Poems from Water Margin:
1. Song Jiang's "Xunyang River Lingyun Zhi"
My heart is in Shandong and I am in Wu, The floating rivers and seas are full of sighs.
He was so ambitious that he dared to laugh at Huang Chao for not being her husband.
2. Huang Chao's "Chrysanthemum Terrace"
When autumn comes on September 8th, I will kill all the flowers after they bloom.
The towering incense array penetrates Chang'an, and the city is covered with golden armor.
3. "Unraveling the Lianlian"
It was night over the Chu River, and I was so far away from the crowd that I suddenly dispersed.
When I want to go down to the cold pond, the sand is pure and the grass is dry, and the horizon is far away.
I can’t write it into a book, I can only send it to you and miss me a little bit.
The material is wrong, the remnants of felt are covered with snow, and the eyes of old people are old.
Who pities the sorrowful journey? The long door is quiet at night, and the brocade zither is played resentfully.
Thinking of my partner, I still stay in the reed flowers, and I also thought about spring before leaving Cheng Yingzhuan.
Mu Yu calls each other, fearing that he will suddenly meet again in Yuguan. Without being ashamed of him, the two swallows returned and the painted curtain was half rolled up.
4. A poem by Lu Dongbin, a shepherd boy
The grass spreads across the field for six or seven miles, and the flute plays three or four sounds in the evening breeze.
When I return home and have a full meal at dusk, I lie down under the bright moon without taking off my clothes.
5. A rhymed poem: It paved the way for Lin Chong to kill Lu Yuhou and go to Liangshan:
Only left the lonely Shentang Road, and guarded the depressed forage field.
Li Er and his wife love their guests, and they are quite fond of serving tea and wine.
Hidden in secret and plotted to harm the hero, the first-line Heavenly Cult communicated the information.
Killing the loving sage Li Er, secretly protecting him has miraculous achievements.
Extended information:
Creative background
Creative basis
During the Southern Song Dynasty, the story of Liangshan heroes was widely circulated. The painter and writer Gong Kai at that time wrote "Praise and Preface to the 36 Song Jiang People": The stories of Song Jiang and other 36 people have spread all over the streets; the painter also wrote pictures and shadows for them.
The earliest blueprint of "Water Margin" is the Song Dynasty's "The Legacy of Xuanhe". It focuses on describing Yang Zhi's selling of knives, Chao Gai and others ganging up to rob the birthday card, and Song Jiang's killing of Yan Poxi. It also describes Lin Chong, Li Kui, Wu Song, Lu Zhishen and other major figures are also described.
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, there were many scripts based on Water Margin stories. In Yuan dramas, the number of Liangshan heroes has grown from 36 to 108.
Shi Naian organized and processed the stories and characters about Water Margin, and faithfully accepted the people's views in the process of creating "Water Margin". This is the reason why "Water Margin" achieved great success. Base.
The novel is based on:
The book "Water Margin" is based on the story of the Songjiang Uprising in the late Northern Song Dynasty. According to "Dongdu Shilue Hou Meng Zhuan": "Jiang led thirty-six men to rampage in Heshuo, and there were tens of thousands of officers and soldiers in the east of Jingdong who dared not resist." Pirates of Song Jiang and others invaded the Huaiyang army, and sent generals to arrest them. They also invaded Jingdong and Hebei, and entered the border of Chu and Haizhou. They ordered Zhang Shu, the prefect, to surrender at night. ""History of the Song Dynasty* Biography of Zhang Shuye": "Song Jiang started in Heshuo. , transferred to ten counties, no officers and soldiers dared to attack the front, and the uncle's night envoys targeted the enemy, and the thieves headed towards the sea, robbed more than ten large boats, and captured them.
So he recruited a thousand dead soldiers, set up an ambush near the city, and sent out light troops to lure the battle away from the sea. He first hid the strong soldiers by the sea, waited for the soldiers to join up, and set fire to their boats. After hearing this, the thieves had no fighting spirit. His deputy thief, Jiang Naijiang." In addition, there are similar records in Li Wei's "Outline of the Ten Dynasties", Chen Jun's "Nine Dynasties Chronicles" and Xu Mengxin's "Three Dynasties Northern League".
