Beiliu Dialect·Tang and Song Pronunciation
Chen Gaolin
A few years ago, I read the book "No One Is Serious" by Guangxi writer Zhang Facai. The last page has this narrative: Mr. Wang Li believes that Beiliu dialect in Guangxi is Mandarin in the Tang and Song Dynasties. As a Beiliu person, I can't help but be curious. Mr. Zhang Facai is a scholarly writer. Although his writing is a bit "gossip", what he writes is always well-founded and not just nonsense! Out of curiosity, I spent nearly five years exploring it, and the conclusion is: this is true. The basis is based on two points: the Beiliu River, a node of the ancient Maritime Silk Road, must have circulated Mandarin; the diversion of the ancient Maritime Silk Road in the early Southern Song Dynasty resulted in the natural closure of the Beiliu River, which must have produced language fossils.
1. The development of Chinese Mandarin
The so-called "Mandarin" should be a commonly used language. For the purpose of uploading and disseminating information, officials often use a relatively common and popular language as Mandarin. The earliest popular Mandarin in our country is Yayan, which is based on the original Chinese language used by the Yellow Emperor's Chinese tribal alliance. By the Zhou Dynasty, Yayan had developed into a national synonym for the Central Plains. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, each vassal state had different dialects, but Yayan was used in official interactions, literati lectures, and sacrificial activities. Confucius once said: "The elegant words of Confucius are the elegant words of poetry and books."
Yayan is the prototype of Mandarin in the Central Plains, while the Qin and Han languages ??are in the development stage. The languages ??of the Tang Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty are the languages ??of the Middle Plains.
After the Southern Song Dynasty, the Central Plains was influenced by Xixia, Liao, Jin, Due to the occupation of northern minorities such as the Yuan Dynasty, the Chinese language began to become barbaric. It is generally believed that in the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols moved their capital to Dadu (formerly known as Yanjing and later known as Beijing) in the sixteen states of Yanyun. With the local dialect as the official language, Chinese in the Central Plains at that time developed rapidly towards Beijing Mandarin. The entry tone of Beijing Mandarin quickly disappeared, and soft tones with four tones that did not belong to the "Ping Shang Go Ru" tradition appeared.
From the Ming Dynasty to the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the Mandarin rhymes of the Central Plains further disappeared. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Beijing dialect was designated as the standard pronunciation of Mandarin and was no longer called Mandarin.
From this point of view, there are three turning points in Mandarin in the Central Plains, before the Northern Song Dynasty, the Southern Song Dynasty (Hakka dialect), and after the Yuan Dynasty.
So, does the language that retains and continues the Mandarin of the Central Plains of the Tang and Northern Song Dynasties still exist?
What does exist is Cantonese. Cantonese is preserved and developed independently without the influence of Hakka and Yuan Dynasty Mandarin. .
Guangdong is the abbreviation of Guangdong now, but historically speaking, Guangdong refers to Guangdong and Guangxi, namely Guangdong and Guangxi. Before the Qin Dynasty unified China, Guangdong and Guangxi were called "Baiyue", and they were all ethnic minority clan tribes that practiced slash-and-burn farming. Because of the barrier of the Lingnan Mountains located at the junction of Guangdong and Hunan, even the Chu State (i.e. Hunan) closest to Guangdong during the Warring States Period did not rule Baiyue. After Qin Shihuang unified the six kingdoms, he misjudged the situation and sent troops south to conquer Baiyue, which left the Central Plains military empty. The "Chen Sheng and Wu Guang Uprising" and the "Chu and Han Heroes" swept across the Central Plains, leading to the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty. Qin
Many experts believe that Wuzhou is the birthplace of Cantonese culture and is a county of Guangxin County
There are four Cantonese film series in Guangxi.
Wuzhou Cantonese (Wuzhou dialect): Wuzhou Cantonese is a Cantonese dialect and is close to Cantonese dialect. It is mainly distributed in Wuzhou urban area, Pingnan Da'an, Danzhu and Wulin towns, Guiping County and Jintian Town, Cangwu County, Hezhou and nearby areas.
Yongxun Cantonese (Nanning dialect): Close to Wuzhou Cantonese, it is mainly popular in towns with convenient transportation on both sides of Yongzhou and Xunzhou, such as Nanning City and Yongning County, Chongzuo County, Ningming County, Counties such as Heng County and Pingnan County and parts of Liuzhou City.
