The old country is surrounded by mountains, and the tide is empty.
Huaishui (4) the old moon in the east, and the female wall (5) at midnight.
Pay attention to and release
① Stone Town: the name of the ancient city. Jinling City, originally a city of Chu, was named after Sun Quan when he was rebuilt in the Three Kingdoms. It was once the capital of Wu, Eastern Jin, Song, Qi, Liang and Chen, and was abandoned in the Tang Dynasty. Today is Nanjing.
(2) Old country: it originally refers to the past capital, and this poem refers to the stone city in the note (1), especially Jinling, the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties.
③ Surround: Surround, surround.
Huaishui refers to Qinhuai River. Qinhuai River flows into the Yangtze River along the hillside here.
⑤ Female wall: a short concave-convex wall above the city wall, or a small perforated wall, commonly known as the city wall crib.
translate
There are still undulating mountains in the east, south and west of the city, and their posture of sitting on the dragon plate has not changed; The river tide in the north still beats the roots of the city and then returns with loneliness. The voice seems to sigh, and the prosperity of the past has gone up in smoke. Rising from the east of Qinhuai River is the moon of the past. After witnessing history, in the dead of night, I climbed over the uneven wall with deep affection and watched it carefully.
Appreciation and analysis
1. Liu Yuxi's poems.
Tang Zhiyun commented that Liu Yuxi's poems, after repeated tempering, are concise and natural in language, vivid in image and rich in connotation. At first glance, there is nothing novel, but it is particularly chewy. In particular, his epic poems, with carefully selected images and the coexistence of reality and reality, express the sigh of historical vicissitudes and are deep and sad, which has always been praised. Stone Town is a typical example.
2. The writing background of Stone Town.
When Liu Yuxi wrote this poem, the Tang Dynasty empire had already declined. Ministers in the imperial court crowded out each other, and there was a "party struggle between Niu and Li", and the eunuch's authoritarian power remained the same; Locally, separatist forces in the buffer zone have risen again. Therefore, the main idea of his poem is to satirize the reality, that is, to express his lament over the decline of the national movement through the demise of the Six Dynasties, hoping that the rulers at that time could learn from the past.
3. From the perspective of reading.
The first two sentences, after the "old country" and "empty city", make a proper meal, which shows that the capitals of the emperors of the Six Dynasties have become empty cities. The words "zai" and "hui" are exactly what the poet feels and should be re-read. The last two sentences, lyrical by the moon, should be stressed on "the old moon" and "going back to the past" and should reflect the meaning of satirical reality.
4. "Stone City" wrote the same change.
The author did not directly provide us with a few pictures to highlight the historical prosperity and realistic desolation of Jinling City, the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties. Just use the words "old country" and "empty city" to give some hints to today's desolation. Focus on "unchanging scenery": mountains, tides and the moon. They are bystanders of history, and the moon among them is "the cold eye of the universe". As witnesses of "from prosperity to decline", they witnessed the cruel changes of the world.
At the beginning of the poem, the scenery around the empty city is written. In the vast and desolate atmosphere, readers can't help asking: Why did the Six Dynasties Imperial Capital suddenly become an empty city? The last two sentences are actually clever answers to this question. The reason why poets call it "the old moon" is exactly what Li Bai, a poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, said: "The ancients didn't see this month, but this month was like the ancients" (Drinking asking for the moon), which is similar to Li Bai's poem "Today there is only Xijiang Moon, and it was like a man in the Wu Palace" (Visiting the Ancient). This means that at this moment,
The moon in the sky once saw the decadent feudal rulers of the Six Dynasties playing in Qinhuai River, the luxurious life of that year and the rapid demise of these dynasties. What about tonight? You see, it has gradually moved to the female wall, but it is already empty. The whole poem is all about scenery, and every sentence is a fusion of the poet's deep sense of oppression of his hometown.
Yu Xiansheng once said in Roman Holiday: "It is said that this poem is due to nostalgia. I said that there are many ancient poems in the world, and Liu Yuxi is unique, creating an ethereal and quiet environment. Only this empty environment can make the feelings of nostalgia belong to the ground and have no boundaries. "
Click on the famous sentence.
Four classic lines, "The old country is surrounded by mountains, and the tide hits the empty city and returns to loneliness", are inexhaustible cultural resources for future generations. The six generations of luxury models all disappeared, leaving no trace. However, the surrounding green hills are still there; The endless waves on the Yangtze River are still there, waiting and licking the empty city in loneliness, and then the loneliness reluctantly recedes and surges again. Today, there is no empty city, only this relic is left. History is merciless and affectionate. Today, Liu Yuxi's poem is still strikingly engraved in the history of Stone Town and in the memory of millions of descendants of dragons.
The use of famous sentences
Celebrities recite famous sentences, and famous sentences make celebrities. Famous sayings are often an inexhaustible source of culture for future generations. Quoting predecessors' poems is another way to use allusions in ci. You can borrow the original sentence, change a word or number on the basis of the original sentence, only borrow some words, and of course you can borrow the artistic conception of some poems or the whole poem. The purpose of quotation is to deepen the artistic conception in poetry, promote people's association and find the deep meaning beyond words.
