There are many controversies about the poem Li Sao, such as the meaning of Li Sao, the people and things involved in the work, and the time of creation. This paper focuses on the creation time.
Scholars in ancient and modern times have three main opinions about the creation time of Li Sao:
1, written in Chu Huaiwang. This theory originated from Sima Qian. He is in the historical records? In Biography of Qu Yuan, it is described that the doctor Shangguan grabbed the manuscript and made Qu Yuan sparse, saying, "Wang was angry and neglected Qu Ping. King Chu Ping refused to listen to his illness, flattering and covering up the Ming Dynasty. Elegant music is harmful to the public, which is not allowed in Fang Zhengzhi. So he wrote Li Sao with sadness and meditation. " It shows that Li Sao was written when he was pregnant with the king, and it was also the work of Qu Yuan after his exile. However, Sima Qian said in the Letter of Appointment: "Qu Yuan's exile is a tribute to Li Sao." In Historical Records, Sima Qian said that he wrote it when he was "exiled". Here, he said that he wrote it when he was "exiled", which involves the meaning of "exile" and "exile". Most scholars of Chu Ci believe that "sparseness" means that Qu Yuan was initially trusted by Chu Huaiwang, but after being slandered by Doctor Shangguan and others, he lost trust and became estranged. "Exile" means that Qu Yuan was expelled from the imperial court by the King of Chu and exiled to other countries, such as Tang and Chu Binjie. There are two explanations for Sima Qian's statement: First, the Letter of Appointment said that "Qu Yuan was exiled in Lisao", which was not owned by Sima Qian in the original text, but was rushed in by later generations during sorting, so it was inconsistent. Lin Geng's research on Qu Yuan and his works (1) is the main theme of this paper. Secondly, it is considered that the "exile" mentioned in the Letter to Ren is not a real "exile", and the New Exploration of Qu Fu in Tang Dynasty (II) explains this: "Shi Qian has different words in biographical prose and lyric prose. ..... Qu Yuan's exile is a phrase "Li Sao", which means that Shi Qian expressed his feelings with a pen of summary, not with a pen of narration. And relatively writing, being' sparse' is different from letting go; If we summarize this matter, then' release' can be two' sparseness'. "Tang Bing Zheng means that Sima Qian summed up Qu Yuan's deeds in a lyrical style, rather than describing Qu Yuan's exile for the sake of biography. Exile here is similar to, including, and it is a special application of a special style, not the original intention of exile. Wang Yi's Songs of the South? The preface of Lisao Jing says: "Wang Naishu Qu Yuan was slandered for his loyalty, worried and uneasy, and did not listen to the accusation, so he wrote Lisao Jing. "The' king' here refers to Wang Huai, referring to Li Sao written by Qu Yuan after he was exiled in Huai Dynasty. Ban Gu also believes that Li Sao was written during the Huai Dynasty when Qu Yuan was neglected. His Preface to Li Sao said: "Qu Yuan was pregnant with the monarch at the beginning, and he was very trusting. Officials and doctors in the same column were jealous of his ability, and he was ignored by the king and Zhong Wang. Qu Yuan wrote Li Sao because of his faith, doubt and worry. "However, among the scholars who believe that Li Sao was written during Chu Huaiwang's reign, others think that Qu Yuan was written when he was exiled by Chu Huaiwang. Liu Xiang "New Order"? Jie Shi said: "Qu Yuan, whose real name is Ping, is a doctor with the same surname as Chu. He has extensive knowledge and was used by Wang Huai in his cleaning trip. Qin wants to rule the world for the princes. Qu Yuan sent Chu Dong to Qi State to strengthen the Party. Qin suffered greatly, so that Chu and the goods went to the Shangguan doctor, Jin Shang, your son Yin and Sima Zi Jiao, and bribed his wife and Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan's exile is Li Sao. " Liu Xiang thinks that Chu Huaiwang listened to the slanderers of Shangguan Doctor and Zheng Xiu and exiled Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was exiled and wrote Li Sao. So far, it can be seen from the above that there are two opinions when Li Sao was written in Huai, that is, Qu Yuan was exiled when he was written in Huai and put in Huai.