There are also records that Song Jiang participated in the battle of Fangla after surrendering. From these records, we can know that this rebel army was small in number (but definitely more than 36 people), but it was very powerful in combat and had great influence among the masses. It once posed a certain threat to the Song Dynasty. Song Jiang and other uprisings took place approximately from the first year of Xuanhe (1119) to the third year of Xuanhe (1121), more than three years before and after.
The storytelling skill flourished in the Song Dynasty, and the folk stories of Song Jiang and 36 other people were quickly adopted by storytellers as materials for the creation of storybooks. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Luo Ye's "Drunkard's Talk" records the novel's catalog " "Green Faced Beast", "Flower Monk" and "Martial Walker", these must be the stories of Yang Zhi, Lu Zhishen and Wu Song. In addition, "Stone Sun Li" may also be a story of the Water Margin.
This is the earliest record of the script of "Water Margin". At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, there was Gong Kai's "Thirty-six People Praising Song Jiang and Preface". The preface said: "The events of Song Jiang can be seen in street talks." It was also said that before Gong Kai, there was a painting academy waiting for Li Song, who had painted portraits of Song Jiang and others. .
But Gong Kai’s praise did not tell the content of the story. The earliest work that tells the story of the Water Margin that we see now is "The Legacy of Xuanhe of the Great Song Dynasty" (see "The Legacy of Xuanhe"). It was either from the Yuan Dynasty, or it was an old version of the Song Dynasty with additions in the Yuan Dynasty. Some researchers believe it is the foundation of storytellers.
The outline of the story of the Water Margin recorded in it begins with Yang Zhi selling swords and killing people, going through the outsmarting of the birth plan, Song Jiang killing Yan Poxi, and the Nine Heavens Xuannu teaching the Book of Heaven, until he surrenders to the imperial court and suppresses Fangla's uprising. The order is the same as that of later generations. "Water Margin" is basically the same. At this time, the Water Margin story has developed from many scattered and independent stories into a systematic and coherent whole.
Zaju was popular in the Yuan Dynasty, and a large number of Water Margin dramas appeared. The names of the characters in the Water Margin recorded in the Yuan Zaju and "The Legacy of Xuanhe of the Song Dynasty" are roughly the same, but the gathering place is different. The Zaju is about Liangshan Po.
"The Legacy" talks about the Taihang Mountains; the Zaju already mentioned "one hundred and eight leaders", and the "The Legacy" only mentions the nicknames and names of 36 generals; "The Legacy" states that Li Kui ranked first 14. Yan Qing ranks 28th. In the drama, Li Kui is the 13th leader and Yan Qing is the 15th leader.
From all these, it can be seen that before the "Water Margin" was written, the contents and details of the Water Margin stories in circulation were quite similar and different. This may also have something to do with its spread in different regions. Shi Naian collected these stories circulating in different regions, selected, processed, and re-created them to write this excellent classic "Water Margin".
The story of "Water Margin" originally originated during the Xuanhe period of the Northern Song Dynasty, and has become the main theme of folk oral literature since the Southern Song Dynasty. Among the storybooks compiled by storytellers that have been handed down, there are "green-faced beasts", "flower monks", "martial warriors" and so on.
Origin of the book title:
"Water Margin" comes from the sentence "The ancient Duke and Danfu came to court and led the Western Water Margin to Qixia" in "The Book of Songs Daya Mian". But there has been disagreement as to the exact meaning of the title.
One theory is that the author Shi Naian was disgusted with the cunning officialdom and only served for two years before resigning and returning to his hometown. While teaching, he wrote "The Biography of the Rich and Powerful".
The book was finally finished. Shi Naian was very satisfied with the plot of the book, but he felt that the title was not good enough.
Luo Guanzhong, who was still Shi Naian's student at the time, suggested the title of the book "Water Margin". When Shi Naian heard this, he was so happy that he said repeatedly: "Okay, okay! This title is great!
'Water Margin' means waterside, and it also means 'in the wild'. It is also in line with the allusion in the Book of Songs that 'the ancient Gongtan father came to court and led the Western Water Margin, and as for Qixia', it is wonderful. !" So "The Legend of Jianghu Heroes" was officially renamed "Water Margin".
Artistic achievements:
The reason "Water Margin" has become a hugely influential work in the history of Chinese literature is not only due to its rich ideological content, but also due to its artistic maturity. "Water Margin" inherits and develops the excellent traditions of realism and romanticism, and combines the two.