Qinlian Cantonese (Qinlian dialect): Qinlian Cantonese is basically the same as Yongxun Cantonese, with small internal differences. It is mainly distributed in Qinzhou, Hepu (formerly known as Lianzhou), Pubei County, Fangcheng County, Beihai City.
Gulu Cantonese (Beiliu dialect): distributed along the Beiliu River, the upper reaches of the Nanliu River, Tengxian, Rongxian, Beiliu, Luchuan, Yulin, Bobai, and Xingye. In addition, there are Guigang and Mengshan.
Among the four Cantonese film series in Guangxi, Gou Liu Cantonese is the most distant from Cantonese, while the other three parts are all close to Cantonese. Which dialect is most likely to retain the Tang and Song (Northern Song) Mandarin? I think it is Gouluoyu, because Gouluoyu has the two basic conditions for the circulation and preservation of Mandarin in the Tang and Song Dynasties.
2. The nodes of the Maritime Silk Road must be spoken in Mandarin
Beiliu is the most important node of the ancient road in southern China. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, Yuetang in central Vietnam sent envoys all the way to Hao, the capital of Zhou, to pay tribute to the Zhou royal family. The envoys took a boat from their home country and sailed north along the coast of Beibu Gulf, landed at Hepu Beach, then took water and land routes northward, and finally arrived at Hao. This road must pass through Beiliu Guimen Pass.
After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he sent a large army to attack Lingnan. Because the "Baiyue" land was high in mountains and densely forested, and the air was everywhere, and the transportation of grain and grass was extremely difficult, it took three years to conquer, so he ordered Digging spiritual canals. Lingqu, also known as the Xianggui Canal, is located in Xing'an County, Guangxi. It was opened to ships in 214 BC and is one of the oldest canals in the world.
The construction of the Lingqu Canal connected the Xiangjiang River and the Lijiang River, opening up the north-south water channel. At the same time, an ancient road leading to Qinzhou, Jiaozhi, and Hainan was formed. People traveling south and north could take a boat from the Central Plains to the Han River and follow the Yangtze River to Hunan. The Xiangjiang River then enters the Lingqu of Guangxi, floats from the Lingqu to the Lijiang River in Guilin, then along the Guijiang River to the Xijiang River, then upstream along the Beiliu River to Beiliu, disembarks at the Shajie Pier in Beiliu, and then walks or rides a sedan to ride a horse to Yulin Nanliu
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Zheng side and Zheng Er sisters of Jiaozhi rioted and went north along this road to occupy 60 cities. General Ma Yuan led 30,000 troops along this road to quell the chaos in Jiaozhi.
Shi Chong of the Western Jin Dynasty often walked this route as a pearl fisher. When passing through Bobai in the upper reaches of the Nanliu River, he married the stunning beauty Lv Zhu, which became a good story in Chinese history. King Luo Bin wrote a poem: "Green pearls are like stones."
Li Deyu, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, lost the battle with the Niu Party and was demoted to Hainan. He left a poem in Beiliu: "Thousands of thousands will not be returned." , Now we are passing through the gate of ghosts." The second poem in Zhang Shuo of the Tang Dynasty's "Sending Envoys from the South to the North" contains: "The mountains are near the gate of ghosts, and the city is surrounded by the miasma river." "Thirteenth Post is Huangzhou". Zhang Shuo and Huang Tingjian may not have passed through Beiliu, but it can be seen that the Guimen Pass on this ancient road is famous far and wide.
Su Shi in the Northern Song Dynasty indeed passed through Beiliu back and forth when he was demoted to Hainan. Beiliu. There is a stone carving in the Jingsu Tower in Liudiqiaotou Park, which is called "Dongpo Rafting on the River". In the picture, there is a scene of Su Dongpo getting off the river. Su Shi's "Zhuzhi Ci" contains: "After passing through the gate of hell, I ordered the same person to be on the river." When he was in Hainan, after receiving the order to return to the capital, he also recited the poem "The end of the world is used to seeing the sun, and the return journey is still glad to pass through the gate of hell."