When I was a king. Most ancient scholars believe that Li Sao was written in the period of Chu Huaiwang. Scholars in modern times have also inherited this theory and created new classics for textual research, but most of them think that it was written during the reign of King Qingxiang, when King Qingxiang exiled Qu Yuan. You Guoen's Qu Yuan (III) said: "In the past, many people thought that Li Sao was written when he was pregnant with the king, because history books described that Qu Yuan wrote Li Sao after seeing Shu, but in fact Li Sao was written when Qu Yuan was released to the south of the Yangtze River in the Qing Dynasty." He thinks that "I can't live without my husband" in Li Sao is the post-exile tone, "Jiyuan, Xiangnan, Zheng and Zhonghua" refers to Jiangnan, and "Old Age" refers to old age. You Guoen's search for internal evidence from Li Sao. Guo Moruo's Study on Qu Yuan (IV) said: "Li Sao was the real exile of Qu Yuan when he was king. It is the late work of Qu Yuan and his most mature work. " Chen Zizhan's Direct Interpretation of Songs of the South (V) agrees with this statement, arguing that Li Sao was written in the seventh year of King Xiang of Qing Dynasty. Wen's modern translation of Qu Sao (6) said: "This work was probably written by the poet when he was exiled to Jiangnan (about 290 BC)." Tan Xin's new Qu Fu (VII) said: "He wrote Li Sao in the eleventh or second year of the king."
3. Written from the last years of Chu Huaiwang to the early years of King Xiang. This theory is based on the analysis of the background of Qu Yuan's time and the content of Li Sao. Some scholars believe that by the end of the year, the United front was completely broken, and Chu was in a helpless situation, but it could not return to Qin. King Xiang of Qin, who just succeeded to the throne, fell in love with the reactionary aristocrats and recognized the thief as his father, which caused Chu to lose his teacher and land under the artillery fire of Qin State for years. At this time, Qu Yuan was in a hurry and pretended to be dissolute. For example, "Li Sao" "Only party member steals music, and the road is dangerous." Poems such as "I am afraid of the downfall of the imperial court" and "I take a long breath to hide my tears and lament the hardships of the people" are just strong accusations against the dark forces and loud cries for saving the country and the people. Zhang Laifang's exploration of Li Sao (8) is the key point. Zhang Laifang also inferred from Li Sao's poems, such as "complaining about mighty practice, but not observing the hearts of the husband and the people" and "far away in the boudoir, the philosopher is not jealous": "Li Sao was written when Qu Yuan was pregnant with the king and did not return to Qin, but Xiang Wang was still unconscious, and the fate of the country was at a critical juncture." Wei Ji Jie Li Sao said in Volume 9: "I suspect that Li Sao was originally written, but I don't know when Wang denounced it." Guo Weisen's Qu Yuan (10) said: "Li Sao was written in the 24th year of Chu Huaiwang to the 3rd year of Xiang Wang for about 89 years". Jiang Liangfu's Annotation on Qu Yuan's Fu School (1 1) said: "Li Sao's work was written in the sixteenth year of Qin Dynasty, after the establishment of the Fourth Movement." Liu Yongji's A Mirror of Qu Fu (12) said: "Li Sao's works should not be earlier than the 28th year of Wang Huai, nor later than the first year of Xiangqing. After repeated persuasion, I issued an order. " Zhan Antai's "Li Sao Jian Shu" (13) said: "I think it is a work that will never return to Qin." Zhang Laifang and Zhan Antai said the same thing.
In addition to the above three theories, some scholars believe that Li Sao is Qu Yuan's early works, mature works and later works. Lin Geng's research on the poet Qu Yuan and his works shows that Li Sao was the work of Qu Yuan when he was pregnant with the king at the age of 23. Dai Zhijun's Ten Comments on Reading Sao? Li Sao was written in Chu Huaiwang's later years (14). It is believed that Li Sao was the work of Qu Yuan when he was about forty years old and pregnant with the king. Jiang Tianshu's Notes on Chu Ci (15) holds that Li Sao was the work of Qu Yuan when he was king at the age of 7/kloc-0 or 2. These statements are inferred from the records of ancient books such as Historical Records and the analysis of poems in Qu Yuan's works.
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Qu Yuan's Li Sao should have been written during Chu Huaiwang's exile. In Lisao, "the boudoir is far from home, and philosophers don't love it", and "boudoir" is a metaphor for "party people" such as Zheng Xiu. "Zhe Wang" refers to Chu Huaiwang; "Shameless" means that King Huai has a crush on Zheng Xiu and others who are jealous of workers. There is no connection with the content of Xiang Wang in the poem. What's the difference in the poem? I will die far away from self-alienation, and "self-alienation" is alienation. This poem reveals the reason why Qu Yuan is sparse. " I am not satisfied with the beauty of politics, so I live in Peng Xianjia. At this time, I am poor and would rather die in exile. It shows Qu Yuan's despair of Huaichao. The collapse and poverty of "American politics" aggravated the poet's resentment. Judging from the overall content of Li Sao, most of them are "resentful and lyrical", which is inseparable from the difficult situation of Qu Yuan after he was exiled by Wang Huai and the ignorance of the court, which fully shows Qu Yuan's depressed, lonely, indignant mood and even strong disappointment. Therefore, when Liu Xiang was exiled in Huai Dynasty, he believed that Li Sao was credible.