The artistic achievements of "Water Margin" are most prominently displayed in the creation of heroic characters. The huge historical theme of the book is mainly reflected in the praise of the heroes of the uprising and the depiction of their struggles.
Therefore, the success of the heroic image creation is an important factor for the work to have a glorious artistic life. In "Water Margin", there are at least ten or twenty typical images with distinctive personalities. These images are flesh and blood, lifelike, and vivid on the page.
In terms of character creation, the biggest feature is that the author is good at placing characters in real historical environments, and depicting their characters closely with their identities, experiences and encounters.
There is almost no introduction to the specific social environment in the book, but through the description of people from all walks of life and the relationships between them, a picture of social life in the Northern Song Dynasty is presented to us very realistically and clearly. , the arrogance and licentiousness of the ruling class and the desire of the oppressed people to "break through the sky and return to the Water Margin, and lift up the earth's net" are the latitude and longitude of this historical picture.
The characters in the book were born and grew up in such an environment. Although Lin Chong, Lu Da and Yang Zhi are all officers with high martial arts skills, due to their different identities, experiences and encounters, their paths to Liangshan are also very different. This is how the author expresses their different character traits.
Lin Chong’s status as the instructor of the Forbidden Army, his generous treatment, and his happy family naturally formed a character that is comfortable with reality and timid to resist, and he has repeatedly tolerated the persecution of the ruling class;
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At the same time, this experience enabled him to make friends with heroes from all over the world, forming a character of being forthright, upright, and unwilling to remain inferior to others for a long time. Therefore, Lin Chong's forbearance is different from resignation. In his "forbearance" character, there is an element of "intolerance", gathering the anger of revenge.
In the end, he was forced to go to hell. It was this total explosion of anger that was the inevitable result of his character development.
Compared with Lin Chong, Ruda did not encounter such misfortune, but in his long-term dealings with the ruling class, he saw through their dissolute and decadent nature, coupled with his carefree life experience, formed a He loves freedom and has an aggressive character. There is an irreconcilable contradiction between this character and the dark reality at that time.
Therefore, Ruda challenged the entire feudal ruling class and took the initiative to embark on the road of resistance.
In addition, in terms of different attitudes towards recruitment, Li Kui and others from the bottom of society were firmly opposed; Wu Yong, a feudal literati, advocated conditional recruitment; most of the generals from the official army were He is eagerly looking forward to recruiting people. This different attitude can be fully based on their respective identities and experiences.
In the creation of heroic characters, the characters are always placed at a critical moment of life and death, and their character traits are shown through their actions and words. For example, in the episode "Shi Xiu jumps off the building at the court of robbery", Shi Xiu's character of being decisive and fearless in the face of danger is vividly expressed through several line drawings of Shi Xiu's unusually agile movements.
When creating characters, the author is not only rooted in reality, but also casts his own feelings of love and hate on the characters, such as Wu Yong's extraordinary wit, Li Kui's bold loyalty, and his love for Wu Song and Lu Zhishen. Exaggerated descriptions such as uprooting weeping willows combine realism and romantic writing techniques.
When creating characters, the author also often uses contrasting techniques. For example, in the incident where Wu Song fought and killed Ximen Qing, Uncle He Jiu and Brother Yun formed a sharp contrast. Uncle He Jiu has the attitude that doing more is worse than doing less, and is prepared to step back at every turn, reflecting his worldly and cowardly character; Brother Yun is nosy, reflecting his youthful, competitive, naive, and vindictive attitude.
When portraying characters, we often first use portrait description to show the unique personality characteristics of the character when the character appears for the first time. This is the characteristic of character portrayal in "Water Margin". For example, when Luda first appeared in Chapter 3, we saw through Shi Jin's eyes that he looked like an officer, "with a round face and big ears, a straight nose, a square mouth, a beard on his cheeks, eight feet in length, and ten feet in waist width." Surround".
Ruda’s rough and upright heroic character is revealed in just a few strokes. Regarding the traveler Wu Song, he wrote that "a pair of eyes shot up to the cold stars, and his two curved eyebrows were as thick as paint". The eyes are the windows to the soul, which immediately reveal Wu Song's shrewd and heroic character.
