This should first sum up the common techniques in literature:
In literary works, there are various forms of expression, and it is precisely because of the use of a large number of forms of expression that the connotation of literary works can be greatly enriched, the expressive force can be greatly improved, and the artistic charm can last forever. The following is a brief analysis of common expressions in literary works to help students master the expression skills of works.
(1) Combination of repression: "repression" means repression, which is manifested in the degradation, criticism, denial and even uglification of the performance object; "Yang" is praise, which is manifested in raising, praising, affirming and beautifying the object of performance. The combination of these two expressions can receive special performance effects. Sometimes in order to praise things, they are often derogated first, in sharp contrast; Sometimes, it is to praise the performance object for belittling, forming a strong contrast before and after. This is what we often say: rise first and then fall, restrain first and then raise, or restrain first and then raise.
(2) Point-surface combination: "Point" is a concrete object. Strengthening the description of points can make the content of literary works concrete and flesh and blood; "Face" is a comprehensive summary of the situation. Paying attention to the description of face can make literary works have universal significance and deepen the theme. The combination of point and surface can make literary works both concrete and general.
(3) Combination of motion and static: "Motion" is a form of action to describe things; "Static" is to describe the static state of things. Cicada is quiet in the forest, but Tonamiyama is quieter. On the contrary, the chirping of cicada birds shows the silence in the depths of the forest, which is the artistic dialectical relationship between motion and silence. In literary works, we can use the methods of contrast and contrast to write static by moving, or to write static by moving, so as to see static in moving and static in moving, thus profoundly expressing the thoughts, feelings and behaviors of characters and making their images more attractive; Let the plot ups and downs, more fascinating.
(4) combination of narration and discussion: "narration" is to describe the situation of things; "Discussion" is to express the author's point of view. In ancient poetry, "narration" is often the basis of "discussion", which is the sublimation of "narration" and the finishing touch.
(5) Blending scenes: "Emotion" is an emotional factor expressed in the works and an important content of poetry; "Scene" is the description of the scenery in the works. In ancient poetry, "emotion" and "scenery" often combine harmoniously and complement each other. However, modern literary works constitute the artistic conception of blending scenes, which are usually written in such ways as "touching the scene to create feelings", "borrowing the scene to express feelings", "expressing feelings with scenes" and "expressing feelings with things".
"Touching the scenery and feeling" refers to the natural scenery and its changes in literary writing, which triggers the author's association, arouses and touches the author's inner thoughts and feelings. "Lyricism by borrowing scenery" means that the author expresses the subjective feelings of the characters or himself through the description of natural scenery and life scenes. "Sentiment in the scenery" means that the author observes and describes the objective natural scenery with strong feelings (such as joy, sadness, depression, hesitation, etc.). ) It is produced by the characters' or authors' own experiences or situations in writing, and consciously or unconsciously projects this subjective feeling into the description of objective scenery, and endows it with objective scenery. "Lyricism of images" means that in literary creation, the author expresses his strong feelings and sincere feelings for the characters or the author himself through a detailed and concrete description of the characteristics of natural scenery.
(6) Contrast: "Contrast" refers to using similar or opposite conditions between things to highlight something with something as a foil; "Contrast" is to compare and compare two opposing characters and things or two different aspects of the same character and thing, which plays a prominent role. Contrast positive and negative, followed by no owner.
(7) foreshadowing: "foreshadowing" refers to the hints of people or events that will appear in the future in the works. Proper use of foreshadowing can make the appearance of characters or events appear natural and reasonable. "Caring" refers to the necessary response to what has been written before in the work. Proper use of quotation can make the structure of the work appear compact and tight, and help readers understand the context of the work and the internal relationship between the various levels of the article.
