthodoxy. Confucius strictly abides by the righteousness of monarch and minister in his book, which makes some careerists who want to usurp power feel very scared. The so-called "Confucius wrote the spring and autumn period, but thieves were afraid." During the Spring and Autumn Period, the feudal lords competed for hegemony, which led to "the collapse of rites and bad music". ? If there is a way in the state, the ritual and music conquest (called "military affairs" at that time) came from the emperor; if there is no way in the state, the ritual and music conquest came from the princes, and later even "came from doctors" to "accompany the ministers in their national affairs." From the fall of the Zhou dynasty to the fall of the vassal States and then to the fall of the Qing dynasty, there was a process of aristocratic political collapse in society.
Confucius always pays attention to etiquette, and of course he doesn't want this to happen. Therefore, in the Spring and Autumn Period, he severely reprimanded the vassal states for ignoring etiquette. Even worse than the princes, Sima Qian commented in the Spring and Autumn Annals that "the emperor was demoted, the princes were retired, and the doctors were invited to accomplish the king's affairs", which means that Confucius criticized the emperor, reprimanded the princes and punished the doctors in order to achieve kingliness!
Confucius also commented on himself like this: "Those who know me are only the Spring and Autumn Annals! Only Chunqiu offended me! " It means that the fame and praise of later generations are all because he wrote this book.
Ironically, it is precisely because the Spring and Autumn Annals and its three attached biographies penetrated and infiltrated the ideas of "great unification" and "great prosperity and great law" that Qin Shihuang unified the world, burned many Confucian classics and killed many Confucian scholars, but the book was safe and sound, which is consistent with the concept and social practice of Daqin Empire to unify the world.
Guan Yu learned the word "loyalty" from the book by familiarizing himself with the Spring and Autumn Annals, which led to a series of legendary experiences, such as the Three Oaths in Taoyuan, the surrender of Han to Cao Cao, the seal of gold, riding a thousand miles alone, and refusing to surrender in Jingzhou, which were regarded as the embodiment of loyalty and "warrior sage" by later generations. Even after the emperor shunzhi entered the customs, Guan Yu was named "Loyalty and Righteousness SHEN WOO Guan Sheng Da Di". Emperors of past dynasties greatly respected Guan Yu, because Guan Yu was the embodiment of loyalty, "Hou Wang, Wang Di, Sheng Di, Sheng Tian".
Li Dian also cultivated his modest, elegant and wise Confucian accomplishment and magnanimous mind by reading Chunqiu. When Li Dian and Zhang Liao teamed up in xiaoyaojin and Sun Quan was besieged on all sides, he, who had always made bad friends with Zhang Liao, gave up his past grievances and helped each other in the same boat, and said the words that have been told through the ages: "This is a national event, and you can forget your righteousness in private!" This may also be related to Li Dian's familiar reading of Chunqiu.
Welcome to exchange and share, please pay attention to Return to the Mountain.
Confucius' series of Chinese studies of "mountain scenery returning to study";
1, Confucius said, "If you don't know life, how can you know death"?
2. Why did Confucius kill Shao Zhengmao soon after he came to power?
3. The decisive promoter of Confucius's "Abandoning Politics and Studying"-"Three Capitals"
4. "Birds and beasts can't be in the same group"-Mr. Kong, this is not swearing.
5. What is the Spring and Autumn Annals that Guan Yunchang is familiar with?
6. Look at the "crown" on the sage's head.
7. Kong's grandparents and grandchildren "married for four generations", but he said that "women are difficult to support"?
8. A distorted scam that has lasted for thousands of years-"A woman without talent is virtue"
9. "The Second Generation of Confucius"-Kong Li and His Business
10, "crazy talk" may lose your mind-from Confucius' killing of Shao Zhengmao
1 1. From "those who apply to go to Korea above, Buddhism is old below" to Buddhist life.
12. What do you mean by "the initiator has no consequences"?
13 from "Confucius worships Yang Huo"
14. A saint meets a beautiful woman-seeing "right and wrong people" and giving birth to "right and wrong things"