The Peacock Flies Southeast
"The Peacock Flies Southeast" is the first long narrative poem in the history of Chinese literature. It is based on a marriage tragedy that occurred in Lujiang County (now part of Anhui Province) during the reign of Emperor Xian of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Originally a folk song, it may have been processed and polished by later generations of literati.
The Peacock Flying Southeast was first seen in "New Odes of Yutai", titled "Ancient Poetry Written by Jiao Zhongqing's Wife". The "Collection of Yuefu Poems" contains "Miscellaneous Songs and Songs", titled "Jiao Zhongqing's Wife". Nowadays, the first sentence of this poem is generally taken as the title. "Peacock Flying Southeast" was originally a folk creation during the Jian'an period, and may have been modified by later generations during its long-term circulation.
The story tells the story of a young woman named Liu Lanzhi who was beautiful, kind, smart and hardworking during the Jian'an period in the late Han Dynasty. After she married Jiao Zhongqing, the couple respected and loved each other and had a deep relationship. Unexpectedly, Jiao's mother, who was paranoid and stubborn, did not like her, was picky in every possible way, and threatened Jiao Zhongqing to expel her. Jiao Zhongqing was forced by his mother's fate and had no choice but to persuade Lanzhi to stay away from her parents' home temporarily and try to take her home later. When they broke up, the two vowed never to betray each other. Unexpectedly, after Lanzhi returned to her natal family, her brother, who was in favor of Yan, forced her to remarry the son of the prefect. Jiao Zhongqing came after hearing the news, and the two agreed to "meet under the underworld". Finally, on the day when the prefect's son was getting married, they both died in love.
"Peacock Flies Southeast" through the love tragedy of Liu Lanzhi and Jiao Zhongqing, a loving couple, indicts the sins of feudal ethics, patriarchal rule and clan concepts, and expresses the reasonable desire of young men and women to demand autonomy in marriage and love. The heroine Liu Lanzhi was loyal to love, and her uncompromising struggle against feudal forces and feudal ethics made her a rebellious woman image in the history of literature, and was praised by subsequent young men and women.
This narrative poem has more than 350 sentences and more than 1,700 words. It has a complete story, simple language, distinctive characters, compact and complete structure, and uses romantic techniques at the end. It is a masterpiece of Han Yuefu folk songs. Since the May 4th Movement, it has been adapted into various scripts and put on the stage.
Era: Han Author: Han Anonymous Work: Peacock Flying Southeast Content:
Preface: In Jian'an at the end of Han Dynasty, the wife of Jiao Zhongqing, a minor official in Lujiang Prefecture, was the wife of Zhongqing's mother. Sent, vowing not to marry. Forced by his family, he drowned himself. When Zhongqing heard about it, he also hanged himself in the courtyard tree. When people hurt it, it became a poem.
The peacock flies southeast and lingers for five miles. Thirteen can weave textiles, and fourteen can learn to tailor clothes. Fifteen times he played the harp, sixteen times he recited poems and books. Seventeen is a gentleman's wife, and her heart is always filled with sorrow and sorrow. Since you are a government official, you will never waver in your integrity. The concubine left her room vacant and rarely saw each other.
The cock crows into the weaving machine, and there is no rest every night. It takes three days to cut off five diseases, so I think it is too late. It would be difficult for your wife to do this unless you were late in weaving. The concubine cannot be driven, and she is left with nothing to do. Then you can ask Grandma Bai and send you back in time. When the government officials heard about it, they honored my mother in the hall.
My son has lost his fortune, so I am lucky to have this wife again. We share a pillow and a mat with our hair, and we are friends in the underworld. *** It was two or three years ago, but it didn't last long. If a woman's behavior is not skewed, why should her intentions not be thick? My mother is called a government official, so why is she in Taizhou District? This woman has no etiquette and acts freely.