(8) Expressing one's will by supporting things: It means that the author expresses the deeper meaning in his works through the description of specific things. Proper use of ideographic means can express deep meaning deeply and vividly. For example:
When pine trees were young, they grew in deep, deep grass and could not be seen. Now they are found to be much taller than weeds. Those trees that don't recognize that they can soar into the sky, until it enters the sky, people say it is tall. (Komatsu of Du Xunhe)
This poem is rich in meaning. Komatsu in the poem is still young and plain as grass. If we can recognize it as "Lingyunmu", cherish it and cultivate it, it will be learned and meaningful. However, it is this word "knowledge" that people of the times lack. Therefore, the poet lamented that short-sighted "people of the time" would not take Komatsu as a pillar. How many Komatsu were destroyed and hacked because of "ignorance"! And this song "Komatsu" buried in the deep grass is actually a self-portrait of the poet and a portrayal of those outstanding talents who were born in poverty at that time. Although they are young and talented, they can't serve the country and have been down and out all their lives. Another example is:
The spring breeze swayed the willow branches in the wind, and the tender buds gave off a light yellow softer than silk. In the wild garden in the west corner of Yongfeng, no one has ever belonged to that person. (Bai Juyi's Yang Liuzhi Ci)
The first or second sentence of this poem describes a willow tree that grows luxuriantly and shines with beautiful light. It dances with the wind, light and graceful; The color is light yellow, which is more attractive than yellow "gold"; It has a lovely charm, softer than silk thread. However, it is in a lonely "barren garden" with its back to the sun and its back to the cold. No one appreciates it, so it has to be lonely all day long. Its experience is like the situation of those talented people who can't be born in their place. This object-chanting poem expresses the poet's regret for Yongfeng Willow. In fact, it is the author's feeling about political corruption and talent being buried at that time.
(9) Sketch: "Sketch" is to draw a vivid and vivid image with the most concise pen and ink, also called "simple pen"; "Fine description" refers to the description and rendering of objects with rich colors to highlight the characteristics of things, also known as "meticulous painting". "Sketch" such as:
Lin Chong and Cha Bo resigned from the camp together, and they took the road and threw them into the forage field. It's winter weather, clouds are gathering, and the north wind is rising, but it has already rolled up a heavy snow. ……
Only that Lin Chong ... strolled to the east with the key, and then ... walked with his back to the north wind. It snows heavily.
..... (Lin Chong) bought another bottle of gourd wine, wrapped two pieces of beef, ... went out of the gate and still came back against the north wind. Look at the snow. It's getting tighter at night. (Excerpted from Windson Snow Mountain Temple)
What is extracted is that the three direct descriptions of snow in the article are "line drawing". In the first paragraph, when Lin Chong first arrived at the forage field, it was windy and snowy. One by one is about the size of snowflakes; "Quantity" is about the strength of the north wind; "One day" covers a wide range. The second paragraph describes the snow situation when Lin Chong went out to sell wine: "It snowed heavily". When I came back from selling wine, I further highlighted the magnitude of snow: "Look at that snow, it is getting tighter and tighter at night." The word "tight" in these two places clearly describes that a snow is getting heavier and heavier. The above description, although not much ink, does give people the impression of heavy snow. There are "details" such as "Lin Daiyu enters Jia Fu" to describe Jia Baoyu's appearance:
..... Suddenly, I saw that the servant girl had not finished reporting, and a young childe came in: wearing a purple and gold crown with a bunch of hair embedded in it, Qi Mei and Erlong grabbed the yellow amount of pearls; Wearing a red arrow sleeve and a two-color golden butterfly, wearing colorful silk flower long tassels, covered with azurite with colorful satin tassels; Little boots with green satin soles. If the face is like the mid-autumn moon, the color is like spring flowers, the sideburns are cut with knives, the eyebrows are like ink paintings, the face is like a peach award, and the eyes are like eyes. If you are angry, sometimes you will laugh, get angry and be affectionate. There is a golden wreath around her neck, and a colorful silk sash with a beautiful jade tied on it. (Excerpted from Cao Xueqin's "Lin Daiyu enters Jia Fu")
In the article, Jia Baoyu's dress and appearance are described in great detail. After reading it, we were even very clear about the color, texture and pattern of his clothes, as if there was a vivid portrait in front of us.
