1. Appreciation of Classic Works of the Book of Songs
Zitiao
Anonymous [pre-Qin]
Qingqing is your collar, YY is my miss. If I didn't go to see you, didn't you receive my letter?
Green is what you wear, and leisurely is my feeling. If I never visit you, can't you take the initiative?
Come on, always open your eyes, on this high tower. I haven't seen you for a day, like March!
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Zheng Guofeng Wind in Ji Zi is a poem in The Book of Songs, the first collection of poems in ancient China. The whole poem consists of three chapters, each with four sentences. This poem is about unrequited love and describes a woman who misses her sweetheart. Every time I see something green, a woman will think of her sweetheart's green collar and jade. So she boarded the tower, just to see the trace of her sweetheart. If one day she can't see it, she will feel as if it is once every three months. The whole poem uses flashbacks to fully describe the psychological activities of women's unrequited love, and the artistic conception is vivid and beautiful. This is a rare and beautiful love song, which has become a classic in China literature to describe the love of lovesickness.
The whole poem consists of three chapters, using flashback technique.
The first two chapters describe themselves as "I". Qing Ji and Qing Pei are based on couples' clothes. The other person's clothes left such a deep impression on her that she couldn't forget it. I can imagine her longing for love. Now I can't go to the appointment because I am blocked, so I have to wait for my lover to pick me up. I can see through the autumn water, but I can't see a shadow. My deep love can't help but turn into melancholy and bitterness: "Even if I didn't go to see you, why can't you send a message?" Even if I didn't come to you, why couldn't you come on your own initiative? "
The third chapter points out the location, and writes that she was upset by waiting for her lover to come, and walked back and forth, feeling that although she had not seen each other for only one day, it seemed as long as three months.
The whole poem is less than 50 words, but the heroine's anxiety when waiting for her lover seems to be on the verge. This artistic effect is achieved because the poet used a lot of psychological descriptions in his creation. In the poem, only the words "pick" and "reach" are used to express the woman's movements, and the main words are used to describe her psychological activities, such as the complaints in the first two chapters about the lovers who have neither heard nor seen the shadow, and the monologue in the last chapter is "A day is like March". Two complaints, with "longitudinal me" and "Zi Ning" as the antithesis, are not without reservations in the sense of anxiety, giving birth to infinite reverie, which can be described as less words and more meanings. The inner monologue at the end, through exaggerated rhetoric, causes the contrast between subjective time and objective time, thus vividly showing its strong emotional psychology, which can be said to be amazing because of exaggeration and embellishment. Psychological description techniques developed incisively and vividly in the later literary world, and traced back to the source, this poem has already begun.
This poem is a representative one among many love poems in The Book of Songs. It clearly embodies the ideological and spiritual essence of women's independence, autonomy and equality in that era. The heroine boldly expressed her feelings in the poem, that is, her yearning for her lover. This is rare in all previous literary works after the Book of Songs.
2. Appreciation of classic works of the Book of Songs
Guan Ju
Anonymous [pre-Qin]
Guan Heming's osprey, accompanied by the small continent of the river. A beautiful and virtuous woman is a good spouse of a gentleman.
Mix shepherd's purse and salvage it from left to right. A beautiful and virtuous woman wakes up to pursue her.
If you can't pursue it, the black nightclub misses her during the day. Miss Long, I can't sleep over and over again.
Mix shepherd's purse and choose from left to right. A beautiful and virtuous woman came to her with a couple and a couple.
Pull shepherd's purse from left to right. A beautiful and virtuous woman rings the bell to please her.