I have been angry for a long time, how can you be free? There was a virtuous daughter in the owner's family, and she named herself Qin Luofu. Your body is extremely pitiful. My mother prays for you. Then you can send them quickly, but be careful not to stay when you send them away. The chief official of the government knelt down to sue, and Fu Weiqi's mother. If you send this woman away now, she will never marry again.
When grandma heard about it, Zhuitang became furious. The boy is fearless, how dare he help the woman. I have lost my kindness and will not comply with you. The officials were silent and bowed again before returning to the house. When he spoke about the bride, he was choked with tears and could not speak. I will not drive you away, but I will force you to have a mother.
Your Majesty, I will return home temporarily, but I will go to the mansion now. When he returns soon, he will be welcomed back. With this in mind, be careful not to disobey my words. The bride is called a government official, so don't repeat the confusion. In the past, on the first day of the twelfth lunar month, the Xie family came to your home. Serving the public, do you dare to be independent?
Work hard day and night, and work hard day and night. It is said that there is no fault in the words, and it is a great kindness to support the soldiers. He is still being driven away, how can he say that he will come back again? I have an embroidered waistcoat, and the richness shines by itself. Hong Luo returns to the tent, with sachets hanging from the four corners. The box curtain is sixty or seventy years old, with green silk rope.
Everything is different, and there are all kinds of things in it. People are despicable and things are despicable, which is not enough to welcome future generations. It is left to be used as a gift, and there is no reason for it now. It is comforting at all times, and we will never forget it for a long time. The rooster crows and the dawn approaches, and the bride puts on her full makeup. Wearing my embroidered skirt, everything can be done.
The feet are slipping on silk shoes, and the tortoise shell is shining on the head. Her waist is as smooth as silk, and her ears are full of bright moonlight. The fingers are like peeling onion roots, and the mouth is like pearl pills. Delicate and delicate steps, exquisite and unparalleled in the world. I went to the church to thank my mother, but she was furious. When I was a daughter, I gave birth to a baby in the wild.
I have no lessons, and I feel ashamed of my family. Because his mother has a lot of money and silk, he can't bear to be driven by his mother. I'm going back home today to think of my mother and help the family. But I said goodbye to my sister-in-law with tears streaming down my face. When the bride first came, my sister-in-law started to hold the bed. I was sent away today, my sister-in-law is as old as me.
Be diligent in raising your father-in-law, so that you can support yourself and your generals. On the seventh and ninth day of the lunar month, don’t forget to play together. I left the house and boarded the bus, crying for more than a hundred lines. The officials' horses are in front, and the bride's carriage is behind. It is faintly hidden at the entrance of the main road. Dismounted and got into the car, lowered his head and whispered.
I swear not to be separated from you, and to return home for the time being. I am going to the mansion now and will return soon. I swear to God that I will not be in disgrace to you. The bride is called a government official, and I only feel sorry for you. If you see the record, I hope you will come soon. You are like a rock, and I am like pampas grass.
The pampas grass is as tough as silk, and the rock does not shift. I have a biological father and brother who are sexually violent.
I'm afraid that if you don't let me do whatever you want, you'll hurt me. Raise your hands and work hard for a long time, and your two emotions are the same. When you enter the house and go to the house, you have no appearance when you advance or retreat. My mother holds her palms big and returns home without thinking about her son.
Thirteen taught you how to weave, and fourteen taught you how to make clothes. Fifteen can play the konghou, and sixteen can know etiquette. I sent you to marry me on the 17th, saying that I have not broken my promise. What sin have you committed now, that you did not welcome me and returned home? Lanzhi is ashamed of her mother, but her son has no fault. My mother was devastated.
More than ten days after returning home, the county magistrate sent a matchmaker. There is a third man in the clouds, who is unparalleled in the world. At the beginning of the 18th or 19th year, he said that he had many talents. "My mother calls me my daughter, you can go and respond." Auntie answered with tears in her eyes that when Lanzhi first returned, the government officials warned her and swore not to leave her.
