Du Fu
The wind is strong and the sky is high, the apes are screaming in mourning, and the white birds are flying back from the clear sand in Zhugistan.
The endless falling trees rustle and the endless Yangtze River rolls by.
Wanli is always a guest in the sad autumn, but he has been sick for hundreds of years and only appears on the stage.
Difficulty hates the frost on the temples, and the new wine glass becomes muddy.
In the autumn of the second year of Emperor Dali of the Tang Dynasty (767), the fifty-five-year-old Du Fu lived in Kuizhou. He suffered from poverty and illness, resulting in deafness, blindness, hair and teeth. When he "drank wine alone on the Double Ninth Festival, When he became ill and ascended the river to the stage, the turmoil of the current situation, political gloom, personal misfortune, and countless sorrows gathered in his heart, so he wrote this eternal song.
The whole poem depicts the late autumn scene by the river through what it hears and sees while climbing high, and expresses the feeling of poverty and illness, and a difficult life experience.
The first four sentences of the poem actually describe the autumn scenery, which serves as a lyrical foil for the last four sentences. The first couplet is written in detail, closely following the specific environment of Kuizhou, and carefully captures six representative groups of scenery, each with an object in the shape of a word, forming a perfect artistic conception: climbing high in autumn, the wind at the mouth of the gorge is originally Big, for the old and sick poet, it feels more miserable, so the word "ji" is used; the crisp air in autumn makes the sky look particularly far away, so the word "high" is used; Kuizhou has always been famous for its many apes, and the Qiu Mountains In the empty valley, the sound of apes whistling, the mourning lasts for a long time, so the word "sorrow" is used. The clear river water surrounding the clearly visible islet is called "clear"; the clean sandy beach is called "white"; the water birds flying and circling against the background of thousands of miles of blue and dust-free river sky are called "hui" , "flying back" implicitly echoes the "wind is urgent" in the previous sentence. It's so easy to hear and see, as if you are actually there. This couplet not only contrasts the upper and lower sentences, but also the sentences themselves, which are rigorous and neat. The reading has a clear rhythm and rich sense of rhythm, and closely matches the scenery with the emotions at that time.
The brushwork of the chin couplet suddenly changed, from the layer-by-layer rendering of the first couplet to a seamless one, with ink falling everywhere. Due to the strong wind at the mouth of the gorge, leaves fell from the mountains and forests, and the sound of "Xiao Xiao" filled my ears. The overlapping word "Xiao Xiao" was paired with the double-sounding word "下" to highlight the sound and color of the mountains covered with fallen leaves. Because the mouth of the gorge was dangerous and narrow, The river is turbulent and has a "rolling" momentum everywhere. The rustling and falling trees have evoked the image of "sad autumn" below; the rolling Yangtze River naturally also evokes the emotion of "hundred years" of life below. And "boundless" and "endless" make the limited mountains, forests and rivers in front of us expand, filling time and space with the autumn spirit. This melancholy sentence reveals the poet's lament that time is fleeting and he has no way to serve the country. It also reflects the poet's mentality of wandering around for many years, being old, sick and lonely.
The last two couplets express the feeling of climbing high. In terms of brushwork, the neck couplet has changed from a seamless one to a multi-layered dapple. Luo Da Jing said that "the fourteen characters contain eight meanings" ("Helin Jade Dew"), one of which is being a "guest" in a foreign land and staying under someone else's fence; the other is being tied to a boat "thousands of miles away" and having a remote hometown; "sadness" "Autumn is the spirit", the season is desolate, this is the third; "it is always like this all year round, and I don't know the end, this is the fourth." The above is the sentence "Wanli". "A hundred years" means a lifetime, a life of poverty and twilight, this is one; being weak and "sick" and suffering from lingering illnesses, this is the second; Chongjiu "goes on stage", "thinking about relatives more during every festive season", this is the second one; The third one is "alone" in front of him. "Where are my brothers and sisters?" The fourth one is "a hundred years" sentence. The eight layers of meaning effectively convey the poet's sorrow and loneliness. Among them, "constant" and "alone" are the finishing touches. It is unbearable to be a guest in the sad autumn from thousands of miles away, let alone "constant"! Having been sick for a hundred years on stage, even if the house is full of relatives, friends and descendants, it is enough to sigh, let alone "alone" !The whole series is progressive, concise and comprehensive, and full of interest.
