Liao had been established for half a century before the establishment of the Song Dynasty, and it was one of the largest empires at that time. Before the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) in Song Dynasty, wuyue (Zhejiang area) of China Dynasty paid tribute to Liao. Northern Han Dynasty (Shanxi area) surrendered to Liao country. It was in such a harsh environment that the Song Dynasty was attacked by the north and the south. In just over ten years, Song Junyong completed the task that Tang Junyong had not completed for more than one hundred years, eliminating separatist forces and unifying China. At the end of Tianbao, China suffered misfortune from the rulers. Since Zhou Shizong's Northern Expedition, although the territory has not been recovered, my ancestor Yi Shi has prepared a huge shelter for the people. During the Five Dynasties, the world was divided, and Mao began his luck. Although he went down the mountain to make way for the mountain, he collected the south of the Yangtze River, and wuyue, Jing and Min went on pilgrimage, but there were still people in Hedong who didn't swim. After that, Taizong started driving again, and the sea was unified from then on? Song Jun's early military strength was not weak, and North Korea, Jurchen and Tangut all contributed to the Song Dynasty. Zhao Boxin, the pioneer of the Song Dynasty, was born in the nobility and was a senior general. He himself does not pay attention to abstract theory, but attaches great importance to practical technology and science and technology. After he proclaimed himself emperor, he seldom discussed Confucian classics with civil servants. On the contrary, he often personally conducted scientific research or personally built shipping, supervised water wars, and rectified the military and political affairs. Zhao Guangyin himself attaches great importance to the construction of military forces? At the beginning of the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty, the personal quality of the army was the highest in history. In Meng Qian Bitan, the strength of bows in previous dynasties was compared, and the brawn of soldiers in the early Song Dynasty was much higher than that in Han and Tang Dynasties. After some painstaking efforts, he eliminated the post-Shu and Southern Tang Dynasties and achieved initial reunification. He doesn't give military commanders too much power, because he is afraid of warlordism and instability of the country? After his death, he passed it on to his brother. Song Taizong and Zhao Guangyi destroyed wuyue, Northern Han and other countries. According to Zhao Guangyin's last wish, he recovered sixteen states and launched two wars of invading Liao. Song Jun took the initiative to attack the Liao army, showing that Song Jun was no less powerful than the Liao army. Song Jun didn't succeed, but it didn't fail either, because he was aggressive and lost the property of the front headquarters. Song Jun stopped the war against Liao, because Song needed adjustment after a long war and shortly after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC).
In A.D. 1004 (the first year of Jingdezhen), the true people personally conquered the Khitan, but fortunately they paid tribute to the enemy. Song Zhenzong personally marched on the Yellow River, and Song Jun, with high morale, won several battles in succession. Little Talan, commander-in-chief of Liao army, was shot to death by an arrow. Xiao Taihou of Liao came to his chariot and wept bitterly, and rested for five days. Xiao Dalan was familiar with astronomy, made meritorious military service repeatedly, launched a plan to invade the south, and even died. The army seized the air and wanted to negotiate peace. Zhenzong used Koulai's plan to cross the river with the Sixth Army. At the beginning of the killing, Qidan felt peaceful. Song Zhenzong boarded the gatehouse in the northern city of Yizhou. Long live the armies, with dozens of miles of news and a hundred times of momentum. The morale of the Liao army was low. Finally, the Liao army could not resist, so please make peace. So the Qidan sent Yao Dongzhi to offer royal clothes and food. Although Kou Zhun disagreed with the peace proposal, he advocated the pursuit of 56 points. However, Song Zhenzong yearns for peace and doesn't like war. It doesn't want to continue wasting people's money and lives. During the negotiation, Liao people said: We are here to recruit people, aiming at taking over the land in the south. If we can't do this, our country will be ashamed. Cao Liyong, the messenger of the Song Dynasty, replied firmly: Life is right, only death. If North Korea doesn't feel sorry for it and ask for it, land is rare and soldiers can't rest easily! Finally, Liao Lord and Xiao Taihou were forced to sign an alliance. Xiao Yaoshun, the emperor of Liao Dynasty, said that peace between the north and the south is a beautiful thing. In the case of victory, Dasong signed an alliance with Liao, which made the two countries become brotherly ties. Song is my brother and Liao is my brother. The single source alliance made the Song Dynasty still occupy Ying and Mo states in the south of Liao country. At the same time, the Song Dynasty agreed to give Liao Baiyin100,000 taels and 200,000 silks (equivalent to 300,000 kronor) every year. In A.D. 102 1 year, the total national income of the Song Dynasty was1500,000. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the average annual fiscal revenue of the Song government should be above1100,000 yuan. One or two pieces of silver are equal to ordinary copper coins. 