Gao Shi (700-765) was a poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. The word duff. Cangzhou (now Jingxian County, Hebei Province) was born in Song Dynasty (now Shangqiu, Henan Province).
Gao Shi was a famous frontier poet in Tang Dynasty, and was also called "Gao Cen" with Cen Can. The brushwork is vigorous and vigorous, full of the unique spirit of the times in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. I am lonely and poor, I love to make friends, I have the style of a ranger, and I have made contributions to my career. In his early years, he traveled to Chang 'an, and later to Jimen and Lulong, seeking ways to enter the body, all of which failed. Before and after this, he lived in the Song Dynasty and made friends with Li Bai and Du Fu. His poems are straightforward and not gorgeous, with seven-character songs as the most distinctive, and he writes more about frontier life.
original text
In the twenty-sixth year of Kaiyuan, a guest returned from Zhang Gong, the top scholar in the ancient imperial examination, and wrote "Ge Yanxing" as a sign of comfort and preparedness, so it was harmonious.
The northeast border of China is shrouded in smoke and dust. In order to repel the barbaric invaders, our generals left their families.
Stride forward together, looking like heroes should watch, and received the emperor's most cordial favor.
They walked through the elm pass with the sound of gongs and drums. They waved a row of flags around the stone tablet.
Until their captain in Shahai gave the order with feathers, the hunting fire of the Tatar chieftain flashed along the Wolf Mountain.
The highlands and rivers on the outer border were cold and desolate, but soon the barbarians' horses ran wild in the wind and rain.
Half of our soldiers at the front line were killed, but the other half are still alive, and beautiful girls are still singing and dancing for them in the camp!
In autumn, the desert is full of grass, the sun sets, and there are only a few surviving watchmen by the lonely wall.
When you meet your enemy, you will despise him. However, despite what they have done, Elm Street is still not safe.
Still in the front line, the real clothes are thin, and it's time for Bai Weiling to look after his departure.
Still in this southern city, the young wife's heart is broken, while the soldiers on the northern border are looking forward to going home in vain.
The violent wind cut off our progress, and there was nothing in the vastness!
Three times a day, the dark clouds of slaughter rose over the camp. All night, the drums on the hour trembled and gave a cold rumble.
Until the white sword is seen again, spattered with red blood, when death becomes a responsibility, who will stop to think about fame?
However, when it comes to the hardships of desert war, our name today is Li, the great general, who lived a long time ago!
Injection and release
Yan Gexing: an old topic in Yuefu. The poem is preceded by the author's original preface: "In the twenty-sixth year of Kaiyuan, a guest returned from the ancient imperial doctor Zhang Gong and wrote Ge Yanxing as a consolation. I feel guilty about this, so I am harmonious. " Zhang Gong refers to Zhang Shouxuan, our envoy to Youzhou. He once worshipped the general of Fuguo and the general of Youzhou Yulin, and was also an ancient counselor. It is generally believed that the irony of this poem lies in that in the 26th year of Kaiyuan, Zhang Shousheng ordered Zhao Kan and others to force lujun to attack the rest of the Khitan, winning first and then losing, and defending defeat in vain. This view is not very accurate.
In the Han Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty, people often used Han to talk about the Tang Dynasty.
Smoke and dust: refers to war.
Run wild: run away at will, without hindrance.
Unusual color: more generous and polite than usual.
"influence"
Gold: refers to a kind of bronze percussion instrument.
Cutting: tapping.
Guan Yu: Shanhaiguan, the gateway to Northeast China.
Jing: Jing is the headdress of the flag bearer and the feather of the flagpole. A fork is a flag with a tail-shaped end. There are all kinds of flags here.
Winding: winding.
Jieshi; Mountain name.
A captain; A military attache second only to the general.
Feather book; Urgent document.
Bohai sea; The great desert.
Khan; The title of Xiongnu leader also refers to the leader of northern ethnic minorities.