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Guanju is the beginning of Feng and the first article of The Book of Songs. The ancients ranked it at the top of 305 articles, indicating its high value. "Historical Records Family of consorts" once recorded: "The Book of Changes is the foundation of Gankun, the Book of Songs began in Guanju, and the Book of Songs is beautiful ... The couple are married and have great humanity." The Biography of Han Kuang Heng also recorded Kuang Heng's thin cloud: "At the time of matching, the beginning of human life is the origin of all blessings. The wedding ceremony is right, and then the goods are cashed and the fate is complete. Confucius' comments on poetry generally began with Guan Ju. ..... The first of this discipline is the end of Wang Jiao. "Their focus is pedantic, but the summary of the original intention of poetry is basically correct. The question is what kind of marriage it represents. This is related to our understanding of the wind. The preface to Zhu's Biography of Poetry says: "The so-called poetic style mostly comes from the works of alley ballads. The so-called men and women sing songs and express their feelings. Zheng Qiao's Preface to Tongzhi Yuefu Zheng Sheng said: "Poetry is in sound, not in meaning. Even today, there are new voices in the city, and the streets and alleys are competing for songs. Is it the beauty of its meaning? "Go straight for its new ear." Zhu discusses it from the poetic meaning, but explains it from the tone. Combining the two, we can think that the wind is a kind of ballad that expresses the love between men and women and sings with local accent. Although Zhu's interpretation of Guan Ju's theme is not so, from the specific performance of Guan Ju, it is indeed a romantic work between men and women, which is about a man's pursuit of women's love. Its sound, emotion, writing and meaning are all good enough to be the beginning of the wind and the first of 300 articles. Confucius said, "Guan Ju is happy but not sad." (The Analects of Confucius Eight Shu) Since then, people's comments on Guan Ju have all been "compromised by Confucius" (Historical Records Confucius Family). But what about Guan Ju?
This poem was originally composed of three chapters: one chapter with four sentences, two chapters with eight sentences and three chapters with eight sentences. Zheng Xuan divided the last two chapters into two chapters, five chapters and four sentences each. Now use Zheng Xuan's method.
The first chapter: dove and Song are in Hezhou, and their spouses are not chaotic, and a gentleman is a good couple. The beauty of this chapter lies in soothing the voice of justice, leading the whole article with tone and forming the tone of the whole poem. Take "My Fair Lady, Gentleman's Good Style" as the whole poem.
The "jagged shepherd's purse" in the second chapter comes from "Guan Guan Ji Ge" and is also based on what grows on the mainland. "Liu" and "Mao Zhuan" all teach "seeking" and are not valid. Because the word "beg" has been used below, it is not appropriate to have the meaning of "beg" here. The word "autumn" is the center of the whole poem, which shows the process of men pursuing women, that is, from deep yearning to realizing their desire to get married.
The third chapter expresses my anxiety that I can't get it. This is the key to an article, which can best reflect the spirit of the whole poem.
Yao Jiheng's "General Theory of the Book of Songs" commented: "There are four chapters before and after, four sentences in the chapter, and the meaning can be known. Today, these four sentences are placed under "I want seek fortune for oneself" and above "Friends" and "Joy", which were handed down from the previous chapter. The whole spirit is here. Guy must write these four sentences to satisfy the two meanings of "friend" and "joy". Without this, the clouds above are "seeking" and the clouds below are "friends" and "music", so the momentum will be weak and it will be weak. This ancient prose strives to be concise, and its tone is also tight, which is different from the soft voice before and after. " Yao's analysis of the importance of this chapter in the whole poem is the most accurate. What needs to be added is that this chapter not only carries forward the literary spirit with numerous overtones, but also writes a vivid and vivid image, that is, Wang Shizhen's so-called "Poems are as picturesque as three hundred" in Yu Yang. Lin Yiguang's Book of Songs explained: "I woke up tossing and turning, still in bed." This description of the feelings of missing one's lover can be described as "sad without hurting". The fourth and fifth chapters are about the happiness of seeking. Friends of the harp and the music of the bell and drum are all acquired scenes. The words "friend" and "music" have their own weight and depth. The so-called "being happy but not *" means writing very quickly and happily without involving extravagance and waste. The whole poem is about a man's yearning and pursuit of women, his anxiety and happiness that he can't get.
3. Appreciation of classic works of the Book of Songs
Yao Tao
Anonymous [pre-Qin]
Peach blossoms are in full bloom, colorful and fiery red. The girl is going to get married and be happy at her husband's house.
Peach blossoms are in full bloom and there are countless fruits. The girl is going to get married, and the heir who gave birth early is going to make a fortune.