Li Gang, a famous official in the Song Dynasty who fought against the Jin Dynasty, Under the siege of the surrender faction, in the second year of Jianyan (1128), he was demoted to Wan'an Army (today's Wanning, Hainan). On November 25, the third year of Jianyan (1129), Li Gang and his son Li Zongzhi He traveled south to Qiongzhou and was pardoned on the 29th. He left his footprints in Duqiao Mountain, Rong County, so he must take this route.
Whether Wang Bo, the "prodigy" in the poetry world of the Tang Dynasty, passed by. What about the Beiliu River crossing Guimenguan to Jiaozhi? Some people think that Wang Bo visited Guangzhou before his death, and he should have taken a boat from Guangzhou to Jiaozhi. No, although there was overseas trade in Guangzhou during the Tang Dynasty, most of them were overseas ships, and shipbuilding and navigation technology were not yet developed. Sailing on the sea is very risky, and Wang Bo will not take this risk. After meeting friends in Guangzhou, he will take a boat upstream from Guangzhou, passing through the Xijiang River and taking the ancient road of Yichun Township, Nghe An Province. There is a cemetery and temple for Wang Bo.
It can be seen that this ancient road was visited by people.
Beiliu was also an important land node of the ancient Maritime Silk Road. . Hepu in Beihai has been designated as the departure port of the ancient Maritime Silk Road and is being declared a world cultural heritage. According to the "Book of Han", Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty conquered this land route as early as 113 BC.
About 30 kilometers long, the goods were transported to the North Liusha Street Pier, passed through Shuichenshe, now Beiliu, passed Guimen Pass, arrived at Yulin Nanliu River Ancient Ferry, and then went downstream to Hepu Shajie, which is what the writer Lin Bai described. Sha Street is full of childlike charm. Fifty years ago, Sha Street was still ancient.
Many people traveled from north to south, and the transportation of large amounts of goods must require a large number of bearers, cart drivers, and porters. These people must also learn the Central Plains Mandarin, otherwise they will not be able to communicate and win business. This is the origin of Beiliu dialect. It has only been 20 or 30 years since the reform and opening up, and people from Vietnam and Thailand have been traveling abroad. Mandarin is widely spoken in tourist spots, and even some street vendors in the United States will negotiate prices with Chinese tourists in American Beijing accent. Beiliu is a node of the Maritime Silk Road that has played an important role for more than 1,200 years. , it is impossible not to circulate Mandarin, and it will keep pace with the times as the dynasties change.
3. The changes in the ancient waterways will inevitably leave behind language fossils
The Zhuluo Period. , the entire continent of the earth is the world of dinosaurs, but the places where dinosaur fossils can be left are in "Lingwai Daida".
"Lingwai Daida" was published in the fifth year of Chunxi (1178). It is a masterpiece of geography in the Song Dynasty and has ten volumes. It was written by Zhou Qufei.
Zhou Qufei (years of birth and death: 1134-1189), named Zhifu, was born in Yongjia, East Zhejiang Road (now Wenzhou, Zhejiang). Zhou Qufei won the imperial examination at the age of 29. In the eighth year of Qiandao in the Southern Song Dynasty (1172), Zhou Qufei went to Guangxi to serve as a professor in Qinzhou. "Professor" is a local teaching official in the Song Dynasty. A professor in a state is equivalent to today's education director of a prefecture-level city. The next year he returned to his hometown Dingyou. He didn't live long after returning to Yongjia. In the ninth year of Qiandao in the Southern Song Dynasty (1173), Zhou Qufei "returned to Qiaonan and experienced ups and downs" and returned to his job in Lingnan. This time, he served as county lieutenant in the ancient county of Jingjiang Prefecture (Guilin) ??and became Fan Chengda's staff. His job was to kill thieves, and a scholar became the "Director of Public Security." In the second year of Chunxi (1175), Fan Chengda went to Chengdu to take up his post, and Zhou Qufei returned to Qinzhou to continue as a professor. At this time, famous generals
the Southern Song Dynasty settled in the south of the Yangtze River, and Guangxi became an important gateway for sending officials and doing business. Scholars, officials and merchants all wanted to know more about this place, but because they were unable to reward visitors who inquired about the situation in Lingnan, they wrote this A "Reply from Beyond the Ridge". This manuscript
Later generations have studied and believed that "responding to relatives and relatives" was just Zhou Qufei's self-effacing rhetoric. When he was in Guangxi, he had paid attention to everything. In his preface, he said, "I took more than 400 notes about everything," and all of his words were "the things on the battlefield, the tools of the country, the absurd customs, and the weirdness." This is obviously preparation for writing a journal.