Today is against my will, I’m afraid this is not a strange thing. Since you can cut off the letter, you can update it slowly. Grandmother Bai is a matchmaker, poor and lowly have this girl. When he finally returned home, he couldn't bear to be an official's wife. Isn’t this suitable for your son? Fortunately, I can inquire widely, and if I don't agree, I will agree.
The matchmaker went there for a few days to find the prime minister and ask him to return him. It is said that there was a daughter of the Lan family who inherited a eunuch. There is a fifth husband in the cloud, Jiaoyi is unmarried. The prime minister was sent as a matchmaker, and the chief clerk was knowledgeable in the language. To put it bluntly, the prefect’s family has this son. Since I want to establish a great friendship, I sent you to your noble family.
My mother thanked the matchmaker. The woman had made an oath first, so how dare I say it? When my brother heard about it, he felt sad and upset. When you talk about my sister, why not take it into account when making plans? Marry first to a government official, then to a husband. Is it as peaceful as heaven and earth, enough to honor your body?
If you don’t marry a righteous man, what will you do if you want to go there? Lanzhi raised her head and answered, as her brother said. Thanks to your husband for taking care of the family, return to your brother's family in the middle way. If the punishment suits your brother's wishes, then you have to take charge of your duties. Although he made an appointment with the government official, he would never meet again. As soon as you sign up, you can make peace with each other and you can get married.
The matchmaker got out of bed, Nuonuofuerer. He returned to the White Mansion Lord, and he was sent to serve on a mission, and his words were very popular. When the prince heard this, he was very happy. If the calendar is reopened, it will be convenient for Liuhe to be in harmony within this month.
On the 30th day of the good year, it is already twenty-seven. You can go and get married. They talked quickly and dressed up, and the crowds came like floating clouds. Blue bird and white swan boat, four-cornered dragon flag. Graceful and graceful, turning with the wind, golden chariots and jade wheels. A green horse is riding around, its saddle is fringed with gold threads.
The money was three million, all dressed in black silk. Three hundred pieces of miscellaneous colors, the treasure of Salmon in Guangzhou. With four to five hundred people, he came to the county gate in a prosperous way. "My mother calls me my daughter, I have written a letter from the king of the mansion, and I will come to greet you tomorrow." Why don't you make clothes? Don't leave things unfinished.
The girl was silent, covering her mouth with her handkerchief and crying, her tears falling in rapid succession. Move my glazed couch and place it under the front hall. He holds a sword and ruler in his left hand and a silk ribbon in his right hand. The embroidered skirt will be worn in the morning, and the single shirt will be worn in the evening. The sun is getting dark in the dark, and I cry when I go out with sad thoughts.
When the officials heard about this change, they asked for leave and returned temporarily. Before reaching two or three miles, the Tibetan horse was destroyed and mourned. The bride recognizes the sound of horses and tiptoes to greet them. Looking at each other from a distance sadly, we know that we are old friends. Raise your hand to pat the saddle, sighing makes your heart hurt. Since you left me, everything has been immeasurable.
The result is not as expected, and it is not as detailed as your expectation. I have biological parents, persecutors and brothers. If I respond to others, what else can you expect? The officials of the government call you a bride and congratulate you on your promotion. The rock is square and thick and can last for thousands of years. The pampas grass is tough for a while, and it works day and night.
Your Majesty won the honor that day, but I am going to the underworld alone. The bride is called a government official, why do you mean to say this? They are both forced, and so are you and your concubines. When we meet under the underworld, don’t go against what you said today. Holding hands and going their separate ways, everyone returns to his home. It doesn't matter whether we are separated by death or not.
Thinking about the world will never be complete. The government official returned home and went to the church to worship his mother. It's windy and cold today, the cold wind destroys the trees, and the frost freezes the orchids in the garden. The son is not here today, and his mother is behind him alone. Don't blame ghosts and gods for pretending to be bad.