Peach blossoms are in full bloom, and green leaves are lush and never fall. The girl is getting married, and Comix is in harmony.
translate
Peach blossoms are in full bloom, bright red as fire. The girl is married, and the husband and wife are happy and smooth.
Peach blossoms are in full bloom and fruitful, large and numerous. The girl is married, has a baby early, and has a prosperous population.
Peach blossoms are in full bloom, and peach leaves are really lush. The girl has been married, and Qi Xin has joined hands in family harmony.
Elegant analysis
Peach blossoms are in full bloom, colorful and fiery red. The girl is going to get married and be happy at her husband's house.
The Book of Songs is that peach grove. The flowing Xiapi, like the bride's red veil, was gently lifted by the spring breeze. The plump appearance of these fruits is so cute. They are really like a group of children, huddled among the branches and leaves, laughing and laughing. Only with these fruits, spring will not be deserted. Didn't you sigh when the peach blossoms opened? You are worried that this season flies like a boat, hiding the worries of an eighteen-year-old girl and hiding too many spring-like flowers. You're too embarrassed to say it.
You cried with my little sister all night before she got married. You think you will cry like this one day, leaving home, leaving your parents, riding a burly horse with a red cloth on your head. I don't know why, and I don't ask why. I will wholeheartedly give myself to the strange groom. When my sisters came back to Ning's home, they were in full bloom like pears. You ask them, "How are you going to get married?" They replied, "It's really good." When they asked again, they smiled and said, "What's the hurry? You will know sooner or later. " You are a little envious of them and secretly guess: Will I be happy as a bride?
The peach blossom that burns it is a fire, a fire in spring, a fire in your heart, which ignites your inexplicable lovesickness. The young man walked in the room many times, both elegant and strong. When he met you, he grabbed your soul with a smile. "Will he marry me?" You waited so gently, Xia Chan finished singing, autumn geese flew by, and finally there was news on a snowy night. He was talking to his brothers and sisters by the fireplace, and you heard every word through the window. Your heart is like a lively deer, and you are worried that it will come out of the hole.
A happy marriage finally settled on that snowy night. Peach blossoms are blooming again, and the beautiful girl is getting married. Bless her. She started a new life with good wishes. From now on, she will be a good wife and mother.
There is a saying in Mencius Teng Wengong, "A husband was born with a house for him, and a woman was born with a home for him." The marriage 3,000 years ago is really a beautiful scenery. It still looks like a painting, and it has never faded or weakened its original fragrance. That year's peach blossom had its own unrestrained beauty. Three thousand years later, I still hear the noise of ancient music and the laughter of new people, and I can't help but have the truest love for the distant spring.
4. Appreciation of classic works of the Book of Songs
plantain
Anonymous [pre-Qin]
Pick slugs, pick them with fine words. Pick slugs, fine print.
Select slugs and make a short comment. Pick slugs and smooth them with fine print.
Pick slugs and talk about them. Pick and choose, say short words.
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There are many folk songs in the Book of Songs in the form of overlapping sentences, but it is also true that articles like Goose Dumplings overlap so much. Take the first chapter as an example: the word "Cai Cai" can be interpreted as "Cai Cai" or "various kinds" according to the situation of each article in the Book of Songs. Some people think that the former explanation is too repetitive, so they choose the second one. But it is unreasonable to say that plantain is "diverse", or it should be "collected". In the second sentence, "Bo Yan" is a meaningless auxiliary word, and the meaning of "just know" has not changed much from the previous sentence. The third sentence repeats the first sentence, and the fourth sentence repeats the second sentence, changing only one word. So the whole first chapter, in fact, only said two sentences: pick slugs, pick. Not bad. The second and third chapters are still the repetition of the first chapter, only changing the verbs in the second and fourth sentences of each chapter. In other words, there are three chapters and twelve sentences in the whole poem. Only the six verbs, Cai, You, Duo, Le, Bian and Gui, are constantly changing, and the rest are overlapping, which is really special.
This is a happy labor song, which is a ballad that people sing when picking grubs (plantain, coix seed-jobi). The whole poem consists of three chapters, and each chapter has four sentences, all of which are repeated sentences. Only a few verbs have changed, and the rest have not. It repeatedly shows the process of labor, and the results of labor are shown from less to more, full of joy and enthusiasm of labor.