(10) foreshadowing suspense: "foreshadowing" refers to the description of the environment, mood and atmosphere before the appearance of the main characters or the occurrence of major events or the arrival of climax. In order to create the artistic effect of "ready to come out" and "rain is coming"; "Suspense" refers to the fact that literary works deliberately create some unknowns or details that stimulate readers' interest and tension at the key points of plot progress, leaving the details behind.
(1 1) Frontal: "Frontal" refers to direct description, that is, a concrete and vivid description and portrayal of the characters, events and environment in the work, which can also be understood as "real writing". "Side" refers to indirect description, which means to reflect and set off the main object being described by describing the personnel scenery around the object, and can also be understood as "imaginary writing".
Such an ordinary letter from home has become an inexhaustible source of happiness for my father. When I received my letter, my father was in no hurry to open it. Instead, I poured good wine, put a handful of arhat beans beside me, and sat down. Then he opened the paper, took a sip of the wine and read a line, as if he could chew between the lines. My letter turned out to be my father's "appetizer" After reading the letter, almost an hour passed and my mother came back from Tiantou. At this time, my father will be very happy to call my mother: "believe, believe!" " Whether mom wants to wash her face or not, she looks like a big book, just like what mom said, "a little dull."
……
I was moved to learn from my mother that my father was so obsessed with my son's letter. Besides, my mother told me that your father is really funny. Every day he goes to the threshing floor to wait for the postman and asks if there is any "letter from home". Knowing this, I was moved to write to my father more diligently. This action is very conscious and sincere, and it can be regarded as a reward for the hard work and care of parents. (Excerpts from letters from home)
In this article, the author describes the deep feelings between father and son contained in this small letter. In writing, the author pays attention to using two different expressions to express the theme. The previous paragraph is a positive description, which vividly describes the father's obsession with his son's letter through a series of actions (not rushing to open the letter-pouring wine-taking beans-sitting-opening the letter-sipping wine-reading a line), and at the same time makes readers feel the deep affection between father and son. The latter paragraph is a profile description, without writing about my father's behavior, but through my mother's narrative and the corresponding changes I made after learning about this situation, it implies the sublimation of family relations. Another example is the following two ancient poems:
The spring breeze swayed the willow branches in the wind, and the tender buds gave off a light yellow softer than silk. In the wild garden in the west corner of Yongfeng, no one has ever belonged to that person. (Bai Juyi's Yang Liuzhi Ci)
It is true that China is not red, flying from sunny to snowy. Flowers often hate the wind, but Huayang loves it alone. (Wu Rong's Huayang)
They all write about willows, and white poems use positive descriptions. The first sentence is about lush willow branches and beautiful dancing. In the spring breeze, countless willow branches dance with the wind. In the second sentence, the willow branches are dazzling, tender and colorful. The spring breeze is warm, and the willow branches show thin leaves and tender buds, which look pale yellow; Slender willow branches, floating in the wind, are softer than silk thread. Write two sentences about the soft charm of spring willow as soon as possible. Wu Shi wrote a poem praising Huayang, but he didn't directly write how beautiful and special Huayang was, but wrote a hundred flowers in contrast. He pays attention to the love of flowers, their self-expression, their fragile personality and their vulnerability to the wind. This frivolous cowardice of Baihua just reflects Huayang's beautiful sentiment of indifference, firmness and courage to meet challenges. This technique has well achieved the author's purpose of praising the unique and arrogant Huayang.