"To guide and train the Fang family in the future, they will be able to test it" was his real motivation for writing the book, which was to provide reference for contemporary people and future generations, thereby achieving his purpose of "establishing his words".
Sure enough, "Lingwai Dai Da Da" is much richer in content than other previous Guangxi historical records. It has been valued by modern scholars and has been promoted as one of the most important volumes of Guangxi historical records in the Tang and Song Dynasties. do.
The contents recorded in "Lingwai Daida" are extremely rich, including detailed records of caves, mountains, rivers, foreign trade, etc. But why do some directions need to be rerouted?
Why? There are three reasons. First, in the Southern Song Dynasty, shipbuilding technology and shipping levels were greatly improved. The ships were tall, carried a lot of cargo, and could withstand the impact of rivers and seas. The second is to take the 30-kilometer land route in the Beiliu River section, which requires moving and changing ships, and to Guangzhou Port, it will be transported by water all the way. Third, the Beiliu River gradually became shallower
After the shipping was diverted, the upper reaches of the Beiliu River and Nanliu River were naturally closed. Although the degree was not as good as that of the Peach Blossom Spring written by Tao Yuanming, the difference was not very big. Otherwise, Zhou Qufei would not be completely unaware.
According to Xu Xiake, a traveler, geographer and essayist of the Ming Dynasty, he walked this ancient road. He "traveled the mountains and rivers like meeting a close friend, and explored the poor and recessed areas like digging for treasures." His purpose was to explore and hunt for novelties, which further proves the degree of obstruction of Beiliuhe in the Ming Dynasty.
The change of the ancient waterway coincided with the development of Mandarin in the Central Plains. In this way, the Mandarin before the early Southern Song Dynasty was preserved. In addition, because the ancient roads were busy before the Southern Song Dynasty, a large number of Han people from the Central Plains moved south to this area during the Qin and Han Dynasties. The local ethnic minorities were forced to leave long ago, and their language could not be integrated with the Mandarin. This preserved the influence of the Mandarin in the Medieval Central Plains. purity.
A huge mountain of fossils of the ancient Central Plains language was formed.
4. Master Wang Li and
In 1900, Wang Li was born in a small village called Qishanshan in Bobai, Guangxi. The locals spoke Diluo dialect. This is an ancient Chinese language. Diluo dialect has 24 initial consonants, 46 final consonants, and 10 tones. Thirty years later, Wang Li, who walked from a mountain village to Paris, France, used modern scientific instruments to test the Bobai dialect
Two of Wang Li's (also known as Wang Yi) works are closely related to Gouluoyu relationship. Wang Li is from Bobai. Bobai is located in the upper reaches of the Nanliu River. There are two popular local dialects, Hakka and Diluo. Qishipiao Village, where Wang Li lives, speaks Hakka. The other is Diluo dialect, which is a Cantonese hook-and-miss phrase. Wang Li can also speak fluent Diluo dialect. Professor Qin Shi (formerly known as Wang Jihe), Wang Li’s son, said: “The dialect spoken in our hometown is similar to the dialects in Yulin, Beiliu, Rongxian, and Luchuan. It belongs to a branch of Cantonese dialect. This dialect The vernacular has preserved the tonal system of "Guangyun", and there are ten tones to this day." The vernacular spoken here is Diguo dialect. Wang Li relied on his familiarity and research on Diluo dialect to write a 100,000-word graduation thesis "Experimental Records of Bobai Dialect" in French, and thus received a doctorate in literature from the University of Paris and became famous in one fell swoop.