But this seemingly monotonous overlap has its special effect. In the constant overlap, a simple, lively and reciprocating sense of music is produced. At the same time, in the change of six verbs, it shows the process of taking more and more until returning to China with full load. There are no crickets in the poem, but people can clearly feel their cheerful mood when reading it-this mood is conveyed in the musical rhythm of the poem. Fang Yurun, a Qing man, said in the Primitive Book of Songs: "The reader recited this poem calmly and suddenly listened to the Tian family woman. Plain wilderness, sunny, group songs answer, lingering sound. If it is far away, it will be intermittent. I don't know how its feelings move, why is God so lonely? " Although this statement has more fictional elements, the experience is still very accurate. This simple ballad is really suitable for many people to sing together; If you sing alone, you will feel that the taste is wrong. Yuan Mei once scoffed, saying, "Three hundred articles, such as' picking slugs and picking fine words', should not be imitated by future generations. Today's people attach the Bible and admire it. Zhang Zhai's play is like a cloud:' Light candles, and point out thin words. Cut out the candles and the lyrics. "The listener is definitely coming down." It is certainly good to say that the Book of Songs should not be imitated blindly, but the examples he cited are really neither fish nor fowl. It is natural for a group of people to pick up slugs in the wild, and they are in high spirits. Poetry can express this joy. And a man there cut and cut the candle core and sang "cut and cut the candle, cut it in fine print". There is no explanation other than mental illness. This is completely absurd created by literati, not to say that Cricket is not worthy of admiration or must not be imitated.
Regarding the usage of slug picking at that time, Mao said that this grass was "suitable for pregnancy" and could cure infertility; Another way of saying this is that this grass can cure leprosy and other malignant diseases. These two statements have no basis in traditional Chinese medicine. Now Chinese medicine uses this herb as medicine because it has the functions of clearing away heat, improving eyesight and relieving cough. It is said that grass seeds can cure hypertension. It doesn't matter. It can also be said that people in the Book of Songs believe that plantain can treat infertility or leprosy. Even so, there is something incomprehensible about this poem: infertility or leprosy at home is extremely distressing, and it is impossible for a large group of people to sing happily while picking up the car. Looking at this explanation from Fang Yurun's imaginary scene, I feel that something is wrong.
So we should give the novel a more reasonable explanation. Hao Yixing, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, said in Er Ya Yi Shu: "Savages also cook it." This "savage" refers to the poor in the countryside. It can be seen that in the Qing Dynasty, there were still poor people who used it as food. It is a common custom for Koreans (including China people and people on the Korean peninsula) to eat banana. In spring, pick its tender leaves, scald them with boiling water, and cook them into soup, which is very delicious. Korean nationality is a nationality greatly influenced by the ancient customs of Han nationality, and Korean language has retained many ancient Chinese sounds so far. It can be inferred that plantain was widely used as food in ancient China, but this custom gradually declined, only occasionally seen among the "savages" mentioned by Hao Yixing, but it is still very common among Korean folks.
With this interpretation, I find it easy to understand. According to Tian Rucheng and The Journey to the West in Ming Dynasty, "On March 3rd, both men and women wore shepherd's purse flowers. As the saying goes, wearing flowers in March, peaches and plums are shy and prosperous. " Shepherd's purse flower is really ugly, because shepherd's purse is the favorite wild vegetable of Jiangnan people and the gospel of the poor, so people even have a preference for its flowers. Plantain is more common and easier to get than shepherd's purse, and it must have been loved by the people many years ago. As Fang Yurun said, every spring, groups of women will happily pick its young leaves and sing the song of "picking slugs" on the plain and in sunny weather. That's really a refreshing sight. Although life is a difficult thing, there is always a lot of pleasure in it.
5. Appreciation of classic works of the Book of Songs
descend
Anonymous [pre-Qin]
It's getting dark It's getting dark Why don't you go home? Why is Hu Weiwei exposed because of Wei Jun?