(12) Metaphor symbol: "Metaphor" means "analogy", that is, two different things have similarities with each other, so compare one thing with another. Proper use of metaphor can turn prosaic into vivid, abstruse into simple and abstract into concrete. "Symbol" means that the author uses one thing to represent another while the characteristics of the original still exist, or uses one thing to represent similar or similar ideas, thoughts and feelings. For example, the image of Haiyan in Gorky's works symbolizes the psychology and feelings of the revolutionary pioneers; The image of passers-by in Lu Xun's works symbolizes the tenacious fighting spirit of seeking up and down and persisting in progress, and is the visualization of psychological and mental state; The herbs and beauties in Qu Yuan's Lisao are also symbolic. The use of "metaphor" techniques, such as:
The Yangtze River in Wan Li is as white as practice, and the mountains in Hu Aishan are as green as lakes. The river sail is as fast as an arrow, and the mountain spring flies as fast as electricity for several feet. The sunset dew, the new moon is a beginner, and the word "rainbow" comes like a line. (Zhou Deqing's "Sai Qiu Hong Xunyang Scene")
This song uses six metaphors. The first sentence is to compare the Yangtze River to "white practice" (white ribbon) and write the clarity of Qiu Jiang; The second sentence compares the lush autumn mountain to indigo (a deep blue dye) and writes the green of the mountain; The third sentence compares the light river sail in the voluminous lecture to several reed leaves. Only light reed leaves can write the feeling of flying like an arrow. The fourth sentence compares the waterfall pouring down from the majestic Lushan Mountain to lightning, and writes the steepness of the mountain and the speed of the waterfall; The fifth sentence compares the early moon rising from Ran Ran on the horizon to a semicircular round fan, and writes the beauty of the "new moon"; The seventh sentence compares the flying formation of the Southern Saihong (Hongyan) to the word "one", and the misty river is the big rice paper on which the word "one" is based. The six metaphors are very clear and full of life. The use of metaphor makes this article harmonious, with magnificent images and unrestrained feelings.
Another example is the use of "symbolism":
A wave, a wave hit its face and body.
Come at me endlessly like a knife.
Every wave is under its feet, but it still stands there.
Broken to pieces, scattered all over the floor ... smiling, looking at the sea. ...
(Aiqing Reef)
The reef in this poem, the author said, symbolizes the attitude of a nation, a person who wants to survive, when encountering continuous persecution. The rock in the poem is not oppressed badly ("its face and body/like a knife"), but it still tries to break the waves that "come endlessly" into pieces and "still stands there/smiles". This indomitable spirit of struggle, this firm belief of not being afraid of violence, is not only a symbol that the poet himself does not bow to fate, but also a symbol of us. Another example is:
You have to ask the cart to fill it up. It didn't say a word anyway.
The pressure on the back buckled into the meat, and it hung its head heavily!
I don't know the fate of this moment, but it only swallows tears in its heart.
A whip shadow floated in front of him and he looked up at the front. (Old horse in Cang Kejia,1932,4)
This poem, on the surface, is about an old horse, under pressure and great pain, and has to struggle under the whip. In fact, the old horse symbolizes the fate of the peasants who suffered in the old society, and also symbolizes the author's own feelings at that time. The old horse and the peasant masses in the poem are oppressed ideologically and emotionally, and their future is bleak and their fate is tragic. At this time, the author completely denied Chiang Kai-shek's regime and felt very bleak about the future of the revolution. Life is painful, he is depressed and angry. His feelings are similar to those of the oppressed and suffering peasants, and so is the old horse. The back pressure is in the meat.
(13) satirizing the present through the ancient times: refers to the writing method of satirizing and alluding to reality by using allusions and historical facts in literary works (especially ancient poems). Can implicitly express the dissatisfaction or criticism of the monitor that the author can't say or can't say clearly. For example:
It is difficult to find a hero like Sun Quan after the history of the country. Dancing in the pavilion, singing on the platform, wind and rain always blow away romantic feelings. Sunset grass trees, human beings send slaves to live. Looking back, how powerful he was when he led the Northern Expedition and recovered lost ground! However, Li Liu Yi Long, the son of Liu Wang Yilong, was a great success and made a swift northern expedition. Instead, he made the Northern Wei Emperor Wu Tuoba fly south and returned to the north bank of the Yangtze River, which was severely hit by his opponent. I have been back to the south for forty-three years, and I still remember the war scenes in Yangzhou. Looking back, there was a crow club drum under the beaver temple. Who can ask: Lian Po is too old to eat?