Life is like a Nanshan stone, with all four bodies healthy and straight. When my mother heard this, she shed zero tears. You are the son of a noble family, serving as an official in Tai Pavilion. Be careful not to die for your wife, there is no such thing as a weak relationship between noble and humble. My boss has a virtuous daughter who is beautiful and beautiful in the city. My mother prayed for you, and she will be here again.
The government officials paid their respects and returned the favor again, sighing deeply in the empty room, and then made plans. Turning his head towards the door, he gradually felt sad and distressed. On that day the cows and horses neighed, and the bride entered the green hut. After the dark dusk, people settle down in silence. I am destined to die today, but my soul will be gone and my body will remain.
Take off your skirt and silk shoes, and go to the clear pond. When the government officials heard about this, they knew they would never leave. Wandering under the tree in the courtyard, hanging from the southeast branch. The two families requested to be buried together, and they were buried together near Huashan Mountain. Pines and cypresses were planted on the east and west, and sycamores were planted on the left and right. The branches cover each other, and the leaves communicate with each other.
There is a two-flying bird in it, which is named Yuanyang. They raise their heads and sing to each other, reaching the fifth watch every night. Pedestrians stopped to listen, and the widow became hesitant. Thank you to future generations, please be careful and don’t forget.
1. The practical significance of "Peacock Flies Southeast".
Because it is a narrative poem, it not only has characters, but the author also uses line drawing to vividly depict the characters' personalities. Judging from the current content, this long poem seems to have been sung for a period of time after it was born. The character of the characters gradually enriched during the sung process, so each character is permeated with the emotions of the working people. This kind of emotion is not only expressed as a clear distinction between love and hate, but also shows the baht
form name. The author denies everything that should be denied and affirms everything that should be affirmed. However, whether he denies or affirms, he does not follow a simple formula, but uses complex and specific descriptions to hint at the social status and personality of the characters. characteristics and give them appropriate evaluations. From the perspective of the depth of life grasped by the author, we must say that this is an outstanding example of realist artistic creation in Chinese classical literature.
Take Jiao Zhongqing and Liu Lanzhi as examples.
Zhongqing was born into a family of officials, and he himself wrote history in the prefecture. Although his rank was humble, he was already qualified to be "recognized" in the strict clan society, so his mother said: "You are the son of a noble family, and you are an official in the officialdom." "Tai Ge" will rely on its backing to achieve success in the future. Obviously, he was a golden bird who grew up in a cage and developed a reserved and cowardly personality, becoming a kind-hearted white-faced scholar. The author basically affirms his struggle, but when describing it, he tightly sticks to his characteristics - his character experience and personality characteristics. Zhongqing loved his wife deeply. When he knew that his mother was going to expel Lanzhi, he first politely "approved" and then "kneeled down to complain". When his mother "made a hammer and got very angry", he "silently" withdrew. He came out and returned to his room, facing Lanzhi, "he couldn't speak" and said, "I don't drive you away, I force you to have my mother." On the one hand, he persuaded Lanzhi to be humble and return to her parents' home temporarily, agreeing to pick her up in the future, but in fact he only had some fantasy expectations and no practical solution. Lanzhi was forced to get married, and he declared that he would commit suicide alone, and even told his mother about this plan. After Lanzhi's death, he loved Lanzhi so much that he finally died for her love. The author wrote that he was "under the courtyard tree" "Wandering" for a while, and then hanged himself, vividly painting the character and appearance of this timid scholar.
