The rhythm of English poetry is based on rhythm. In Greek, the word "meter" means "scale". English poetry calculates the rhythm according to the syllables and stress rhythm in the poem.
One of the characteristics of English poetry is its different format from other styles. Each line of poetry does not reach the margin of each page, and the beginning of each line is capitalized. A few lines become a section, regardless of paragraphs. Pay attention to a certain number of syllables in each line, whether the end of the line rhymes or not, and stagger.
..... syllables are stressed and unstressed. ..... This is the formal form of stress, which is reflected in the rhythm of poetry. The science that studies the prosodic rules of poetry is called prosody.
1. Foot:
This special combination of stressed syllables and unstressed syllables in English poetry is called cadence. The number of syllables in a step can be two or three syllables, but not less than two or more than three syllables, and only one syllable can be stressed. Analyzing the meter of English poetry is to divide it into steps, distinguish which are steps and count the number of steps. This step is called scanning. According to the number of steps in an English poem, one step in each line is called "monosyllabic step". Each line of poetry has two steps, called "Dimit"; If there are three steps, it is called "three steps"; In addition, there are four tones, five tones, five tones, six tones, seven tones and eight tones.
Is this the | express | to keqp?
Lard or lean meat
Is it clean? (herrick)
2. Metric: The rhyme of English poetry is distinguished according to the number of syllables contained in the step and the position of stressed syllables. Traditional English poetry has six steps: iambic (Lambus), iambic (Trochee), iambic (Anapaest), Dactyl and Amphibrach.
(Anapaest), Dactyl and Amphibrach:
"⌒" unstressed syllable; "/"stressed syllable.
Tu Shoupeng, A Guide to English Poetry.
Rhythm of English Poetry
The rhymes of English poetry can be divided into different categories according to the repeated parts of phonemes in words. The most common rhymes are alliteration, rhyme and rhyme. Alliteration refers to the repetition of the first word, such as great and grey homonym refers to the repetition of stressed vowels in words, such as great and fail；; Ending rhyme refers to the repetition of phonemes at the end of a word, such as great and bait. But there may be many rhyming forms in a line of poetry:
The light in a woman's eyes. Thomas Moore
There are alliteration of light and lies, homophonic rhyme of light, lies and eyes, and ending rhyme of lies and eyes.
The rhyming format between lines in English poetry is called rhyming scheme. There are three common rhymes: AABB, ABCB, ABBA and ABBA.
(Dasha finishing)
English poetry style:
Sonnet: In the past, it was also transliterated as a poem. Sonnets and iambic pentameter are used as the form of the whole poem. It first appeared in Italy and was introduced to Britain in the 6th century. In the Elizabethan era (the reign of Elizabeth I 1558- 1603), it was favored by scholars. Shakespeare, Spencer and Sydney all wrote famous sonnets. /kloc-the sonnets of the 0/8th century were ignored. But it was later revived by romantic poets Keats and Wordsworth, and was adopted by many poets in the future. There are two kinds of English sonnets: petra Van and Shakespeare (English). A Italian sonnet: imitating the style created by Italian poet Petrarch, it consists of two parts: the first part, TheOctave, consists of four quatrains, and the rhyme is abbaabba；; In the second part of The Sestet, the rhyme feet can have different forms. According to the strict Italian sonnet style, the poem at the end of the first eight lines should come to an end, and the last six lines should be transformed into new poems. B. Shakespeare-style sonnets: composed of three sonnets that rhyme alternately. Finally, there are rhyming double lines. The whole rhyme is ababcdcdefefgg In Shakespeare's sonnets, the artistic conception is achieved in one go, until the last double line, which is the climax of the whole poem. Besides Shakespeare, other poets also adopt this form.
Sonnet 2 1
I'm not like the muse,
His poem was inspired by a beautiful picture,
Who decorates himself with heaven?
Every market is rehearsing,
Make a proud contrast,
There are the sun and the moon, and there are rich gems of the earth and the sea.
With flowers blooming in early April and all the rare things.
The air in heaven is at the hem of this huge circle.
Ah, let me fall in love, but write sincerely,
Then believe me, my love is fair.
As a child of any mother, though not so clever.
Those golden candles are fixed in the air of heaven.
Let them talk about hearsay and so on;
I won't praise for not selling.
(Shakespeare)
Sonnet no 2 1
My poetic god (1) is not like the man who holds God.
I only know how to paint his poems with powder,
Even the sky should be removed for decoration,
List every beautiful woman to praise her beauty,
Duality and all kinds of exaggerated metaphors,
Put his sun, moon, land and sea treasures,
April flowers, and this powerful universe.
Everything in its arms is beautiful.
Oh, let me really love and sing,
Besides, believe me, my love is comparable.
Any mother's son, though clever.
How about a golden candlestick hanging in the sky?
Who likes empty talk, let him talk endlessly;
I don't want to sell it, so I don't need to pray for my own use.
See Liang's translated poems, page 107, Hunan People's Publishing House, page 1983. Poet: Poet, the male pronoun "He" is used below.