300,000 yuan is not worth mentioning for the huge annual financial revenue of the Song Dynasty. In the first year of Renzongbao, Shaanxi was the only place to pass, and the military expenditure was 20 million in peacetime and 33 million in wartime. In Shaanxi alone, the war military expenditure is130,000 yuan higher than that in peacetime. The alliance of Buddhist monasteries is an agreement to reward losers with property, and it is by no means an agreement to make losers pay tribute and compensation. The New Year's coins did not put any pressure on the Song government and people at all. Send envoys to command Huai, Meng, Ze, Lu, Zheng, Slippery and other States to release them back to agriculture. The single-source alliance brought the Song and Liao countries into a friendly period of peaceful communication for more than 100 years, restored the stability of northern China, promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between Han and Qidan, and promoted the sinicization of Qidan people. "A Bie Zhi of Longchuan" laments that Jingdezhen will be over a hundred years, and reconciliation between China and Tibet has not been common since ancient times. Wang Anshi's Zhou Zhou: The sky sends an arrow without a head, and the river ice also breaks the sand and water. Since then, I have been an official, and the prime minister depends on my father-in-law first. Li Fu's Sense of Crossing the State: He made the enemy's plan fall into mine silently and went to Rong alone. The enemy was frightened and fled to the north gate of Tiger. Since then, they like to talk about brothers and relatives. Lu You's Portrait of the Duke of Qiu Feng Pavilion Bykolai: Heroes come from later generations and stand out when things go wrong. Badong's poems describe national policies, which are within reach and magical.
When the obituary of his death was sent to Liao country, people in Yan country gathered to cry. Hongji, the nephew of Liao country, was deeply saddened by his uncle's death. He held the messenger's hand and cried and said, "I don't know how to change the army for forty-two years." Later, Emperor Renren of the Northern Dynasty gave him royal clothes, which were as strict as the clouds of ancestral graves. From then on, the Song Dynasty took developing economy, improving people's living standards and cultural construction as its national policy, which kept China away from the primitive barbaric stage of military expansion and financial plunder. The Northern Song Dynasty took a little money for long-term stability, peaceful and stable development. Commerce, economy, science and technology, technology, etc. Great progress and development were made in the Song Dynasty. As a result, the Northern Song Dynasty became a powerful country, and the country rose peacefully, and the whole country was filled with auspicious atmosphere. It also makes people stay in a state of abundant leisure for a long time. Long-term peace also made the Song and Liao countries gradually degenerate their ability to fight savagely. It also kept the Song Dynasty away from the primitive and backward world.
In A.D. 1040, Fan Zhongyan went to northern Shaanxi many times to repel the Xixia army, and Xixia never dared to offend him. Fan Wenzheng led Yan 'an, selected generals for the military parade, trained day and night, and closed all roads to save his strength, so he had to travel light. Hearing this, Xia people warned each other that they had no plans to expand the country. Today, Lao Tzu Fan has tens of thousands of armored soldiers in his belly, not much bigger than Lao Tzu's Fan Qiang. Rong people are called Laozi, while Da-han is called Yong Ye. Zhong You, as a general, has a bright eye, caressing foot soldiers and Qiang newcomers, and he is a confidant. Thieves dare not commit crimes. Fan Zhongyan, Han Qi, Yuan. Fan Zhongyan, in line with the century-old plan to stabilize the frontier, thought about it in every possible way? If there is no war, why not kill it? Training, take the initiative to introduce close Qiang leaders to strengthen good-neighborly friendship. As a result, all the Qiang people were ordered, and naturally they began to be used by Han people. Qiang and Han people, return to their old jobs. The people praised him for having tens of thousands of soldiers in his chest. According to historical records, when the news of his death reached the border areas, hundreds of Qiang chiefs cried like their father. The government of the Northern Song Dynasty opened more than 3,000 miles to the west, and 200,000 Tibetans joined China. And cultivate the land and give it to the Tibetans for cultivation. Wang Anshi: Today, the Qingtang River and Taohe River are more than 3,000 miles long, accommodating 200,000 Qiang people, and they are given land because of their familiarity. Tibetans who have been recruited and resettled are called familiar households. Later, Yuan Hao (Li Yuanhao), the main leader of Xixia, was forced to compromise and expressed his willingness to negotiate. He sent ministers, Cong Cong and Wen Gui, to write to his father, Emperor Dasong, saying that Xiongguo was dead and a vassal. In A.D. 1044, Yuan Hao cancelled the title of emperor, and Xixia surrendered to Dasong. In return, Da Song's father, the emperor, conferred him the title of Lord of Summer and gave him 255,000 yuan of silk, silver, tea and silk when he was * *. Song is the emperor, Xia is the minister, Song is the father and Xia is the son. Since then, there has been no war for more than ten years, and the two sides have resumed mutual trade and non-governmental business exchanges have continued.