Fire-hunting lamp: a lamp that is lit when hunting. Before the ancient nomads went out to war, they often held large-scale school hunting as military exercises.
Langshan: Also known as Langju Xushan, it is located in the northwest of Hexigten Banner, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Legend has it that Wolf Mountain, also known as Wolf Mountain, is located in Yixian County, Hebei Province today. The place names such as "Hanhai" and "Wolf Mountain" here are not necessarily true.
Extreme: To the end of.
Ping Ling: Aggressive, aggressive.
Miscellaneous wind and rain: refers to the enemy riding like a strong wind carrying rain.
Phi: It means withering.
Fewer and fewer soldiers fight: fewer and fewer soldiers fight.
Kindness: it means that the Lord will be favored by the court.
Jade chopsticks: a metaphor for women's tears.
Northern Hebei: Tang Jizhou is in the area north of Tianjin today.
Degrees: Cross a separated distance and return.
Three o'clock: morning, noon and evening, that is, from morning till night.
Array cloud: A cloud symbolizing murderous look on the battlefield.
Death Day: It means to die for one's country. Holidays, honesty.
General Li: It refers to Li Guang in the Han Dynasty. He can defend against powerful enemies and caress infantry. The Huns called him the flying general of the Han Dynasty.
Translated text
In the twenty-sixth year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, a man who came back from the cottage with the head coach wrote a poem "Ge Yanxing" for me to read. I was deeply impressed by the frontier defense, so I wrote this song Ge Yanxing to meet him.
Fireworks rose at the border of the Han dynasty, and dust rose in the northeast.
Han dynasty generals left home to break the cruel border thieves.
Men always value riding with a horizontal knife,
When the son of heaven appreciates it very much, the hero shows his true colors.
Gong resounded through the heavy drums and sounded out of Shanhaiguan.
Flag in the wind, hunting in Jieshi Mountain.
A captain urgently sent a feather book to fly across the vast sand sea.
Huns are only hunting for fire, so they come to my Wolf Mountain.
The mountains and rivers are desolate and depressed, and desolate to the border soil.
There is wind and rain in the sound of the powerful weapons of the Hu people cavalry.
The soldiers in the first half of the battle formation were half dead,
Beautiful women are still singing and dancing in the camp!
It's late autumn now, and the grass outside the desert has withered.
The lonely city is the reflection of the sunset, and the number of soldiers is getting less and less.
Deeply indebted to the royal family, he often thinks about serving the country and ignoring the enemy.
The frontier fortress has tried its best to break the encirclement of Xiongnu.
For a long time, it was difficult to defend remote battlefields in armor.
Tears fell on her eyes, and her husband left crying alone.
The young woman lives alone in the south of the city, crying and heartbroken.
The soldiers of Jibei Expeditionary Force frequently turned back in the air.
How can the border come and go freely,
The land in the distance is boundless and uninhabited.
Murder, spring, summer and autumn, rises like a dark cloud,
Crying all night in the cold wind is even more shocking.
Looking at each other, white knives flying around, mixed with heavy snow,
Don't die to serve the country, but also seek meritorious service?
You can't see how hard it is to fight on the battlefield.
I still miss the brave and resourceful General Li.
short review
Ge Yanxing is Gao Shi's masterpiece. Although the old Yuefu theme was used, it was written because of current events, which is the development of Yuefu poetry. If you go further, you will reach the new Yuefu, such as Du Fu's "Two Ways, One Car Shop, Three Officials and Three Farewells". Ge Yanxing is a theme of Yuefu, which belongs to a part of the flat tune of Xianghe Pavilion. This piece of music has not been recorded before, so it is said that it was composed by Cao Pi. Cao Pi has two poems, one is about Qiu Si, a woman, which was initiated by him. Therefore, future generations should learn from him and write poems that will always be in my heart with the tone of Yan Gexing. Ge Yanxing, written by Gao Shi, is about the life of frontier soldiers. He was the first person to write this theme with Yan Ge's operas. This poem mainly reveals that the master is arrogant and underestimates the enemy, and has no sympathy for the foot soldiers, which leads to the defeat of the war. Annotators have never made detailed comments on the preface and literature and history, and they all think it is a satire on Zhang Shousheng. In fact, this is not in line with historical facts. The object of this poem should be An Lushan, General Pinglu and General Zuo, who were sent by Zhang Shousheng to conquer and qidan.