The twists and turns of the plot and the sharp and intense conflicts in "Water Margin" are often unfolded one by one, described in detail, and pushed to the climax step by step. This is the plot of Chapter 23 about Wu Song fighting the tiger.
In the first scene, he drank more than ten bowls of wine in a row at Jingyang Gangxia Hotel. Then in the second scene, he walked out of the hotel and was stopped by the store owner, saying: There is a big insect that can hurt people and not even three bowls. Wu Song suspected that the store owner had bad intentions and decided to go through with it. In the third scene, Wu Song saw two lines of words written on a peeling tree trunk: "Big insects hurt people." Wu Song continued to climb up the mountain with doubts.
The fourth scene describes that he came to Jingyang Gang and saw the seal in front of the mountain temple, convinced that there was a tiger. Then the fifth scene is about him encountering and fighting a tiger on the hill.
In the scene of fighting a tiger, Wu Song dodged every one of the tiger's pounces, kicks, and scissors. Wu Song's whistle stick was broken when it hit a tree, so he held down the tiger and punched and kicked it. Kicking, the tiger digging a hole in the earth with its sharp claws, etc., are all details. These details not only describe Wu Song's bravery, but also push the plot to a climax in a gripping manner.
The plot of "Water Margin" is vivid and twists, and all the events, big and small, are written in an exciting and fascinating way. There are some passages that focus on many characters and wonderful scenes, such as "Outsmarting the Birthday Plan", "Three Attacks on Zhujiazhuang", etc.
The plots of each group are often the character's personality development history, such as "Tiger Fighting at Jingyanggang", "Fighting Ximen Qing", "Drunk and Beating Chiang Menshen", "Making a Trouble with Feiyun" Scenarios such as "Pu Pu" and "Blood Splattered on the Yuanyang Tower" remind people of Wu Song unexpectedly.
Similar events lead to different plots, which is also a distinctive feature of "Water Margin". Such as Lin Chong buying a knife and Yang Zhi selling a knife, Wu Song killing a tiger and Li Kui killing a tiger, Wu Song killing his sister-in-law and Shi Xiu killing his sister-in-law, Jiangzhou's robbery of the law field and Damingfu's law field, and Lin Chong's liberation and Lu Junyi's liberation, etc. The events are similar but the plots are completely different, showing that life is rich and colorful and the characters are diverse.
Structure:
The structure of "Water Margin" is a criss-crossing duplex structure. The whole process of the occurrence, development and failure of the Liangshan Uprising runs through the entire article, interspersed with the stories of the main characters who are relatively independent and self-contained. These stories themselves open and close vertically and horizontally in structure, each with its own characteristics, and are an integral part of the entire Water Margin story.
The unique structure of "Water Margin" is a concrete manifestation of the "speaking" characteristics of folk artists. Related to it is the language of "Water Margin", which is processed and refined based on the spoken language of the masses, retaining the advantages of the spoken language of the masses, and has the characteristics of concise, bright, vivid, strong colors and strong modeling power.
The language of "Water Margin" is based on northern spoken language and has been processed, so its language characteristics are bright and concise. For example, it is written that Luda killed Zheng Tu, the "Guanxi Zhen", with three punches. The first punch "hit the nose right on the nose, causing blood to flow out. The nose was crooked on one side, but it was like opening a soy sauce shop, salty, It's sour and spicy, and it's both popular and lively.
The language of "Water Margin" is vivid, accurate and expressive. For example, when Lu Zhishen slapped the waiter in a shop, "Ruda was furious and plucked out his fingers. When he went there, the waiter only had a slap on his face..." Using "furious" and "a slap" were not enough to express Luda's anger, but a word was used. The word "kai" shows its charm.
Author controversy:
The author of "Water Margin" is said to be Shi Naian in the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties, and it was polished and arranged by Luo Guanzhong. The actual participants in the creation span from the Song Dynasty to From the Yuan Dynasty to the late Ming Dynasty for hundreds of years, it included folk storytellers, literati, booksellers, etc. It is a long literary work accumulated from generation to generation.
Judging from the signatures of the early editions, the title of "Jingben's Supplementary and Corrected Hologram Zhongyi Water Margin Biography and Commentary Lin" published by Yuxiangdou Shuangfengtang in Jianyang, Fujian in the 22nd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1594) was edited by Luo Guanzhong set.