Another book is Wang Li's "Sino-Vietnamese"
Why did Wang Li become so interested in the Sino-Vietnamese language and determined to study it? I think that as a linguist, Wang Li understands the history of the development of ancient Chinese. He knows that ancient Chinese has matured and finalized in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Due to historical reasons, starting from the Southern Song Dynasty, Central Plains Chinese was no longer inherited and the language system of the Northern Song Dynasty. And develop in another direction. The Tang and Song languages ??seem to have disappeared in the vast river of history. Are there any living fossils of the Tang and Song languages? He hopes to search, dig, and work hard to fill this gap in the history of ancient Chinese. In addition, he felt that his hometown vernacular (Gouluo dialect) and Wang Li often read "Guangyun". The full name of "Guangyun" is "Revisiting Guangyun in the Song Dynasty". It has five volumes and is a rhyme book compiled by officials in the Northern Song Dynasty in my country. It was compiled on the basis of the rhyme books of previous generations. It is the most important rhyme book that has been completely preserved and widely circulated in the history of our country. It is the culmination of rhymes before the Southern Song Dynasty in my country. "Guangyun"
The so-called vernacular is Gouluoyu, a branch of Cantonese, and its representative is Beiliu dialect. Is Beiliu dialect the same as Tang and Song Mandarin? Wang Li raised a big question mark. Except
The following is a short quotation written by Wang Li in "Study on Sino-Vietnamese"
"From the autumn of 1939 to the summer of 1940, I was admitted to Tsinghua University because of I took a vacation and spent a year doing research at the Far Eastern Institute in Hanoi. In addition to reading general works on Eastern languages, I paid special attention to the study of Sino-Vietnamese. In the autumn of 1940, I wrote a notebook. I started this course at Southwest Associated University. In 1947, I also started this course at the Graduate School of Liberal Arts of National Sun Yat-sen University. I never dared to write it into a book or an article. Just one year of research is not enough. I hope to
From the short quotation in Wang Li's "Research on Sino-Vietnamese", we can see that Wang Li was extremely eager to uncover the mystery of Gouluoyu. At that time, He was teaching at Tsinghua University and even took a year's leave without pay. However, the research work encountered many problems. First, before the Tang Dynasty Mandarin was taught, the locals had their own original language. , the flavor will be greatly changed after fusion, just like today's "Nanpu", which is a fusion of modern Mandarin and Zhuang language.
Secondly, later
5. Mountain of Language Fossils
Since Gouluoyu is a mountain of language fossils, and the representative of Gouluoyu is Beiliu dialect, I have been living in Beiliu since I was a child. When I grew up, I was very familiar with Beiliu dialect, so I made a preliminary investigation to attract more people, hoping that more people would explore it.
Beiliu dialect is mainly divided into Shangli dialect and Xiali dialect. Shangli dialect Influenced by Gaozhou dialect, it is another Cantonese film series, not one of the Cantonese film series. The Beiliu dialect referred to in this article refers to the Xiali vernacular represented by Beiliu City, which is the relatively pure language fossil of Tang and Song Mandarin.
1. Some ancient characters that have almost disappeared are still commonly used in Beiliu dialect.
揞, pronounced ǎn. Definition: Apply the medicine to the wound with your fingers. For example: quickly apply some anti-inflammatory powder on the wound. Beiliu dialect: The pronunciation is similar, the tone is pronounced, and the meaning of the word is extended. For example: You can't help but think about this.
苶, pronounced nié. Definition: tired, lack of energy. For example: The child is a little sick and may be sick. The meaning of the Beiliu dialect remains the same, but the pronunciation is similar: nià
尥, pronounced liào, meaning: mules and horses jump up and kick with their hind legs. Example: 奥崶子. Beiliu dialect: The pronunciation is similar to liāo, the meaning of the word is extended, and it can also be used for people. Example: Why are you touching me with your feet?
潲, pronounced as shào, meaning: raindrops are blown sideways. Example: The rain is pouring into the house. Beiliu dialect: The pronunciation is the same and the meaning is basically the same. For example: Last night, I had a little rain and caught a cold.
Lunji, pronounced as táng, meaning: non-condensed, semi-liquid. Example: soft-boiled eggs. Beiliu dialect: pronunciation tuang, entering the tone, the meaning of the word remains the same, for example: I have loose stools and need to be treated.
湹, pronounced as liáo, meaning: sewing, welting, and stitching. For example: If the cuffs are opened, just give a few stitches and it will be fine. Beiliu dialect: liāo, the words have the same meaning, and the examples can also be the same.
潽, pronounced: dèn. To pull, to pull, to straighten or flatten. For example: straighten the rope, straighten the clothes, Beiliu dialect, pronunciation, interpretation and examples are all the same.
2. Beiliu dialect still has many original meanings of ancient Chinese words that have disappeared in modern Chinese and Cantonese.