Poetry can be roughly divided into four paragraphs: the first paragraph consists of eight sentences. The first four sentences say that the dust of war started in the northeast, and the general was ordered to conquer, and the son of heaven gave him special glory. He has always been favored and arrogant, which indicates underestimation of the enemy. The last four sentences are followed by the lineup. Flags are like clouds, drums and horns are ringing, and all the way to the battlefield with great fanfare, as a foil to the embarrassing situation when losing. The words "a captain" are written to reach the front. Feather book flying, see military emergency; Hunting for fire at night, saying that the enemy line is heavily guarded. In the second paragraph, there are eight sentences about this battle. Among them, the first four sentences are written about the fierce enemy forces at the beginning of the war, and our army suffered heavy casualties. The last four sentences said that the serenade was exhausted at the latest and could not be cleared. "On the other side, the mountains and rivers are cold and cool" shows that the terrain of the battlefield is an open area without danger, which is conducive to Hu Qi's galloping, so he continued to write that the enemy came like a storm. The sentence "Warrior" uses a comparative method. It is written that the Lord is arrogant, lazy, underestimates his enemy and ignores his foot soldiers. On the one hand, he struggled to die while enjoying himself. This is the most enlightening description in this poem. The scene of desert hay and lonely city at sunset set off a "Serenade dispute", which lasted until the evening. The theme of this poem is "Serve a good cause and despise life and enemies", which points out the reasons why soldiers are besieged. In the third paragraph, I wrote eight sentences to recruit people, thinking that the two places will face each other and meet again indefinitely. Although this poem is old-fashioned, it uses even sentences. Because of the need of content, this paragraph is deliberately opposed. In addition, this poem is straightforward, usually four sentences turn, and this paragraph has only eight rhymes, which is suitable for expressing the anxiety of both sides. The murder turned into a cloud, and Diao Dou spread the cold, trying to play up the sad atmosphere. The last four sentences are written about the soldiers' determination to die for their country when there is no hope of survival. The word "Gu Xun" is still a satire on the generals. The poet's two sentences deeply sympathize with the tragic fate of the soldiers. The poem ends with "Li is now called an ancient general" and points out the theme again. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Yin Kun commented on Gao Shi and said, "His poems are full of words, spirit and backbone." This poem can really serve as a representative.
appreciate
Ge Yanxing is not only Gao Shi's "first masterpiece" (evaluated by Zhao Xi), but also a masterpiece of frontier poems in the whole Tang Dynasty. This is not accidental, it has been told through the ages.
In the 15th year of Kaiyuan (727), Gao Shi went north to accumulate Yumen. In twenty years, Li Yi, the king of Xin 'an, conquered Xi and Qidan. He went north to Youyan, hoping to work for the Xin 'an shogunate, but failed to do so: "Without the letter of guarantee, all the generals would be in debt. Disappointed with Sun Wu, he went back to the door alone (Ji Zhong Zuo). It can be seen that he has studied the military affairs of the northeast frontier fortress. In the 21st year of Kaiyuan, Youzhou made Zhang Shouxuan make some achievements. But in twenty-four years, Pinglu made An Lushan beg and qidan, saying that "An Lushan relied on courage and lightness skill, and was defeated by Lu" (Zi Jian, Volume 215). Twenty-six years, Youzhou ordered Zhao Kan and Bai Zhentuo to keep Zhang Shouxuan, and forced Lu Army to send troops to attack Xi and Qidan, winning first and then losing. "Keep the prince in seclusion, but play in vain" (old Tang book. Zhang Shousheng biography). Gao Shi was deeply impressed by the two defeats after Kaiyuan twenty-four years ago, so he wrote this article.
