Common foiling techniques in classical poetry include the following.
1. Use the scene of decline to set off the sadness
Emotions change with the situation, and the scene changes with the scene. Facing the scene of decline and desolation, people usually trigger sadness and melancholy. . Scenes of decline and desolation are often used in poetry to highlight people's sorrow and sadness, and the scenery carries the author's emotional color. Let's take a look at Du Fu's "Ascend the High":
The wind is strong and the sky is high, the ape is screaming in mourning, and the white bird is flying back from the clear sand in Zhugong. The endless falling trees rustled, and the endless Yangtze River rolled in.
Wanli is always a guest in the sad autumn, and he has been sick for hundreds of years and only appears on the stage. Difficulty and bitterness hate the frost on the temples, and the wine glass is stained by the new stop.
This poem was written in the fourth year after the Anshi Rebellion. After the death of a friend, civil strife in Sichuan, and society in darkness. Du Fu went east along the river and arrived at Kuizhou. In order to relieve his depression, Du Fu climbed up to a high altitude while ill and recited this poem.
The first couplet describes the howling sound of the strong wind in the high sky, and the wailing of the apes; it is late autumn, and a bird on the background of clear water and white sand may be because of lack of food or it may be separated from the flock of birds. , circling constantly in the strong wind. The couplet describes the vastness of the forest, the fallen leaves rustling down in the autumn wind, and the Yangtze River rolling in and flowing endlessly. The author writes about the desolate autumn scenery of Kuizhou, which sets off the author's sorrow and loneliness during the journey. This kind of sorrow is as endless as fallen leaves and running water, and it pave the way for the author's concern about the difficult fate of the country and the sadness of being exiled in a foreign land.
2. Use beautiful scenery to contrast the sorrow
In order to highlight people's pain and sorrow, poems sometimes use pleasant scenes as a foil, and use the different scenes to express emotions. The coordination creates a sharp contrast and achieves the purpose of intensifying people's sorrow. Writing the sorrow with a joyful scene further highlights people's sorrow. Let's take a look at Li Yu's poem "Wang Jiangnan":
How much hatred was in my dream last night. It still feels like the old days when you were swimming in Shangyuan, with cars like flowing water and horses like dragons, and the flowers and moon were in the spring breeze.
This was written by the later ruler of the Southern Tang Dynasty after his country fell and entered the Song Dynasty. The words literally describe the prosperity of the past: the majestic momentum when visiting Shangyuan, the warm spring breeze, the bright moonlight, and the bright flowers. The author does not give a positive description of the current situation, but uses the dream of the prosperous life in the past to reflect it. The more prosperous and lively the dream, the more it reflects the sadness after waking up from the dream; the deeper the nostalgia for the old prosperity, the more it reflects the The desolation after the subjugation of the country.
3. Use the scene of decline to set off people’s high spirits and joy
The scene of decline usually causes people’s sadness, but poems often write about such situations. Scenery evokes the opposite mood of sadness, and poems that use the contrast of sceneries to achieve the purpose of strengthening high-spirited and joyful feelings. Let's take a look at Chen Yu's "Walking in the Army":
The wind blew the frozen mud by the sea and cracked, and the sycamore leaves fell and the branches broke. The flute sounds but no one is seen, the red flag goes straight up to the snow of Tianshan Mountain.
This is a poem about marching in the wind and snow. The first two sentences describe the extremely harsh environment faced by soldiers who join the army. The cold wind blew hard at the foot of the vast Tianshan Mountains, and the frozen mud near the lake cracked. The leaves on the sycamore trees had been shaved off, and the treetops were broken by the strong wind. The last two sentences were written in such a bad wind and snow. Not only did the marching soldiers not flinch, but they were marching towards the mountain peak holding rows of red flags and playing fifes. The harsher the environment, the more it reflects the soldiers' high morale, fearlessness and forward spirit. If the environment is sunny and beautiful, it will be difficult to embody the high morale and fearless spirit of the military officers and soldiers.
4. Use beautiful scenery to set off joy
Beautiful scenery usually gives people a pleasant feeling, and beautiful scenery is also often used in poetry to set off a good mood. Let's take a look at Bai Juyi's "Spring Journey to Qiantang Lake":
North of Gushan Temple and west of Jia Pavilion, the water surface is initially flat and the clouds are low. In several places, early orioles compete for warmth in the trees, while new swallows peck at the spring mud.
The wild flowers are becoming more and more charming, and only in Asakusa can there be no horse hooves. My favorite part of the lake is the east side of the lake, where the green poplar trees shade the white sand embankment.
This poem describes the early spring scene of Qiantang Lake. The water in the West Lake is rising, the spring water is filling the lake, the water is bright, the sky is bright, and the white clouds and the waves on the lake are connected. The oriole grabs the warm sunny trees to show off its mellow singing voice, while the swallows peck at the mud and pick up the grass to build new nests. The West Lake is full of green carpet-like tender grass, and the flat and slender white sand embankment is lined with weeping poplar trees. People were riding horses in the beautiful spring weather. At that time, the author was the governor of Hangzhou and made some consoling political achievements. In his spare time, he often visited the West Lake area. Facing the West Lake in early spring, the author's joy was revealed between the lines. The vibrant scene of the West Lake reflects the poet's joy from the front.
5. Use actions to set off the psychology of the characters
Let’s take a look at Zhang Ji’s "Autumn Thoughts":
Seeing the autumn wind in Luoyang City, the writer is full of inspiration. Heavy. I'm afraid that I can't say it all in a hurry, and the travelers are about to leave and open the gate again.
This poem embodies emotions and events. It uses a fragment of daily life - the details of thoughts and actions when sending letters home to express the longing of the wanderers in their hometown for their relatives in their hometown. After writing the letter and putting it in the envelope and sealing it, it seemed that he had said all he wanted to say. However, when the sender was about to leave, he was afraid that something important would be missed in the letter, so he opened the envelope in a hurry.
The author does not directly describe the strong nostalgia, but conveys it through the action of "sealing" and then "opening"