Walk means "walk" in modern Chinese, such as walking, walking, or visiting relatives. It means leaving in Cantonese. In ancient Chinese, it means "running", such as "running horseback to see the flowers", "running like wildfire", "the old man walked over the wall, the old woman went out to watch"; "Two rabbits walked beside the ground" in "Mulan Poems of Yuefu". In Beiliu dialect, "walk" also means to run. For example: "You can't beat me by walking" means "You can't beat me by running".
Chopsticks have basically disappeared in modern Chinese and Cantonese. In classical Chinese, they mean "chopsticks". Li Bai's "Traveling is Difficult" "You can't eat if you stop the cup and throw chopsticks." Sima Qian's "Historical Records: List of Twelve Princes" states that "Zhou is like a chopstick, and the chopstick is a son of Xi". In Beiliu dialect, "箸" is still commonly used to refer to chopsticks, which is called "chopsticks".
The "cricket" in modern Chinese was called "promoting weaving" in ancient times. "Nineteen Ancient Poems: The Bright Moon's Bright Night Light": "The bright moon's bright night light prompts the weaving of the east wall." Du Fu's poem "Promoting Weaving" of Tang Dynasty has the following lines: "Promoting weaving is so subtle, how touching the sound of mourning is." Beiliu dialect is also called "Zuwei", but the pronunciation is different and it is called "Zhuzu"
"Lahu" is the "bandit dialect" of the green forest heroes in the Song Dynasty. Commonly seen in Master Jin Yong's "Cheng Lian Jue". Usually used in conjunction with "wind tight". "The wind is tight and the wind is blowing" means "the situation is critical, run away quickly". It is also common in Beiliu dialect, but "hu" is pronounced as "wǒu".
In addition, classical Chinese content words such as "posture", "eating wine" and "big insect" are all retained in Beiliu dialect. It is also common that classical Chinese function words are still retained in Beiliu dialect.
"xie (yé)" can be used as an interrogative particle in classical Chinese. Han Yu's "Horse Theory": "Is it true that there is no horse evil? It is true that I don't know horses." "xie" is also used as a question particle in Beiliu dialect. The pronunciation is very similar, and it is pronounced as xie.
The commonly used exclamations in classical Chinese, "Wow, Alas" are also common in Beiliu dialect, and they also express exclamation and exclamation. The pronunciation is "He Oh, Hei Zai".
3. Beiliu dialect retains almost all ancient Ru tones
Old Chinese has four tones of Ping Shang Shan Ru. By the Yuan Dynasty, Ping tones were divided into Yin Ping and Yang Ping, that is The current first and second tones, part of the upper tones are merged into the queuing tones, and the rest are the current third tones. The queuing tones and some words merged from the upper tones are the current fourth tones. The ancient entering tones were in the Yuan Dynasty Differentiated into Yinping, Yangping, Shangsheng and Qusheng tones. Therefore, the northern dialect of modern Chinese does not have the entry tone. Modern "Mandarin" is the standard modern Chinese with Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation and Northern dialect as the basic dialect, so Mandarin does not have the entering tone. Some dialects still retain the rudimentary pronunciation, but to varying degrees. Beiliu dialect, on the other hand, retains almost all the characters for entering the tone.
There are many characters for entering the tone. The following are the more than 100 characters for the entering tone that are plain and common:
8. Take, collapse, sloppy, insert, check, kill, evil, and clamp , Xia, blind, jurisdiction, narrow, box, cunning, duck, press, press, brush, scrape, slip, cunning, dig, zhe, tongue, dove, cut, arm, put, sleepy, drink, close, box, 盍 , 曷, raccoon dog, dry, impeach, bowl, peel, splash, touch, take off, support, stroke, pinch, shrink, split, live, cut, choke, juice, weave, only, throw, wet, lice, lose, ten , even, pick up, solid, eat, eat, know, stone, split, thunder, drop, kick, tick, clog, accumulate, stimulate, hit, paint, suck, breath, daughter-in-law, past, mat, tin, Xi, present , Yi, one, one, flutter, prostrate, servant, fu, fu, fu, fu, bat, spoke, serve, fu, Fu, Du, Tu, bald, vulgar, out, Shu, cave, cry, suddenly, trance , Dendrobium, Hu, House, Qu, Yi, Qu, Xu, pat, plug, pick, tear apart, black, spoon, peony root, chew, porridge, eggplant, cooked,
All of the above one hundred and twenty Nine words. When read in Beiliu dialect, only "touch" and "eight" cannot be pronounced in the rhyme tone, but the word "touch" is polyphonic, and "touch fish" is pronounced in flat tone, but the word "touch" in "stealing chickens and dogs" is pronounced in Beiliu dialect. Enter the sound. "Eight" is pronounced with the falling tone in Beiliu dialect, and it is also not pronounced with the rising tone in the older Yulin dialect and the more modern Cantonese dialect. Why this is, I don't understand. But it can still be said that Beiliu dialect has retained almost all of its rudimentary characters.
