World Heritage Convention
World heritage refers to the rare and irreplaceable wealth recognized by UNESCO and the World Heritage Committee. It is a cultural relic and natural landscape with outstanding significance and universal value recognized by all mankind. Including world cultural heritage, world natural heritage, world cultural and natural heritage and cultural landscape.
At present, China has declared 35 successful World Heritage Sites. Among them, there are 22 cultural heritages, 5 natural heritages, 4 natural cultural heritages, 3 cultural landscapes 1 and 3 oral material heritages, ranking third in the world.
The seventeenth session of the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization was held in Paris on 6-6 October 2007/KLOC-0, at which the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage was adopted.
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) notes that the cultural and natural heritage of countries all over the world is increasingly threatened by destruction. On the one hand, it is caused by deterioration for many years; On the other hand, social and economic conditions worsen the situation, leading to more difficult damage or destruction. Any destruction or loss of cultural or natural heritage will exhaust the world heritage.
Considering that the protection of this kind of heritage in some countries is not perfect, because this work requires a lot of investment, and some countries do not have enough economic, scientific and technological strength, UNESCO thinks it is necessary to adopt new regulations in the form of conventions to establish a permanent and effective system for collective protection of cultural and natural heritage with outstanding universal value based on modern scientific methods. These world heritages of all mankind can be preserved, so UNESCO adopted the Convention for the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage on June 5438+0972+0 16 10/6, 2006.
World Heritage Assessment
The evaluation criteria of world heritage are mainly based on Articles 1 and 2 of the Convention for the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Heritage projects listed in the World Heritage List must go through strict examination and approval procedures.
The annual meeting of the World Heritage Committee examines and approves the heritage projects applied for inclusion in the list, mainly based on the evaluation report submitted by the Committee after entrusting relevant experts to conduct field visits to heritage sites nominated by various countries.
The inspection of heritage sites nominated by various countries is mainly organized by the Committee in cooperation with ICOMOS and IUCN. Headquartered in Paris, the former was founded in 1965. It is the only international non-governmental organization engaged in the application and promotion of cultural heritage protection theory, method, science and technology, with more than 80 national members and more than 4,500 individual members. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the latter was founded in 1948, formerly known as the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Its purpose is to promote and encourage human beings to protect and permanently use natural resources. Its members include rich institutions, non-governmental organizations, scientific research and protection institutions in 120 countries. Entrusted by the World Heritage Committee, they respectively inspected the cultural and natural heritages nominated for inclusion in the list and submitted evaluation reports.
World heritage standard
Two premises: ① authenticity (the most basic premise) ② protection and management (laws and regulations and funds are formulated by relevant management agencies).
Cultural heritage:
According to the provisions of the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, one of the following categories can be classified as cultural heritage:
1. Cultural relics: buildings, sculptures and paintings with outstanding and universal value, components or structures with archaeological significance, inscriptions, caves, settlements and various cultural relics from the perspective of history, art or science;
2. Buildings: From a historical, artistic or scientific point of view, they have outstanding and universal value because of their architectural form, identity and position in the landscape.
3. Sites: man-made projects or masterpieces of man and nature and archaeological sites with outstanding and universal value from the perspective of history, aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology.
There are six specific evaluation criteria for world cultural heritage, so long as they meet any one of them (except Article 6, which cannot exist alone), they can be selected into the World Heritage List.
A stands for creative masterpieces of genius: for example, the pyramids and the Great Wall.
B It had a great influence in a certain period or a certain cultural area in the world-for example, Versailles (the oldest and largest palace in Europe, whose layout and specifications have influenced Europe for two or three centuries).
C. special proof of a culture. For example, the Persian city-state palace in Iran was left over from the Persian Empire. The carvings on the wall reflect the situation in Persia at that time, and the tributes from various countries are cultural proof. On Easter Island, there are only huge stone statues left, leaving no other antiquities. Only stone statues were used to study the history at that time.
D. a model of a historical period. Different from the second article, the model refers to more influences, such as the Vatican, which influenced the 6th-7th century, and everything is essential.
E. Outstanding examples that are difficult to preserve, such as Indian reservations;
F it has direct and substantial connection with some major events or previous traditional concepts or beliefs or literary and artistic works. This clause cannot be established independently. Such as Jerusalem and the Statue of Liberty.
Natural heritability
The Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage defines natural heritage as one of the following:
1. From the aesthetic or scientific point of view, natural features with outstanding and universal value are composed of geological and biological structures or such structural groups;
2. From a scientific or conservation point of view, geological and natural geographical structures with outstanding and universal values, and clearly defined ecological zones of endangered animal and plant species;
3. From the point of view of science, protection or natural beauty, there are only natural places or clearly defined natural areas with outstanding and universal values.
Natural heritage projects listed in the World Heritage List must meet one or more of the following criteria and be approved:
1, which constitutes an outstanding example representing an important stage in the history of earth evolution;
2. It is an outstanding example representing important geological processes, biological evolution processes and the relationship between human beings and the natural environment;
3. Unique, rare or wonderful natural phenomena, landforms or areas with rare natural beauty;
4. Habitats of existing rare or endangered animal and plant species.
Cultural landscape and others
The concept of cultural landscape was put forward at the16th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee held in Santa Fe, USA in February, and was listed in the World Heritage List.