The reason why the Song Dynasty didn't pour the power of the whole country, and the wealth of the whole people countered Liao and Xixia was because it learned the lessons of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty and Emperor Yangdi. What you got from the war aggression is far less than what you created. The enlightened policy saved the people of the Song Dynasty from the three disasters of war, military service and exorbitant taxes for a long time. Make the Song people live a rich and comfortable life for a long time. For example, Qin died of tyranny, Han died of war, Sui died of military service, and Tang died of separatism. So Song died of ease.
Song Dynasty was the only dynasty in China history that insisted on the recruitment system. Before and after the Song Dynasty, China still carried out the policy of compulsory conscription. Recruitment system means that the state does not force you to be a soldier, but you are willing to be a soldier. When you are a soldier, of course, the state gives you money. The soldiers in the Song Dynasty were all recruited mercenaries, and these mercenaries all had very heavy salaries, and the military expenditure paid by the state for this was also amazing. The huge fiscal revenue of the government sometimes makes ends meet. 1065 (the second year of Pingping), national income116.138405, expenditure 120.343 170, and fiscal deficit of 4.2 million. This move is satirized by some modern scholars as redundant soldiers and accumulated poverty. Redundancy and poverty are the result of the enlightened national policy of the people of Song Dynasty, not the pressure from foreign enemies. Over-democratic policies and long-term peaceful and prosperous life have also weakened Song Jun's fighting capacity.
The Song Dynasty made some progress in the military system, the separation of military and political organs from the command system, and the separation of the mobilization system from the command system, all of which are the characteristics of modern military. The Song Dynasty insisted on enriching Qiang Bing for more than 300 years without relying on the defense facilities of the Great Wall. It cannot be said that the Song Dynasty was too weak and the Song Army was too weak. Song is not an attack, but a matter of national policy. The total strength of Song Dynasty far exceeded that of Liao, Jin, Mongolia and other countries. However, Song's mobile troops and frontline troops were not as good as other countries. The cost of war in Song Dynasty was much higher than that in backward countries. Song Junbing dispersed. Because Song Jun has a vast territory and a large population, there is a lot of wealth to be kept. These are all Song Jun's burdens. The invading army has no burdens and can go wherever it wants. After the capture, there will be a lot of wealth and beauty. The best defense is attack, and the long-term national policy of peace has made Song Jun lose its ability to attack.
In the era of cold weapons, the more brutal, the stronger, the more backward and the more ferocious. If you are backward and poor, you have the motivation to plunder people who are richer than you. Liao was more savage than Song, so Song gave Liao money and silk. Jin is more savage than Liao, so Jin destroyed Liao. Mongols are more savage than Jin people, so Mongolia destroyed Jin. Mongols are much more savage than Song people, and Song certainly can't beat Mongolia. Throughout the history of the world, all ancient civilizations in history were wiped out by backward and barbaric nations. Qi was destroyed by Qin, not because it was not as rich as Qin, but because it was not as savage as Qin. Chu was destroyed by Qin, not because Qin had no culture, but because Qin had no force.