4. Looking at Beiliu dialect from ancient poetry couplets
"Compassion for the Farmers" is a Tang poem familiar to both women and children. The author was Li Shen, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty. "It's noon on the day of hoeing, and the sweat drips into the soil. Who knows that every grain of food on the plate is hard work." Baidu translation: "At noon in midsummer, the sun is scorching, and farmers are still working, and sweat drips into the soil. Who would have thought that we The grains of rice in the bowl are filled with the blood and sweat of farmers?" From the translation, the "grain" in the poem should be "grain seedlings", which refers to the seedlings of rice. However, rice cannot be "hoeed", and paddy fields cannot be hoeed because they are all water. And it can only be "sweat dripping into the water". Then it can only be explained that "禾" refers to crops in general, but the problem comes again, both
There is a building in Chengdu, engraved with the first couplet of Xue Tao, a female poet of the Tang Dynasty: "Wangjiang Tower, watching the river flow, Watch the river flow from the Wangjiang Tower. The river flows through the ages, and the river tower lasts through the ages." This twenty-one-character couplet is truly unique. Many literati
5. Northern Song Dynasty allusions in Beiliu's curse words
Beiliu dialect and even the entire Gouluo language family commonly use the curse word "picking ashes"
Once Wang Anshi left
According to expert research, the term "grabbing ashes" did not come from Wang Anshi. I estimate that Wang Anshi's reforms harmed the interests of many dignitaries. Some officials who opposed the new law were demoted to Hainan by Wang Anshi. When they passed by Beiliu, they would curse Wang Anshi and spread this fabricated story everywhere. This is where the curse came from.
6. Some questions about Yulin
1. Yulin. Why are the dialects so different between Beiliu and Beiliu?
The Yulin dialect sounds more primitive than the Beiliu dialect. Although they both belong to the Gouluo language family, the difference is huge. Beiliu dialect and Guangzhou dialect can still be compared. Similarly, people in Guangzhou and Yulin cannot communicate with each other in dialect. Yulin dialect has many homophonic words that are similar to classical Chinese. The classical Chinese "zhiyu" is pronounced "Zhu" after "Zhi", and there are also many homophonic words in Yulin dialect. Because it is impossible to To express it in words, I won’t give an example. Why is the Yulin dialect different from the Beiliu dialect? I think the first is that both the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty had a military base of tens of thousands of people. It was definitely very influential for Yulin, which was sparsely populated at that time. "Yulin Bayin" was a court and military music of the Han Dynasty, so it has been passed down to this day, and the Yulin dialect was finalized at this time.
If my inference is true, Yulin dialect is the official dialect of Qin and Han Dynasties, and Beiliu dialect is the official dialect of Tang and Song Dynasties.
2. Why is Beiliu dialect so different from classical Chinese?
What if Beiliu dialect is the official dialect of Tang and Song Dynasties? Liuhua is really the official dialect of the Tang and Song Dynasties, so why is it so different from classical Chinese in terms of semantics and syntax and not having many similarities?