It's getting dark It's getting dark Why don't you go home? The bow of the micro-monarch, Hu Weiwei in the mud?
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Decline is a poem of the Qin Dynasty. It uses rhetorical devices such as rhetorical questions, argot and intertextuality. The expression of emotion turned to emotion. Re-chapter and change words, and rhyme is harmonious. There are long and short sentence patterns, strong sense of rhythm, harmonious and beautiful rhythm and extremely delicate words. Decline has also become a common image in later poetry, which has a far-reaching impact on later classical poetry.
There are only two short chapters in the poem, both of which begin with "Decline, Decline, Hu Bugui": It's dark, it's dark, why don't you go home? The poet then confessed the reason: "Because of the micro-monarch, Hu Lou is exposed in the middle"; "The bow of Weijun is in the mud." It means to work day and night in the dew and mud all year round for the monarch and to support his noble body. However, there are only two changes in the first chapter and the second chapter of the poem "Decline", but it is in this ingenious change that the originality of the author's words is reflected.
First of all, one chapter is "The Cause of Wei Jun" and the other chapter is "The Bow of Wei Jun". The first and second chapters only changed the words "reason" and "bow", but made the poem full of semantic and harmonious rhyme. Zhu interpreted the biography of poetry as: "if it were not for your thoughts"; "Bow to the Micro-King" and "Bow" are both variants of "Bow". Erya Shi Yan said: "Bow, body also." Bow and body are training each other, so "bow" is itself, that is, "Jun" and "Bow of Weijun" mean "If I have no Jun". The first chapter says "if I don't have a monarch", and the second chapter says "if I don't have a monarch". The upper and lower chapters express the same meaning but use different words to express the author's euphemistic and implicit feelings to the fullest. Secondly, the first chapter is "Hu Weiwei in the middle", and the second chapter is "Hu Weiwei in the mud". "Lu" is a foreign word of "Lu". Erya Shi Ming: "Road, dew also. What people say is also seen. " Fang Yurun's "The Book of Songs" is original: "In the mud, it is still muddy." Press: "Zhong Lu", the so-called center of gravity today, seems to be blocked by something; "In the mud" is still the so-called stuck in the mud. Therefore, "dew in the middle" and "mud in the middle" are both virtual rather than real, and the upper and lower chapters can complement each other.
At the same time, in the transformation of the author's words, the harmony of rhyme is never forgotten. The first chapter "Li" and "Lu" are used for the rhyme of yin sound "fish" and entering sound "duo"; The second chapter is about the "bow", "middle" and "invasion" rhyme of Yin sound. These two sentences not only express the author's thoughts and feelings, but also rhyme harmoniously, thus killing two birds with one stone. In just two chapters and a few words, the inhuman situation of the enslaved people and their resentment against the rulers left a deep impression on the readers.
So change the words chapter by chapter and rhyme harmoniously. It embodies the characteristics of singing three sighs and endless aftertaste. It embodies the exquisiteness, conciseness, long and short sentence patterns and strong sense of rhythm of the language in The Book of Songs. In just 32 words, the poem "Decline" contains three, four and five words, which is integrated with neatness and agility. The ups and downs can show the ups and downs of the heroine's thoughts and feelings as much as possible. The choice of sentence patterns changes flexibly with the content, thoughts and feelings of the poem, which enhances the sense of rhythm of the poem. In a word, the art of language use in Decline is not only harmonious and beautiful in rhythm, but also exquisite in writing.
In art, this poem enhances the language effect by asking questions. Judging from the whole poem, "Decline, Decline, Hu Bugui" does not ask questions with doubts, but deliberately asks questions with preconceived ideas. Suffering from the oppression of the rulers, the poet worked in the wild day and night, and his family could not come back, which was miserable. It is natural for him to pour out his grievances, but if he is outspoken, it is easy to exhaust them. Adopting this kind of questioning form, which is undoubtedly pretentious and suspicious, makes the poem look sad, but it is also eye-catching and thought-provoking. The so-called self-pity, deep and no resentment. It is precisely because of the clever use of these rhetorical devices that the poem "Decline" has an "unspeakable realm". The more you look at it repeatedly, the more you feel its significance. "