The richer a person is, the more he fears death, the happier he is and the more he loves life. The poorer a person is, the less afraid he is of death. A hungry man will be more cruel than a full man. A person who worries about food and clothing will be braver than a carefree person. A robber will be better than a scholar. Song people are too civilized and used to a comfortable and rich life. Song Bing is very weak. There is a poem that says: When my parents gave birth to me, they taught me to plow mulberry; If you don't know how strict the government is, you can do things with peace of mind! Holding a gun can't solve the thorn, and holding a bow can't shoot; What's the point of uniting with me? It's no use. Song people were born for production, creation and peace. Mongols are born to ride horses, plunder and fight. The human nature of Song people is mostly good, while that of Mongols is mostly evil. How is it possible to fight against the primitive and fierce Mongolian iron hoof that ran out on the spot with blood spatter?
The terrible thing about Mongols is that they not only have the savage fighting power of primitive nomadic people, but also have the advanced and superb technology of civilized people. When the Mongols captured a city, the people left behind were not young and beautiful women, nor naive children, nor elderly people, but craftsmen and artists in the city. Like modern times, the ancient Mongols not only possessed the spirit that the Taliban in Afghanistan were not afraid of death, but also possessed high-tech armed technologies such as American atomic bombs.
The Battle of Song and Yuan Dynasties was the biggest national war in the history of China. Because one is the feudal peak civilization that is developing towards capitalism, and the other is the civilization in which the newly formed nation is in the primitive period.
In the late Song Dynasty, although the force was relatively weak, it used its powerful comprehensive strength to invade neighboring countries such as Liao and Jin countries economically and culturally. Promoted their sinicization. It promotes the development and progress of the world. "A Brief History of Longchuan" records that the Yan people had Liang Jishi as a spy in Xiongzhou, trying to teach the children of Qidan officials with poetry books. The Liao Dynasty gradually abolished the policy of slavery and discrimination against the Han people. Even Lu Ye Hongji, a Taoist priest in the Liao Dynasty, wrote such a sentence: Kaitai Temple casts a silver Buddha, and may future generations have China! Su Dongpo's new book, just published by Song people today, is likely to be popular in the streets of Liao country tomorrow. Zhang Yunsou worked in the Liao Dynasty and stayed at Youzhou Pavilion, where there was an inscription "A trip for the elderly". It is said that the bookstore in john young has carved dozens of poems, which are called "Big Su Xiaoji". There is also a poem written by Su Dongpo's brother Su Zhe when he was sent to Liao country, which proves who will meet in Youdu, and whenever he meets, he should ask Dasu. Don't make a fuss about the article, lest it hinder you from talking and laughing. When Lu Ting was interested in the Central Plains, he was also pious in his words. I was ashamed of Lu Jia, so I pretended to talk about it and helped him return to the field. Jin Guo is an absolute admirer of Song civilization. Jin Guo's palace in Beijing is completely modeled after the palace in the capital of Song Dynasty. The emperor of Jin wore the imperial clothes of the Song Dynasty, and the rank of civil servants was the same as that of the Song Dynasty. The rulers adopted the imperial examination to select scholars, and the forty-ninth grandson of Confucius was also made a duke by the gold master, who personally saluted Confucius. From astronomical measurements to the compilation of calendars and court music, Jin people imitated and used the Song system. Jin Guo also prints paper money countries. As can be seen from the copper coins left by the Jin Dynasty, money is a typical China copper coin with only Chinese characters. Judging from the architectural style and technology of Lugou Bridge, Jin people have completely become China people. In just a few decades, Jin plundered, absorbed and borrowed a lot of wealth and culture from Song Dynasty. From backward primitive civilization to feudal civilization. By the early days of the demise of the Jin State, there was no difference between the Jin State and the Southern Song Dynasty. Jin became the second richest country in the world after Song Dynasty. However, Jin Guo also lost its once barbaric fighting power in the rich and powerful life. Arnold. The barbarians in Toynbee's "Man and Mother Earth: A.D. 10 century, A.D.1century and A.D. 12 century" were also strongly attracted by Chinese civilization. In addition to adopting Chinese civilization by themselves, they also spread Chinese civilization in the territory they ruled, which was never included in the territory of the Chinese empire. Therefore, the contraction of the Chinese empire was compensated by the expansion of Chinese civilization-not only in the countries around the Chinese empire, but also in North Korea and Japan.