The main purpose of the poem is to condemn the generals who were encouraged by the emperor for their arrogance, underestimation of the enemy, dissoluteness and dereliction of duty, which led to the failure of the war and caused great pain and sacrifice to the soldiers. The poet wrote about the frontier war, but the focus was not on ethnic contradictions, but on generals who sympathized with soldiers, satirized and resented them.
The whole poem describes the whole process of a battle with very concentrated pen and ink: the first paragraph, eight sentences are about division, the second paragraph, eight sentences are about defeat, the third paragraph, eight sentences are about besieged city, and the fourth paragraph and four sentences are about the outcome of a desperate struggle. Between these segments, the pulses are dense.
The first two sentences in the poem show the direction and nature of the war. Seeing refers to current events, and I feel it. "quick march, great minds think alike, and is favored by the emperor" is ostensibly a boast of Korea's majestic voyage to the West, but it is actually an irony. Fan Kuai said in front of Lv Hou, "I would like to have 100,000 troops running amok among the Huns." Lu Bu rebuked him to his face for cheating the monarch. (See Historical Records. "Biography of Ji Bu") Therefore, the origin of this "rampage" refers to relying on courage and underestimating the enemy. Tang Ruxun said, "It is said that the smoke and dust is in the northeast, but it was not committed in our mainland. It was destroyed by the Han Dynasty. Gai Ming is heavy and rampant, and the son of heaven is thick and polite. Can you not bother? " (Interpretation of Tang Poetry, Volume 16) This understanding is correct. Then he described the process of marching: "They marched in the sound of gongs and drums and passed through the Yushu Pass. They surrounded the stone tablet with a row of flying flags." We can know the general's arrogant attitude before the war through the scene of beating the sky with a golden drum and swaggering forward, which also played a role in setting off the following. At the beginning of the war, the word "flying" warned the military crisis: "The hunting fire of the Chief Tatar flashed on the Wolf Mountain", just like "watching the Ming king hunt at night, riding the fire clearly, beating drums and wailing, shocking people!" (Zhang Xiaoxiang's Song of Six Kingdoms) Unexpectedly, the "remnant thief" is so powerful. From resigning to the countryside, to Guan Yu, Jieshi, and even Hanhai and Langshan, eight poems summarize the course of the expedition, gradually advancing and the atmosphere gradually tense.
The second paragraph is about losing in a key battle. Putting pen to paper is "the mountains and rivers outside are cold", which shows an open and steep area and brings out a cold atmosphere. "Hu Qi" came quickly and fiercely, rolling in like a storm. The Han army struggled to meet the enemy and was killed in the dark. However, at this moment, the generals are far away from their positions for fun: "There are still beautiful girls dancing and singing for them in the camp!" " Such a harsh contrast of facts has effectively exposed the contradiction between the generals and soldiers in the Han army and hinted at the reasons for the failure. So what is written behind is the tired soldiers, the difficult encirclement, the lonely city sunset, the decaying grassland and the gloomy scenery, which have distinct frontier characteristics and set off the desolation of the defeated soldiers. When you are lucky, you despise your enemies. However, despite what they have done, Elm Street is still unsafe. In view of the above, Han Jiang's heroic spirit of "rampaging" has vanished, and his guilt is certain.