In this way, the world heritage can be divided into: natural heritage, cultural heritage, a mixture of natural heritage and cultural heritage (that is, dual heritage, China's Taishan, Huangshan, Emei Mountain-Leshan Giant Buddha) and cultural landscape. Cultural landscape represents the "works of nature and human beings" expressed in Article 1 of the Convention for the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Generally speaking, there are the following types of cultural landscapes:
1. Landscape designed and built by human beings. Including gardens and parks built for aesthetic reasons, they are often (but not always) associated with religious or other memorial buildings or buildings.
2. The landscape of organic evolution. It originated from the initial social, economic, administrative and religious needs, and developed into the present form through the connection or adaptation with the surrounding natural environment. It also includes two categories: one is the relic (or fossil) landscape, which represents an evolutionary process that has ended in the past, whether it is sudden or gradual. They have outstanding and universal value because their distinctive features are still reflected in the physical objects. The second is the sustainable landscape, which maintains a positive social role associated with the traditional lifestyle in today's society, and its own evolution process is still in progress, while showing the physical evidence of its evolution and development in history.
3. Related cultural landscape. This kind of landscape is listed in the World Heritage List, which is characterized by its connection with natural factors, strong religion, art or culture, rather than cultural material evidence. In addition, once the historical sites and natural landscapes listed in the World Heritage List are seriously threatened, they can be listed in the List of Endangered World Heritage after investigation and consideration by the World Heritage Committee, pending emergency rescue measures.
human oral and non material heritage masterpiece
The International Convention for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage adopted on June 5438+ 10, 2003 points out that intangible cultural heritage should cover five aspects: 1. Oral legends and expressions, including language as a medium of intangible cultural heritage; 2. Performing arts; 3. Social customs, etiquette and festivals; 4. Knowledge and practice about nature and the universe; 5. Traditional handicraft skills. The convention also points out that the intangible meaning in the concept of intangible cultural heritage is opposite to the material production that meets people's basic material needs, and refers to the intangible meaning of spiritual production aimed at meeting people's spiritual needs. The so-called immateriality does not mean that it is insulated from matter, but refers to its creative activities and the crystallization of its spiritual field in the form of immateriality.
World Heritage in China/China
China's World Heritage List
Cultural heritage:
the Great Wall
the Forbidden City
Beijing summer palace
Tiantan in Beijing
Mo Kao Grotto at Dunhuang
Qin Shihuang Mausoleum and Terracotta Warriors Pit
The remains of Peking Homo erectus in Zhoukoudian
Chengde mountain resort and its surrounding temples.
Confucius House, Confucius Temple and Confucius Forest
Ancient buildings in Wudang Mountain
Potala Palace in Tibet
Old Town of Lijiang
Ancient City of Pingyao
The Classical Gardens of Suzhou
Ming and Qing imperial tombs
Macao historical center
Longmen Grottos
Yin ruins in Anyang
Dazu rock carvings
Dujiangyan-Qingcheng Mountain
Xidihong Village, an ancient village in southern Anhui
Yungang Grottoes in Shanxi Province
Capital and Mausoleum of Ancient Koguryo Kingdom
Cultural and natural heritage
Taishan scenic spot
Huangshan Scenic Area
Emei Mountain-Leshan Giant Buddha
Mount Wuyi
Kaiping Diaolou and Village
cultural landscape
Lushan Scenic Resort
Natural heritability
wulingyuen scenik and historik interest area
Jiuzhaigou scenic spot
huanglong scenic and historic interest area
Parallel flow of three rivers
Giant panda habitat
human oral and non material heritage masterpiece
Kunqu opera
Chinese Guqin
Xinjiang Uygur Muqam Art
Mongolian long-tune folk songs
List of World Heritage Protection in China (Part)
Yunju Temple Pagoda and Shijing (Fangshan, Beijing) Beijing Ancient Observatory (Jianguomen, Beijing)
Beihai Park (Xicheng District, Beijing) Anji Bridge (Zhao County, Hebei Province)
Dule Temple (Jixian County, Tianjin) Yungang Grottoes (Datong, Shanxi)
Ding Cun Residence (Xiangfen County, Shanxi Province) Yongle Palace (Ruicheng County, Shanxi Province)
Niuheliang Site (Chaoyang City, Liaoning Province) Yuanshangdu Site (Lightning River, Zhenglan Banner, Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia)
Xi An Beilin Xi An Ancient City Wall Han Chang 'an Ancient City Ruins (Xi 'an)
Liangzhu Site of West Lake in Hangzhou (Yuhang, Zhejiang) Lunan Stone Forest (Lunan, Yunnan)
Hakka Tulou (Fujian) Tonglushan Ancient Copper Mine Site (Daye County, Huangshi City, Hubei Province)
Jiangnan Water Town (Suzhou Zhouzhuang and Tongli) Shennongjia National Nature Reserve Silk Road (China)
Chengyang Yongji Bridge (Sanjiang, Guangxi, namely Yufeng Bridge) Buddhist Temple Sakyamuni Pagoda (Yingxian, Shanxi, namely "Wooden Pagoda")
Lugouqiao (Fengtai, Beijing) Kaiyuan Temple Tower (Dingzhou, Hebei)
Beikeji (Wutai County, Shanxi Province) Yinxu (Anyang, Henan Province)
Han Daming Palace Site (Xi 'an) Lijiang River in Guilin (Guangxi)