I think there should be two lines of language development, one and the other. One is a written language, and the other is a spoken language. Before the invention of papermaking in ancient times, written language was first engraved on the back of a turtle (oracle bone inscriptions), then written on bamboo slips, and then written on
3. How to view online videos The "standard" Mandarin of the Tang and Song Dynasties.
In recent years, many scholars at home and abroad believe that Cantonese is an extension of the Mandarin of the Tang and Song Dynasties and is closest to the Mandarin of the Tang and Song Dynasties (Northern Song Dynasty). At this time, the use of "standard" appeared on the Internet. "The video of Su Shi's "Shui Diao Ge Tou" recited in Mandarin of the Tang and Song dynasties was forwarded one after another and had a great impact. Several friends forwarded it to me, questioning my view that "Beiliu dialect is the Mandarin of the Tang and Song dynasties". I opened it and listened. The pronunciation of the video reading is very different from Beiliu dialect, and is close to the accent of Hakka. I opened Baidu and explained that the pronunciation of this video was based on "Guangyun" Fanqie. This made me puzzled. The two characters are spelled together to get another pronunciation. Before the modern pinyin alphabet came out, dictionaries used fanqie to notate it, but since it is read in the Tang and Song pronunciation, it must be pronounced in the ancient pronunciation of the Tang and Song Dynasties. Fanqie must not be used in modern Mandarin, otherwise it will be very different. For example, the phonetic pronunciation of "Tou" in "Shui Diao Ge Tou" is "Tuoouqie", which is completely different from "Fanqie" in modern Mandarin and Beiliu. As for him, I'd better write down my point of view and let a hundred schools of thought contend.
4. The purity of language fossils
Many people asked me: "How pure is the Beiliu dialect that retains the Mandarin of the Tang and Song Dynasties?" This question is really difficult to answer. There is a wine ruler, and you can tell the degree of alcohol by measuring it. Mandarin, based on CCTV broadcasts. In ancient times, there was no standard for Mandarin.
Language has intensity. Intensity is determined by culture, politics, economics, the number of users, and the history of use. When two languages ??collide, the stronger one will alienate the weaker one. For example, after the Southern Song Dynasty, the north was strong and the south was weak, and the northern language swept across the Central Plains and spread directly to the south. There are also situations where the forces are equal and all parties remain in peace. For example, Hakka. Most of them were during the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty, when a large number of Hakkas moved from Guangdong and Fujian
There is a third situation. After the Southern Song Dynasty, the natural closure of Beiliu River was relative, not absolute. The imperial court would send officials to Beiliu, and some people from Beiliu would go out to study, become officials and do business. There is no local salt production, so merchants from Qinlian area will sell salt to Yulin, and local specialties such as rosin and porcelain will also be transported out. Especially after National Highway 324 was opened to traffic in 1936, there will be more people coming and going. Will it alienate the Beiliu dialect? No, the vocabulary will increase a lot, but the pronunciation of the dialect will remain unchanged. Let’s look at the fact that since the reform and opening up, a large number of people have gone out to make a living, a large number of people have gone out to study, and they speak Mandarin outside.
So, whether Beiliu dialect has been alienated, the latter two factors can be ignored. The key is the first factor . Let’s first look at the situation before liberation. To the north of Beiliu, Manchu Mandarin spread across the country, but below Liuzhou
After liberation, Mandarin became popular throughout the country. Radios, radio stations, televisions, and loudspeakers in rural areas all broadcast Mandarin. The children also speak Mandarin in school, which seems to have a greater influence on Beiliu dialect. But in fact, bilingualism is still going on in parallel. We speak dialects when we should speak dialects, and we speak Mandarin when we should speak Mandarin. It is an eclectic mix. A lot of vocabulary has been absorbed, but the pronunciation has not changed. Therefore, it still retains the purity of Tang and Song Mandarin.
It should be said that what affects the purity is the development of Beiliu dialect itself. Thousands of years of history cannot be without changes. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, Beiliu had "irony". Since it is "thieves' speech", it cannot be official speech. There are still some distinctive pronunciations in Beiliu dialect. Sometimes a word has a difference in severity. For example, when the word "BU" in "radish" is pronounced with an accent, it means the radish is bigger, and when it is pronounced with a light accent, it means the radish is smaller. The pronunciation also has the phenomenon of Erization, "puppy" and "little pig" are called "dog" and "zhu'er". Are these spoken words in the Tang and Song Dynasties? Or did it arise from self-development later? It can only be left to experts and scholars to study and judge.
From this, I think Beiliu dialect retains the purity of Tang and Song dialects at a very high level, and the pronunciation purity should be over 90%. Of course the vocabulary has increased a lot. Some argue that such purity is not worth studying. But where else can you find a dialect with higher purity than this in the whole country and the world? Language is not wine. The longer it is kept, the purer it becomes. Maybe it will evaporate one day.
Note: The information in this article mainly comes from the Internet.