"What do you want when you are lucky?" What can you do when you are born in this era?
"Dare not turn over and meet each other": writing about white terror running rampant and persecuting democratic progressives crazily.
What do you want when you send the canopy? You dare not turn over, you have already met.
A broken hat covers the downtown, and a leaky boat carries wine.
Looking at a thousand fingers coldly, I bowed my head and made a willing cow.
Hiding in a small building is unified, regardless of winter in Xia Chunqiu.
This poem embodies the author's great spirit of capitalism, indomitable fighting perseverance and clear class feelings of love and hate, and is the most praised one of Lu Xun's old poems.
(1) Lu Xun's Diary193210 June 12: "In the afternoon, there was a banner for Liu Yazi's book, which said,' What do you want for a canopy? ... Duff had a full meal, idle people ate oil, stole half a couplet, and invited all sorrows and joys.' " 10 5, Yu Dafu was in Jufeng. (The preface to "Three Idle Collections" says: "I will print the materials collected when compiling" A Brief History of Chinese Novels "into old story notes to preserve the checking power of the youth, while Cheng refers to idleness in the name of the proletariat, and there are still three idle collections ...", so I named the prose collection "Three Idle Collections". There are three versions: First, Comrade Guo Moruo thinks that borrowing Qian Ji's poem "Be willing to be a cow and a horse when you are full" is not a half-couplet, but a half-sentence, see Note 4. Secondly, he borrowed the poem "Old Hat Covers the Downtown" written by Yao Wan, a poet from Nanshe. Third, it was provided by Comrade Xiong Rong. On the day of Lu Xun's dinner, Yu Dafu joked, "You have been here these days. Lu Xun answered him with a pair of "cross-browed" couplets he thought of the day before. Duff joked, "It seems that your Gai Hua Yun is still a Chinese character?" Lu Xun said, "Hey, I got you another half couplet, and I can write a poem. "The so-called stealing half a couplet refers to the first sentence (another interpretation, People's Daily1February 22, 962). Second, this poem can't be found in Nanshe Poetry Collection; The three statements are consistent. In the poems in the diary, the word "broken" is "old" and the word "leakage" is "broken". Later, when Lu Xun wrote a fan for Yong Cheng, he also wrote "Look" with this poem.
(2) Gai Hua: Lu Xun's "Gai Hua Ji Ming": "I have never learned fortune telling in my life, but I heard old people say that people sometimes have to pay Gai Hua Yun ... This kind of luck is good for monks: when there is Gai Hua, it is a sign of becoming a Buddha and an ancestor. But amateurs can't If Gai Hua is on it, it will be covered, so we have to hit a nail. " In the field of Zhuolu, there are often five-color clouds, golden branches and jade leaves, which stop at the emperor and have the image of flowers, so it is also a canopy. "This refers to the canopy made by the Yellow Emperor in imitation of clouds.
(3) Missing sentence: Woods Bingzhi; "It's like sitting on a leaky boat." Bi Zhuo said in Biography of the Book of Jin Bi Zhuo: "You should fill hundreds of welcome boats with wine, and you can spend your life on a floating wine boat."
④ Ganniu: Comrade Guo Moruo mentioned in the book "The Qualitative Change of Ganniu" that a famous column quoted in Volume 1 of Hong's "Bei Jiang Shi Hua" said: "Full of wine, full of butterflies, full of food is Ganniu." It is pointed out that "but this allusion, once in the hands of Lu Xun, was completely changed. Here, it is truly decadent and magical. " (5000.0000 1000006) "Qi Jinggong loves his children, pretending to be a cow with a rope in his mouth and letting them ride. The child fell and lost his tooth.
⑤ Unification: That is to say, I hide in a small building and have a unified world.
No matter what the weather changes in Xia Chunqiu in winter, Lu Xun is often oppressed by white terror, so it is compared to making friends with China.
Compared to "dare not turn over, dare not meet." In order to avoid the pursuit and persecution of reactionaries, I covered my face with a broken hat when I was downtown. In this way, the situation is still very dangerous, like a leaking ship carrying wine floating in the current, and it will sink if it is not careful. In such a dangerous environment, Lu Xun adopted a firm and uncompromising fighting attitude. Chairman Mao's Speech at Yan 'an Forum on Literature and Art said: "Lu Xun's two words' bow your head and be a willing ox' should be our motto. The' thousand-handed man' here refers to the enemy, and we will never give in to any vicious enemy. The "volunteers" here refer to the proletariat and the masses. All revolutionaries and revolutionary literary and art workers born in party member should follow the example of Lu Xun and strive to be "cows" of the proletariat and the masses. Die first and then die. " Chairman Mao spoke highly of this spirit. Lu Xun was persecuted by reactionaries and often escaped, so it is realistic to "hide in a small building", but it is not limited to realism. At that time, the reactionaries lost a large area of land in the northeast, and the national government avoided the enemy in the June 28 incident.