The description of soldiers' sufferings in the third paragraph is a deeper condemnation of Han Jiang. It should be noted that this is not a general description of the war process, but a portrayal of the soldiers in danger of being besieged. The next trio of "still at the front line, dressed in rags", a sentence of finding a husband and a sentence of losing a wife in the suspense of finding a husband are intertwined, and the pain of parting gradually deepens. The young women in the south of the city are sad day and night, but "is the anger of the wind cutting my man into it?" It is futile to look back on the people in northern Hebei. After all, "in a place of death and blue emptiness, there is nothing ahead!" Leave Wan Li, and you'll never see it again. "Life is here, and Heaven is better!" What's more, what you can see during the day is just that "the clouds of slaughter three times a day rise over the camp"; At night, I only heard that "and the whole night is on the hour-the drums are shaking their chilly rumbling". Such a critical desperate situation really died in front of me, and people can't help but wonder who pushed them to this desperate situation. This is an indispensable part of deepening the theme.
The last four sentences are the whole article, and the tragic feelings are incisively and vividly. "Until the white sword is seen again, blood is everywhere. When death becomes a responsibility, who will stop to think of fame?" Finally, the soldiers fought hand-to-hand with the enemy and fought bloody battles. Is this the spirit of sacrificing one's life for righteousness? How simple, kind and brave they are, but how sad they are!
The poet's feelings contain sympathy and praise, while Gu Xun is a powerful mockery of the Han generals' rash expansion of territory and rash claim for credit. In the last two sentences, the poet said emotionally: "However, when it comes to the hardships of desert war, today we are going to mention Li, a great general who lived a long time ago!" Eight or nine hundred years ago, Li Guang, the flying general of Weizhenbei, took good care of his foot soldiers everywhere and made them "die of joy". This is in stark contrast to those arrogant generals. It is of great significance for the poet to put forward General Li. From the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, there have been thousands of years. There are countless generals who drove the soldiers to the chicken to fly and the dog to jump. There are more soldiers who worked hard to prepare their bodies for burial in foreign countries than Qian Qian! However, there has only been one Li Guang for thousands of years, so why not teach people to remember him hard? Du Fu praised the poems of Gao Shi and Cen Can: "The meaning is just flying, and the articles are always mixed." ("Thirty Poems about Sending Your Envoy and Cen Chang") This poem ends with Li Guang, and its artistic conception is more vigorous and far-reaching.
The whole poem is magnificent and vigorous, but after some bleak management, it has become muddy and seamless. The atmosphere is solemn and stirring, and the thought is profound and implicit. "The mountains and rivers on the border are cold, and soon barbarians are stepping on the wind and rain", "The desert is poor in autumn, and the sunset ruins and grass are crowded with few watchers". The poet deliberately hinted and exaggerated this tragic scene, exposing the sins of generals who are eager to achieve success with desolation and terror. Especially in the fierce war, the poet described the complex and changeable inner activities of soldiers, which was tragic and touching and deepened the theme. The whole poem hides sharp contrast everywhere. From the description throughout the whole article, the soldiers' loyalty to their duties is in sharp contrast with the Han generals' pampering and greed, the soldiers' hard work and long-term separation from their families, and the Han generals' dereliction of duty and debauchery. Finally, Li Guang is put forward, which is a comparison between ancient and modern times. The whole article "Half of our men were killed at the front, but the other half are still alive, and beautiful girls are still dancing and singing for them in the camp" and "Two sentences are the most profound" (Wu Rulun's comments are quoted in Tang and Song poems). This contrast is very obvious, which greatly strengthens the power of irony.
Ge Yanxing is a typical representative of seven-character poems in Tang Dynasty. The rhymes of the whole poem are "Entering Tone", "Deleting Tone", "Singing", "Slight Tone", "Having Tone" and "Writing Tone" in turn, which happens to be even and restrained. In addition to the last two sentences, rhyming sentences and antithetical sentences are self-evident, and non-antithetical sentences are also in line with the level of the sentence, such as "They walked through the elm pass with the sound of gongs and drums, and the noise hindered the stone room"; The rhyming sentences are also very neat, such as "Three times a day, Tuyun rises in the camp, and the drums are chilling all night." The beauty of this tune is "the sound of the iron horse singing the ball."