(Xin Qiji's "Yong Yu Le Jing Kou Gu Bei Ting Nostalgia")
This word uses the technique of borrowing from the past to satirize the present and uses historical facts to illustrate practical problems. The praise of Sun Quan and Emperor Wu of Song is an indictment of the rulers of the Southern Song Dynasty. Liu Yilong's satire is a warning to Han Tuo; The sigh in Under the Beaver Temple is a dissatisfaction with the ruler's failure to recover the Central Plains. Finally, comparing Lian Po with himself is an inner monologue. This nostalgic work fully shows the author's patriotic enthusiasm.
(14) Zhang Xianzhi: A writing method that indicates the theme of a literary work at the end of an article. The application of the technique of "pawn Zhang Xianzhi" can make the finishing touch to the works. For example:
The more precious things are, the more their value is fully displayed after they are lost. For example, youth, a beautiful word that we have chanted, chanted and hummed countless times, is always surprisingly generous when we have it, just like a millionaire spending money like water. Once we realized that we would wave goodbye soon, we suddenly realized: what a dignified and sad moment has arrived!
However, youth still passes away in a hurry, like a cloud and a dream-
Spring as green as a daisy comes from the beauty of a leaf. The outbreak of youth is carried out unconsciously. Unconsciously, the boy's Adam's apple began to swell, the noise became thicker, and the moustache with fine hair on his lips grew as long as Lamian Noodles. Unconsciously over-meticulous doting and caring for elders breeds a kind of inexplicable disgust, and likes to argue with one's neck twisted. He often finds some self-righteous reasons to compete for competitiveness, covered in blood. Every new day; As fresh and hopeful as the sun in the festival. As for girls, their cheeks began to turn red; The chest is also quietly bulging, the posture is gradually full, the black eyes are full of dreams, and the whole body exudes a natural, long and unspeakable fragrance. They are shy, but they are never afraid to criticize the opposite sex. Under the arrogant shell, there is actually a burning passion, keen on bright clothes colors, and love to weave future dreams in my heart. Step by step, jump and jump, and speak as clearly as a bell in the wind.
Ah, boys and girls, the most beautiful and charming cadenza in life.
The maturity of youth is said to be after entering the society. At this time, the rainbow in my heart has gradually faded, and the blazing sun is no longer covered with sacred, beautiful and dazzling aura. The rising creative desire forms a sharp contrast and sharp conflict with some suffocating hidden networks, so sighs and sorrows are like spring water. It is conservatively estimated that more than half of about 65,438+000 young people are dissatisfied with their living conditions. Of course, this does not rule out the quirks and the accidental causes of imperfection in the complex society, but in the final analysis, it is because they have not clearly realized that the world is a flawed existence, and absolute perfection will only grow in dreams forever. Youth is like a dream, and any radical words and deeds in youth are all harmful as long as they don't violate the law and endanger society. From a dream to a reality, it is bound to go through a period of pain. However, it is not only inappropriate but also dangerous to expand this kind of pain to an unnecessary extent. The yearning for life is always the core of brilliant youth, while decadence and cynicism are the beginning of depravity.
The charm of youth lies in crystallization. Once youth is crystallized, it becomes a ruthless existence.
It is useless to lament the passing of youth. Someone has come up with a clever plan to retain youth-"minus ten years". However, I think the most fundamental change is to reform the measurement unit of youth, so that the measurement unit of youth no longer depends on physiology but on psychology. In fact, youth has youth, but it is not the same as youth. Youth is by no means a patent of youth. The reason why the psychological charm of youth is superior to the physical charm of youth is that it is not limited by any time and space, and it does not vary from person to person and from place to place. The people who live the best in the world are those who are psychologically forever young.
Fantastic youth is a precious crystallization.
Youth will always belong to young people psychologically!
(Youth is like a dream)
What is "youth" and why do you say "youth is like a dream"? The article lists all kinds of things in front to show that youth is beautiful and short-lived, so we should cherish it. But what is the real "value" of youth? The author didn't point out until the end of the article: "Fantastic youth is precious crystallization" and "Youth always belongs to psychological young people", telling us that the value of youth lies in success and youth belongs to psychological young people. With the above discussion, the main idea of the article will naturally arise.