In the 42nd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1614), Yuan Wuya published the 120th chapter of "The Complete Biography of the Water Margin" with the signature "Collected by Shi Naian and compiled by Luo Guanzhong", which is similar to There is also an engraving of "Water Margin" written by Rong Yutang around the 30th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1602), which is signed "written by Shi Naian and compiled by Luo Guanzhong".
Judging from records in other documents, Lang Ying's "Seven Revised Drafts" once said: "The two books "Three Kingdoms" and "Song Jiang" were compiled by Luo Guanzhong from Hangzhou. I mean old There must be a copy, so it is called a compilation. "Song Jiang" also says: "Qiantang Shi Naian's book."
"Gao Ru's "Baichuan Shuzhi" records: "One hundred volumes of "Water Margin of Loyalty and Righteousness".
Qiantang Shi Naian's book, edited by Luo Guanzhong. "Li Zhi's "Water Margin of Loyalty" mentioned the author as "Shi (Nai'an) and Luo (Guanzhong) Dukes". In addition, Tian Rucheng's "West Lake Tour Zhiyu" and Wang Qi's "Barnyard History Collection" both record Luo Guanzhong.
There is very little information about Shi Naian's life story, and some of the records collected are quite contradictory.
Since the 1920s, in Xinghua, Jiangsu Province. Some materials related to Shi Naian have been discovered in Dafeng, Yandu and other places, including the Genealogy of the Shi Family, the Genealogy of the Changmen of the Shi Family, etc., and the addendum to Volume 13 of the Xinghua County Chronicle contains the Shi Naian Genealogy. There is a cemetery in Shijiaqiao Village, Xingduo Township, Xinghua, Jiangsu, Shi Naian's hometown. , Memorial Hall. The existing "Shi Family Genealogy" exists.
According to the above records, Shi Naian's life is organized as follows:
Shi Naian (1296-1371). A native of Xinghua, Yangzhou Prefecture (now Xinghua, Jiangsu Province), his original name was Shi Yanduan, also known as Zian, with the courtesy name Yanduan, his original name was Er (one name is Er), and his nickname was Naian.
Shi Naian was Confucius. One of the seventy-two children, Shi Zhichang's descendants settled in Suzhou in the late Tang Dynasty. His father's name was Yuande, and his mother was Bian. He was smart and eager to learn, talented, filial to family members, and righteous. He passed the imperial examination in the first year of Yanyou (1314), passed the examination in the first year of Taiding (1324), and became a Jinshi in the second year of Shun (1331). /p>
Soon he was appointed Yin of Qiantang County. He was reprimanded by the county magistrate for defending the grievances of the poor, so he resigned and returned home.
In the thirteenth year of Yuan Zhizheng (1353), Bai Bai died. Zhang Shicheng, a salt man of Komachang, and other 18 strong men led the rebellion against the Yuan Dynasty. Zhang Shicheng respected his literary and military skills and repeatedly invited him to serve as the military commander. Shi Naian happily went there with the grand plan of building a "kingly paradise" to serve as Zhang Shicheng's army. He offered many strategies to attack the city and seize territory.
Zhang Shicheng refused to accept Shi Naian's advice several times, so he left Pingjiang angrily and composed the "Autumn River Farewell" suite as a gift to Zhang Shicheng. After that, he traveled around the world, healing people and solving their problems.
Later, he went to sit in the home of Xu Qi, a wealthy man in Zhutang, Jiangyin. In addition to teaching, he also became his disciple. Together with Luo Guanzhong, he studied the creation of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" and "The Legend of Three Sui Ping Yao", collected and sorted out the stories of the 108 people led by Song Jiang in the Shuibo Liangshan uprising in the late Northern Song Dynasty, and prepared for writing "The Biography of the Heroes of Jianghu" Material.
In the 27th year of Zhizheng (1367), after Zhu Yuanzhang killed Zhang Shicheng, he investigated Zhang Shicheng's subordinates everywhere. In order to avoid trouble, Shi Naian sought the advice of his friend Gu Ti in Baiju. He built a house and lived in seclusion since then, concentrating on the creation of "The Legend of Jianghu Heroes". After "The Legend of Jianghu Heroes" was completed, it was named "Water Margin".
Baidu Encyclopedia-Water Margin