He threatened to move the capital to Luoyang and didn't move back to Nanjing until June 5438+February this year. The author didn't move back when he wrote this poem. Ironically, he only knows how to avoid it, no matter how endangered the motherland is.
In this poem, "cross-browed coldly" has become a famous saying, and "cross-browed coldly" and "bow down as a willing ox" vividly describe two completely different attitudes of revolutionary soldiers towards the enemy and the people. These two sentences are not only meaningful, but also vivid. Comrade Guo Moruo praised this connection in the preface to Lu Xun's Poems: "Although there are only fourteen words, the life and death of the opposing party are clearly marked with love and hate; The spirit of unity and struggle is fully demonstrated. This is really unprecedented, and later. " The origin of "a thousand fingers" comes from Jiachuan, Wang Han: "There is a proverb that says,' a thousand fingers never die of illness'." The "thousand people" here refers to the masses. But Lu Xun said in 65433. Die without illness. You were born in this life, but you don't know what will happen in the future. "Lu Xun gave a new meaning here. This "thousand-handed man" refers to all kinds of enemies, not the masses. This is the same as "Little Amy" in the untitled A Clean Stream of Huxiang Spirit. "Little Amy" refers to many enemies, just like "Thousand Hands Man"
There are still some differences in the interpretation of self-mockery, which can be discussed.
Interpretation of the title of "Self-mockery": First, it says: "As for the word" self-mockery "written by Lu Xun, it is just a melody. In fact, Mr. Lu Xun does not need to laugh at himself. " Since there is no need to laugh at yourself, why "laugh at yourself"? Does it mean that there is no "self-mockery" when you say "Qubi"? This problem is not clear. Secondly, it said, "This poem is called self-mockery, but it is actually a mockery of the enemy." It was a mockery of the enemy, not a self-mockery. If you really don't laugh at yourself, why write "laugh at yourself"? 3. "Self-mockery is self-mockery. What did Lu Xun laugh at himself? Laughing at one's own experience and one's own situation means laughing at the persecution of the enemy. " "It's self-mockery, and the object of every poem is always yourself." Are you laughing at yourself and mocking the enemy? Every poem is a mockery of itself. Is "coldly looking at a thousand fingers" also a mockery of yourself?
How do you explain "self-mockery"? The topic of "self-mockery" has its origin. There is a theory in Selected Works, including Dong Fangshuo's Difficult to Answer Guests, Yang Xiong's All Tides and Ban Gu's Answering Guests. These three topics all have paragraphs and scenes. The first one is that it is difficult to answer customers, and it is Jie Chao. These three articles are all explaining the ridicule of the guests, not ". Dong Fangshuo assumes that a guest is mocking himself, but it's not true that a guest is mocking himself, or that he is mocking himself, and then he will answer himself. Yang Xiong's Xie Chao, Ban Gu's answering drama, and Han Yu's academic solution are all the same. They all assume that a person taunts himself, in fact, mocking himself, and then answer by himself. Explain that the self-deprecating guest is assumed by the author, that is, the author's self-mockery. This kind of article is divided into two parts, one is self-mockery and the other is solution. Actually, it's self-mockery, but in form, it's a guest self-mockery.
Lu Xun's "Self-mockery" evolved from this kind of "self-mockery" articles. It is called "self-mockery", not its formal self-explanation. In the past, "self-mockery" was actually divided into two parts, and so was Lu Xun's "self-mockery". In the past, people thought that guests would ask themselves questions. Previous articles about "ridicule" have their own opinions, such as "bad lips and bad teeth" written by Dongfang Shuo, "official promotion and demotion" written by Yang Xiong, "body balance door" written by Ban Gu, "remembering the past is easy to blame" written by Han Yu, and "it is useless to fight for death with teeth all over your head". Writing your own description is the same as writing your own description. This is the self-deprecating part.