(15) connecting the preceding with the following: it refers to the method that the author deliberately uses some turning sentences or paragraphs in his works in order to make his works smooth, which can not only closely follow the above meaning, but also inspire the following content. For example:
Indus is in front of the building where we live. Between the garden and the grass, at the corner of a winding path, it watched us all day and all night.
It is much bigger than other trees, thick enough to fold, like a "gentleman", reaching into the air; Like a reserved girl, long hair, shawls and other lush leaves cover her face and even cover her whole body. I guess, at the beginning, there must be many saplings growing side by side with it, and later, perhaps because of the needs of environmental planning, they were cut down; Perhaps it is their own good quality and tenacious persistence. It leisurely walks through the storms of the years and becomes tall. Reading trees in my spare time has become a part of my life.
One day, my mother wrote from the north: the cold wave is coming, pay attention to keep warm and keep out the cold. In the evening, I added a quilt. Sure enough, in the middle of the night, there was a whistling wind and rain banging on the window lattice. I woke up from a deep sleep and heard the cold raindrops falling like primitive percussion. So I didn't sleep, thinking about home letters. Think of my mother's family language and my grandfather's ups and downs. Grandpa is a famous local educator. He devoted his life to education in Sang Zi and gave up several opportunities for external employment. However, in those unprecedented years, he didn't want to succumb to inhuman torture. On a cold rainy night, he swallowed his anger and committed suicide. I didn't see his old man's house, but I read a black-framed face from my uncle's house. I dare not say how skilled the painter is, but I firmly believe that those eyes are vivid. Every time I stand in front of it, there is always a feeling that spreads to me and silently collides with my heart.
Imagine, with the wind and rain, in order not to be sleepy, I put on my clothes alone, facing the window. The night is like ink, and in an instant I am also integrated into this thick night. Surprised to find a few cold stars blinking their sleepy eyes on the horizon! In the past, this was an illusion. There is no rain at all, only wind and cruel north wind. At this time, what makes me "sad" most is the phoenix tree not far away. I can only vaguely see its dark blue outline, bearing the desolation of the horizon. A gust of wind blows, which is the call sign of leaves and branches around each other, sometimes like Russian folk songs, and sometimes like poetry as if nothing had happened. Somehow, my grandfather's portrait suddenly caught my eye, and it seemed to have an unspeakable fit with this silent phoenix tree. Wenda, who doesn't want to be a giant arm, has the generosity to protect one side. (Excerpted from "Idle Reading Wu Tong")
In these excerpts, the first paragraph comes straight to the point and puts forward the object of description, while the second paragraph refers to the letter from the mother. What is the purpose of this plot? After reading the whole article, we find that it has nothing to do with the theme of the article, but it is not difficult to find from the context that in fact, the author leads her mother's memories of family affairs by writing her mother's letter, and then leads her grandfather's experience and ending. This unobtrusive interpolation implies the connection between her grandfather and the phoenix tree, which naturally leads to the contrast between her grandfather and the phoenix tree below, making the idea of the article very smooth.
(16) Straight to the point: It refers to a writing style that goes straight to the subject at the beginning of a literary work. Using this technique, the author often points out the object of description or the theme of expression at the beginning of the work, regardless of any special skills, so that the article appears coherent.
Autumn, no matter where, is always good; However, the autumn in the north is particularly clear, quiet and sad. The reason why I have traveled thousands of miles from Hangzhou to Qingdao, and even from Qingdao to Peiping, is to enjoy this "autumn", the autumn flavor of this old capital. (Excerpted from Yu Dafu's Autumn in the Old Capital)
The article points out the central content-"Autumn in the Northland", and puts forward the characteristics of this autumn: "Qing", "Quiet" and "Sadness", which are described below. This "straight to the point" writing method makes the article go straight to the theme and immediately makes readers feel the unique artistic conception of autumn in the old capital.