The last couplet is written straight. The four words "hardship, bitterness, and hatred" convey a heavy sense of sadness with their thick and thick sound. The "difficulty" the poet refers to means "the two phases of war and decline", which include both the difficulty of the current situation and the difficulty of personal life. "Wine should be the source of a generous heart." In such a difficult situation, one could have used wine to drown his sorrows, but he contracted a lung disease and had to stop drinking temporarily, which added to the sorrow that was difficult to relieve.
Rhymed poetry is the product of parallelism, and strictness is one of its characteristics. The four couplets of this poem are all in opposition. The first and last couplets seem to have no opposition, and the two couplets of the chin and neck seem to have no intention of being in opposition. If it is too neat and tidy, it is easy to fall into dullness and monotony, but this poem is full of excitement and vivid charm. Finally, it ends with bitter words, and infinitely sad opinions are written between the lines.
Du "The wind is strong and the sky is high" has fifty-six words in one chapter. It is like a coral on the seabed, thin and strong, unfathomable, yet brilliant and powerful. The syntax, syntax, and calligraphy of the first chapter have been mastered by no one before and by no one since. ...However, this poem should be regarded as the first in the seven-character rhythm in ancient and modern times, and it does not need to be the first in the seven-character rhythm in human beings. If "the wind is strong and the sky is high", then every sentence in an article is in rhythm, and every word in a sentence is in rhythm, but the meaning is consistent and coherent. If you read it at once, there is nothing right at the beginning and end, and if there is no right thing in the chest and abdomen, if you interpret it carefully, you will find that the two pieces of money are exactly the same, and the momentum of building a bridge is like hundreds of rivers pouring into the cave at the end. As for the use of sentences and words, people in ancient and modern times would not dare to know it, and they would never be able to know it. It is truly a masterpiece of the times... The conclusion of this chapter seems to be weak. The first six sentences are extremely soaring and shocking, and the repetition is sharp and fast. It may not be suitable for relaxation, or it may shift into a different tone, but it will make the whole poem more complete. tired. It was so soft and cold, but the meaning of infinite sadness overflowed beyond the words, which seemed not to be inappropriate.
(Volume 5 of Hu Yinglin's "Shi Sou")
This is the general feeling of stopping to drink alone. What you see in your eyes and what you touch in your mind are all clear and every word is resounding. Hu Yinglin said that the Seven-Character Rhythm is the best in ancient and modern times. (Volume 4 of Pu Qilong's "Reading Du Xinjie")
Zha Shenxing: The seven rhymes and eight sentences are all correct and were created by Lao Du. The first four sentences describe the scene with such boldness. He Yimen: Thousands of threads, no beginning and no tail, leaving people nowhere to grasp. How can such poems be learned? Ji Yun: This is a famous article, there is no point in repeating it. Guiyu said that "the meaning of the words in the falling sentences is exhausted", which is what he said. Xu Yinfang: The seven-character rhyme and eight sentences are all correct, and the first sentence still uses rhyme. People in the early Tang Dynasty had already created this pattern, and Lao Du began to have a precise ear. This poem has been praised and criticized by predecessors, and Hu Yuanrui was particularly fond of it, which is an exaggeration. However, it can also be seen that this poem is flawless. As for Shen Guiyu's comments, this poem is reviewed based on the selected collection of "Bie Cao Collection": "It is unique and varied. Each sentence has three levels. The best four sentences are 'boundless', 'endless'", "ten thousand miles" ,'century'. Or it can be said that the first two characters of both couplets can be cut off. Try to think of "the falling trees are rustling down, the Yangtze River is rolling in", what kind of sentence is it?" Guiyu's words stop here. Xiaolan calls the derogatory sentence "the meaning of the words is exhausted," What book is quoted from but has not yet been reviewed? (In the Review of Ying Kui Lü Sui)
The poem "Deng Gao"... is a person who makes mistakes without being stupid. Three or four "Boundless falling trees". "The second sentence has a sense of sparseness; the fifth and sixth sentences, "A Thousand Miles of Sad Autumn", have a sense of pause and frustration. The beauty of the first sentence lies in the rhyme. If it rhymes, the sound will be long, but if it does not rhyme, it will be dull.
(Shi Buhua's "Xian Maid's Poems")