In the past, the part of "giving laughter" often occupied its own position, such as Dong Fangshuo's "Harmony, Loyalty to the Son", Yang Xiong's "Today's Son Laughs at the Phoenix with a Owl", Ban Gu's "Harmonious Wall" and "Millennium Time". Lu Xun also had it. Nature is far ahead of the predecessors. Therefore, there is a self-deprecating part of self-mockery, unlike the explanation quoted above, which thinks that "self-mockery" is a lyric and a mockery of the enemy. How can it be lyrics to say that you have made a fortune and can't turn over your body and cover your face with a broken hat? Isn't the delivery of China cover the delivery of China cover? How can you mock the enemy when you say you are lucky? Self-mockery has a part of self-explanation, not every sentence is self-mockery.
Of course, Lu Xun's "self-mockery" is very different from the predecessors' "self-mockery" in form and content. The predecessors used the ridicule of guests to explain themselves, while Lu Xun only called it "self-mockery", with different propositions. The predecessors used guest teasing to express their grievances and self-explanation to occupy their own identity, mainly because they laughed at themselves and dared not touch the feudal rulers and beautified them. Lu Xun's "self-mockery" just shows the development of Lu Xun's creation, just as Lu Xun's "I am lovelorn" has been inherited and developed. Pointing this out will help us understand the topic of self-mockery and make it more in line with the reality of poetry.
Secondly, the last couplet shows that "hiding in a small building is unified, giving consideration to Xia Chunqiu in winter". One is to say that "the last two sentences satirize people who only care about their own comfort and don't ask politics." Second, the Kuomintang reactionaries moved their capital to Luoyang during the December 28th Incident in 1932, and did not move back to Nanjing until June 12. When the author wrote this poem, he had not moved back. Thirdly, Hiding in the Small Building once again expresses Lu Xun's "positional warfare" thought. The "small building" is the fortifications of the bunker and the trenches at the front. Hiding in the small building, taking the opportunity to attack, is to better preserve themselves, attack the enemy and destroy the enemy. "Fourth," being unified "means being unified by oneself and confronting the Chiang family dynasty.
Let's take a look at the "jokes" written by the predecessors in the second half. Dong Fangshuo said, "When you don't need it, you don't have an apprentice, but you live alone"; What Yang Xiong said is "a house that is lonely and defends morality"; Ban Gu said, "Be careful what you want to do, have self-control, and don't satirize others. It is inappropriate to satirize people who don't ask politics. Irony is mainly about the enemy, but people who don't ask politics are educational issues, not satirizing them. Lu Xun's "hiding in a small building" is the same as his predecessors' "living a lonely life alone", content with loneliness and formal.
How to fight "hiding in a small building"? Is it a trench war with a small building as the trench? We only know that when the enemy invaded the city as a street fight, they hid in the small building and attacked the enemy under the cover of the small building. Lu Xun opposed cultural "encirclement and suppression". How can he regard this small building as a trench? To oppose cultural "encirclement and suppression", we must take newspapers and periodicals as the fighting position to attack the enemy. If you leave the fighting position of newspapers and periodicals, how can you attack the enemy even if you hide in a small building? Lu Xun's battle is to confuse the enemy with all kinds of pseudonyms when he writes his battle essays, and to blind the enemy's eyes with all kinds of clever artistic techniques when he writes his battle essays, so as to cover himself and attack the enemy, instead of "hiding in a small building" to save himself and attack the enemy. Third, I'm afraid it's not realistic. Fourth, I think "hiding in a small building" means holding your ground. "Being unified" is linked to the whole proletarian revolutionary struggle. But the original sentence says "hiding in a small building" has become unity, that is, hiding in a small building has become unity, not taking the small building as a stronghold, and connecting with the revolutionary base areas has become unity. Just because hiding in a small building has become unified, it corresponds to "caring about winter Xia Chunqiu". No matter what the external political climate! Which means it doesn't matter. If the small building is based on the whole proletarian revolutionary struggle, we must pay close attention to the political climate outside. How can you ignore it? So the four theories can't help asking too many questions.
So what exactly do these two sentences mean? Under the persecution of reactionaries, Lu Xun often fled, so hiding in a small building became my unified country, no matter what changes in the political climate outside him. This is "self-mockery", but it is not limited to self-mockery. It is also a satire that Kuomintang reactionaries only know how to escape, no matter how endangered the motherland is. These two sentences are not only "self-mockery", but also a blow to violently attack the enemy and stab him in the heart.