It is said that after reading Shicheng, Bai Juyi couldn't help but make a praise prediction: later generations of poets could not avoid the challenge of Liu Yuxi's poem "The tide hits the empty city and returns to the lonely". As a generation of poets, "I know that there is no complicated wording in later generations' poems." In fact, this is not a compliment. Jinling, the land of gold powder in the Six Dynasties, has always been the subject of lyric poets and poets. After the Tang Dynasty, many poets and poets chanted Jinling, using the artistic conception of Liu Yuxi's stone city. As for the poem praising Jinling, Wang Anshi's Nostalgia at Xiang Jin Mausoleum in Gui Zhi should be the first one. Zhou Bangyan, a famous poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, wrote a poem "Xihe Jinling Nostalgia", in which there is a sentence "Lonely city in stormy waves". When Sadula, a famous poet in the Yuan Dynasty, wrote the word "Jin Hongling in Manjiang Nostalgia", he also skillfully organized the image of "the tide hits the empty city and returns to the lonely" in his poem: "Listen to the night, beat the lonely city alone, and the spring tide is urgent." These are all equally wonderful.
French writer Miao Sai said: "The most beautiful poem is the most desperate poem. Some immortal chapters are pure tears. " The misfortune of his home country made Liu Yuxi I famous. As the saying goes, "the country is unfortunate, the poet is lucky, and it takes a lot of words to start."
◎ The story of a writer
A Stubborn Donkey-Liu Yuxi
An unsettled life story
Liu Yuxi (772-842 AD), a descendant of Xiongnu, was born with a unruly temper. The seventh ancestor Liu Liang moved to Luoyang with Emperor Xiaowen of Wei and had to change his surname to Han. His father, Liu Xu, moved his family eastward because of the Anshi Rebellion and settled in Jiaxing (now Zhejiang). Liu Yuxi was born in Jiaxing. The change of state affairs and family affairs is also a reason for his precocity.
At that time, Zhejiang was full of talents. When Liu Yuxi was a child, he often went to Xing Wu to accompany monks and poets. He was taught by them to close the door and his knowledge advanced by leaps and bounds. Nature also has a unique closeness to landscape Buddhism and Taoism.
But Liu Yuxi in officialdom is unlucky and a typical "high score and low energy". At that time, he and "classmate" Liu Zongyuan and others helped Wang reform his shortcomings. Only after half a year, it was strongly opposed by eunuchs and buffer regions. After his failure, he was demoted to Yuan Jun.
A poem with thorns.
Liu Yuxi was born with a stubborn donkey spirit, and he was also a very individual among the brilliant poets in the Tang Dynasty. If we can be more careful when reading his exquisite poems, we will find that even ordinary poems often have some thorns in their words. These thorns naturally make others uncomfortable; And he himself is not much cheaper. One spring evening, he passed Suzaku Bridge and Wuyi Lane, saw the bridge and lane, and saw the Woods beside the bridge and lane, which aroused the sigh of human vicissitudes and ups and downs, so he whispered:
"Rosefinch bridge weeds, Wuyi alley mouth sunset oblique. In the old society, Wang Xie Tang Qianyan flew into the homes of ordinary people. " (Wuyi Lane)
It means that the Suzaku Bridge is covered with clumps of grass and wild flowers, and the sad sunset falls obliquely at the entrance of Wuyi Lane. Swallows that once flew into the luxurious halls of Wang Dao and Xie Anjia are now warmly flying into the homes of ordinary people.
Liu Yuxi's description of the disappearance of two prominent families, Wang and Xie, hundreds of years ago is actually reminding those hot officials at that time not to get carried away prematurely: history is ruthless, so why be so arrogant! Yes, those bureaucrats who madly impeached Liu Yuxi in those days have withered like dead leaves now. But for more than a thousand years, Liu Yuxi's poems have been nourishing the aesthetic pleasure of future generations. "Suzaku Bridge" and "Wuyi Lane" are two old brands in Nanjing, which are deeply imprinted in the historical and cultural memory of China people.
Cheer up after being demoted
Liu Yuxi was initially demoted to Lianzhou (now Lianxian County, Guangdong Province), went to Jiangling, and was later demoted to Langzhou (now Changde, Hunan Province) Sima. This is where the exiled father Qu Yuan was exiled, and the souls of Liu Yuxi and Qu Yuan met here. Therefore, he was not completely immersed in the exclamation of injury; On the contrary, I am extroverted and open-minded. I am very interested in the customs that are obviously different from those in the Central Plains, and I have made a detailed study of the folk songs here, creating many catchy poems with the styles of Zhuzhi Ci.
Of course, sorrowful autumn has always been an occupational disease of poets. Autumn is coming, what kind of poems can poets sing?