Lanzhi is different from him. Although the poem uses the exaggerated writing style commonly used in classical works, especially folk literature, to describe her knowledge and ethics, as well as her dowry and dress, in a wealthy society, "being born in the wild" means that her family background is not good enough. The "nine-grade Zhongzheng" eye. She is an independent woman who grew up in a well-off family. She is beautiful, smart, and capable. Although the author also tries his best to write about her kindness and gentleness, there is a kind of rebellious rigidity that cannot be concealed in her kindness and gentleness. —A primitive form of self-consciousness of the oppressed in the people's imagination. This rigidity does not necessarily have to be understood from what Jiao's mother said, "This woman has no etiquette and acts freely", but is more widely dispersed in all the details of Lanzhi's actions. When she understood Jiao's mother's intention, she asked herself without waiting for the other party to speak: "I can't bear to be driven around, and I can't do anything for you, so I can send you back to my father-in-law in time." Zhongqing cried to her without saying a word. , unable to do anything, she said: "Don't repeat the disagreement." Advising her to go back to her parents' home temporarily and meet again later, she said: "Why do you want to come back again!" She saw the problem clearly, understood the environment she was in, and behaved The dignity of an ordinary person's personality. However, the author does not simply deal with this one-sidedly. Lanzhi understands Zhongqing's character, but she loves Zhongqing, and she also knows that Zhongqing loves her. The deep love for her children made her still have to hold on to some illusions about the cold reality. Zhongqing said goodbye to her, and she warned her like this: "If you see the record, I hope you will come soon." This is what she will inevitably produce under specific conditions. 's only hope. The county magistrate sent someone to be a matchmaker, but she declined: "You can judge the letter yourself, and tell me more slowly." Finally, her brother said, "If you don't marry the righteous man, what will happen to you?" and her rigidity immediately took over Lanzhi's soul. , the inviolable sense of dignity in the position of the weak and oppressed sublimated in her heart, and she decided to use her life to express her final protest, so she "raised her head" and answered, quickly agreeing.
When she left the Jiao family, she was very calm about saying goodbye to her mother and aunt; when it was time to remarry, she was very calm about making clothes; even in the end, she "taken the skirt" "Take off your silk shoes and go to the clear pool" does not show any hesitation or hesitation. She never gave in to circumstances. It is difficult to test how many people enriched Liu Lanzhi's character during the singing process, but this is indeed the most beautiful expression of the glorious personality of a weak and oppressed person under the historical conditions at that time. The cruelty and transformation of the environment lift the spirit of the characters. The author uses simple descriptions and puts the details into action one by one, so that the work has a soul-catching appeal based on reality - the appeal of poetry.
Lenin said that Marxism not only did not "abandon the most precious achievements of the bourgeois era, but on the contrary absorbed and transformed everything of value in the development of human thought and culture for more than two thousand years." As one of the great poems of ancient folk literature, "The Peacock Flies Southeast" uses a realistic expression method, which not only exposes the evils of feudal clan rule, but also records the true feelings of the people 1,700 years ago in a far more profound and extensive way. It is a wonderful flower in the art garden and a mirror of history.
Shanghai in March 1954 (Selected by Tang Tao from Volume 9 of "Collected Works of Tang Tao", Social Sciences Literature Press, 1995 edition)
2. Verse explanation.
(1) The matchmaker went away for a few days to find the prime minister and asked him to return him. He said that there was a daughter of the Lan family who had a eunuch by inheritance.
Textbook notes are available for reference.
There is another explanation, that is, the following sentences are believed to be said by the county magistrate when he came to Liu Lanzhi's house and said to Liu Lanzhi's mother. "It is said that a daughter of the Lan family has a eunuch in her lineage." It was the county magistrate who said that he had spoken well of his daughter Liu Lanzhi in front of the prefect and boasted that Lanzhi came from a famous family. This is a flattering tone. The following few sentences are the county magistrate explaining the origin of the proposal to Liu Lanzhi's mother. These words are in line with the tone of the matchmaker. Several sentences are preceded by "shuo", "yun" and "zhishuo" respectively. The author uses different words to avoid repetition. Their subjects are all county magistrates.
In addition, "Lan family daughter" should refer to Liu Lanzhi. Wen Renxia's "Ancient Poetry Notes" says: "The character Lan may be a mistake of Liu". This guess is reasonable.