A large number of intellectuals like Zhu were originally staunch anti-Japanese factions, supporting the government's attack and recovery of the country. But then I saw peace between the two countries. Gradually become a conservative, and do not advocate solving problems by force. I don't want the two countries to fight and destroy the stable and peaceful life of the two peoples. Not wanting war is not the peaceful coexistence of a few people, it is the will of the people and is in the interest of the whole people.
There is nothing to be ashamed of when a civilization is destroyed. Although Greece and Rome were brutally destroyed, their civilization is still the pride of westerners! People all over the world still admire the high civilization they have created. In the west, no one will denigrate Greece and Rome, and no one will worship Turks and Turks. No country or nation will admire an uneducated and impolite robber. But now some people in China are a little strange. We vilify and attack the dynasty representing the peak of Chinese civilization, praise and beautify the barbarians who slaughtered our ancestors who created excellent, advanced and superb civilization in human history. No matter how fierce a gangster is, he is still a gangster. Scholars and civilized people are weak. He will always be a scholar and a civilized man. We don't seem to know who our ancestors were. It is hard to imagine that Jews today will worship Hitler and insult and belittle the Jewish ancestors slaughtered by Hitler. And this is what happened in China? We are used to beautifying the butchers who slaughtered our ancestors by cold-blooded robbers into heroes! We are used to slandering and cursing the Great Song Dynasty, which brought too much honor and pride to China in the world. In this world, only China people are keen on abusing their ancestors. In the west, it is hard to see westerners cursing Aristotle. In China, we not only scold Zhu, but also Confucius, who has been regarded as a saint by our ancestors and a great thinker all over the world for thousands of years. As a China person, if even Confucius and Zhu can curse, what else can he not do? Is he still from China? The ancient Greek Olympic civilization continues to flourish in the world and China! However, Neo-Confucianism, which represents the essence of China's traditional cultural thought, has been criticized by China people themselves. Most people in China today don't know the kindness, superiority and rarity of their ancestors. We were brutally slaughtered and cut off the inheritance and continuation of Chinese civilization. Do we deserve to be called descendants of Song people?
The demise of a country and dynasty is not necessarily due to its own decay and internal chaos, the fatuity of the monarch and the poverty of the people. A prosperous country may be caused by a strategic decision-making mistake or a war failure in the face of external barbaric forces. The emperors of the Song Dynasty and their rulers were more enlightened and successful than the rulers of other dynasties. The demise of the Song Dynasty was not inevitable, but accidental. There are many reasons for the demise of the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty was not defeated by one nation or one dynasty at a time, but by many nationalities and dynasties. Mongolia attacked the most prosperous and powerful Song State in the world only after it wiped out Western Liao, Western Xia, Huaci Mozi and other countries, wiped out the Middle East, conquered more than half of Europe, ruled more than half of the world and conquered all the neighboring countries of the Song Dynasty. Song people were too civilized, but they used advanced technology, gunpowder and warships to muzzle the powerful Mongolian Coalition forces for decades. Song dynasty was the country that persisted for the longest time under the brutal iron hoof of Mongolia. Song is the creator of civilization, while Mongolia is the plunderer of civilization. The failure of the Song people was because they were too civilized, and the demise of the Song Dynasty was due to the rapid development of the Song Dynasty, which was incompatible with the barbaric world at that time? Here, we only talk about the goodness of Song, not the badness of Song. Because the badness of Song is well known, it has been exaggerated by education and publicity. The goodness of the Song Dynasty was ignored or regarded as bad. Song was destroyed, and the goodness of Song was also regarded as bad, which was the reason for its demise. Our present people are unfair to the Song Dynasty, we are unfair to the Song people, and we are unfair to our ancestors. Even westerners who despise the arrogance of oriental civilization cannot but admire the glory of the Song Dynasty. Why do we despise the highest civilization of our ancient society? However, westerners who can contact and study the civilization of the Song Dynasty are only a few people after all. Do we have to rely on others to discover our civilization? If we don't speak for our ancestors, do we have to rely on a few western experts and scholars who study the history of China to be fair? We should be proud of the contribution of the Song Dynasty to world civilization. We should be proud that we are descendants of the Song people.