"Since ancient times, autumn is sad and lonely. I say autumn is better than spring. On the clear sky and the clouds, it brings poetry to Bixiao. " ("Autumn Ci")
On the contrary, Old Master Q thinks that crisp autumn makes people open-minded, passionate and poetic. It is intended to advise true people with lofty ideals not to be pessimistic and depressed in the autumn of society; Be like a crane in the clouds, even if you are alone, you should cheer up and pursue lofty ideals.
Fall all the way, be stubborn all the way.
Maybe god opened his eyes. In December of Yuanhe 9, Liu Yuxi was recalled to Beijing together with Liu Zongyuan and other relegated ministers. This is a great good thing! We can do it again! But in March of the following year, he sang a poem that caused trouble: "The world of mortals came to see the flowers return. There are thousands of trees in Du Xuan Guanli, which were planted after Liu Lang went. " ("Yuanhe was summoned to Beijing from Langzhou for ten years, and the play was presented to Mr. Kanhua")
Today, the nouveau riche in the Qing Dynasty is as prosperous as peach blossoms, but only after Liu Lang was driven out of Chang 'an did I have a chance to get up slowly.
The result angered the nouveau riche and was demoted 14 years. Life can last for decades! Who can afford it! Finally, one day (when he was 57 years old), he returned to Chang 'an, and his memory was still not long. The old man talked about juvenile madness:
"A hundred acres of court and a half moss, peach blossoms are all open. Where does Taoism return? Liu Lang came again today. " (Revisiting Du Xuanguan)
As if to say, wasn't it once as brilliant as a blooming peach blossom? Why are they all silent now? However, I, Liu Lang who was driven away by you, can come back here today. Show indomitable will after repeated blows.
Not only that, he also declared in the preface that "I will swim in the future." That is to say, if I am found guilty, I will still come to Liu Mouren in the future to see what this view of Du Xuan will look like. It is really "falling to the ground and dying", and it is really heroic to use "Ma Si to change grass and punch" (Liu Yuxi's "The First Smell of Autumn Wind").
According to unofficial history's records, people think that he is stingy and unreasonable because his stubborn donkey has great strength and is not afraid of making trouble again and again. This kind of evaluation is not quite "unkind"! On the other hand, whether it is an official or a person, isn't it a good thing to be so stubborn? Why are you so kind that you get hit in the left face and then stick your right face over?
Philosophy and Zen
This is probably due to his study of philosophy and deep belief in Zen, so he can dissolve the sadness and hatred in life into a feeling with historical concentration through philosophical reflection, jump out of the limited time and space, and achieve psychological balance at a higher level:
"Bashan Shu water desolate, abandoned for 23 years. People come back. Like people in Michelle, I can only play the flute, and I am disappointed. On one side of the boat, Qian Fan races; At the head of the sick tree, every year is a spring shower. Listening to you sing a song today depends on the spirit of a glass of wine. " ("Yangzhou will enjoy Lotte for the first time")
In such a desolate area as Bashan and Shushui, it was abandoned for 23 years. When I came back, it seemed to be an antique like an unearthed cultural relic. Many of my old friends have passed away. However, he can concentrate his sadness in these two poems: "Qian Fan passed by the shipwreck, and Wan Muchun was in front of the sick tree". Although he also compares himself to a "sunken ship" and a "sick tree", he feels sad inside, but taking care of this sadness in the context of the passage of time can turn it into a thorough philosophical understanding. He is always full of confidence in the future and firmly believes that "Wan Muchun is ahead of the sick tree". We listened to him "sing a song" with the spirit of short poems and long poems.
He just can't change his stubborn temper all his life. He has a strong desire for self-expression and loves to express himself. It is said that when he climbed the tower with Bai Juyi in his later years, he also proudly sang loudly:
"It is not difficult to carry each other step by step, and the nine-story cloud leans against the railing. Suddenly laughed for a long time, and unlimited tourists looked up. " ("Climbing the Lingsi Tower with Lotte")
You see, it's really not easy for people his age to join hands step by step for a long time. But he thinks this is not enough. Am I not tired? Standing at the top of the tower, laughing loudly and having fun. Don't say that "unlimited tourists looked up" at that time. Even today, no one dares to "lift his eyes" and look up at him!
Stubborn and affectionate.
Of course, Liu Yuxi is not a stubborn piece of wood, but also a stubborn sentient being. Look at his most popular poem:
"Willow green Jiang Shuiping, Wen Lang Jiang Buge. Sunrise in the east and rain in the west, the road is sunny but sunny. " ("Zhuzhici")
Natural landscapes can support people, and life outside has given birth to his excellent poems. Sunrise in the East. Isn't that "sunny"? It's raining in the west. Does this mean that the weather is obviously "sunny"? This phenomenon exists in nature; But look carefully and think carefully. Sunshine and affection. Taking this as a pun, saying "Tao is sunny and sunny" is like saying "Tao is ruthless and affectionate", which makes this poem particularly subtle and affectionate. Even in today's Tomb-Sweeping Day, people who are seeking marriage are still singing deeply.