Tu Shoupeng, A Guide to English Poetry, p. 38.
Elegy is a thoughtful lyric poem to mourn a public activist, a friend or a relative. By extension, it refers to any introspective lyric poem lamenting the impermanence of the world, with a wider theme. In classical literature, the so-called elegy is just a poem written in elegy meter (six-step sentence and five-step sentence alternately use the case of raising and suppressing), and the subject matter is not limited. In some modern literature, such as German literature, people have adapted the elegy meter into language, so the word elegy only refers to the meter, not the content of the poem.
Concise British Encyclopedia China Encyclopedia Publishing House 1985 Edition 170 Page.
Superstar stores other reading materials that can be consulted (Dasha note: many concepts in the text are not uniform, please note that the Chinese and English definitions shall prevail):
Xie Zujun, English Rhetoric, June 1988, 1, 15 1- 179.
Wang Zuoliang Ding Wangdao, Introduction to English Stylistics, 1987, 1 Edition, pp. 385-365.
Chan Sarah, English Rhetoric and Translation (bilingual), 1990 June 1, pp. 32 1-324.
Xu Peng, English Figures of Speech, 1996, 10, p. 34 1-450.
A Brief Introduction to Liang Shoutao's English Poetry Metrics. The Commercial Press 1979
The Metres in English Poetry by Samuel Schumann of Morris University of Minnesota
How to analyze the rhythm, meter and rhythm of an English poem.
(The author uses the following simple poem to introduce poetry throughout. )
A stupid poem
I put my hat on my head and walked into the beach, where I met another man with a hat in his hand.
First, divide these lines into syllables, and then count them:
I/put/my/hat/up/on/my/head(8)And/walked/in/to/the/strand(6)And/there/I/met/a/noth/er/man(8)of/hat/was/in/his/hand(6)
The first step of poetry analysis is to divide syllables. It may be a little difficult for people like us whose mother tongue is not English. The basic method is one vowel and one syllable, for example, upon is two syllables and the other is three syllables. Sometimes poets will use ellipsis to emphasize dialects and other reasons, which will be analyzed in detail. Sometimes the collected syllables are omitted)
Which syllables are stressed or "stressed?" (re-read)
"Stress" means "speak out loud" in English poetry meter, which has nothing to do with the tension in your life. The symbol u means no force; The stress in the poem is not necessarily the same as the pronunciation of the word itself. Generally speaking, stressed words are meaningful words and play an important role in sentences. As long as you listen to the stressed words clearly, you can understand the meaning of a sentence. For example, in the first sentence, if you listen to the words put/hat/pon/head clearly, you will know what you are talking about, but only if you listen to the words I/my/u/my clearly ...)
u / u / u / u /
U/u/u/u/u/ I put my hat on my head and walked into the seaside, where I met another man with a hat in his hand.
Pay attention to the patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables:
In this poem, there is a repetitive pattern, with an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable: (In this poem, there is always a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable)
I put my hat on my head.
The small unit of repeated stress (always 2 or 3 syllables) is called "Sion step". Here, the first foot is "I put it", the second is "my hat" and so on. The repetition of several stressed/unstressed syllables constitutes the smallest part of a poem-the foot of the poem.
In this stupid poem, these lines are made up of alternating numbers of "feet": "Line 1 has 4 feet, line 2 has 3 feet, line 3 has 4 feet, and line 4 has 3 feet. The pace of this poem is four/three steps. )
Here, I pointed out the "foot"
I put my hat on my head. I walked into the beach, where I met another man with his hat in his hand.
Types of poetic feet
U/ iambic (iambic)-unstressed, stressed (u/)- repeated
/utopic (positive and negative case) -(/ u)-un it
U u/an apestic-(u u/)- inside cede.
/u u Dactylic (iambic) -(/ u u)-wash ing ton (I didn't find this word in the dictionary, I invented it myself)
///Spondaic (Yang Yangge)-(//)-Heartbroken
Types of lines (number of feet) (The following is simple, and anyone who has studied etymology should know it. One step, two steps and so on. ) Monometer-1 foot (e.g. "I put it." I put on my hat) Four meters, five meters, five meters, six meters and seven meters ... For example, "infrasound four-step meter" is a line with four feet (eight syllables), and each foot is stressed-unstressed: (By the way, any Chinese five-step iambic pentameter, besides the exam, has to be a Chinese exam or cheating MM, which is useless at all. )
/u */u */u */u Lovely Morris digital discount
"iambic pentameter" refers to five steps (10 syllables), and each step consists of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable:
U/* u/* u /*u /* u/"Change when it finds a change"
Most of Shakespeare's poems are "iambic pentameter" (you can start deceiving people by knowing that Shakespeare mostly uses iambic pentameter)
What is the form of "stupid poem" that we have been studying?
U/u/u/u/u/ I put my hat on my head and walked into the beach, where I met another man with his hat in my hand.
A: These are all iambic poems, and each line is in four steps (4 feet-line1&; 3) and TRIMETER (3-foot line 2 & amp4). Is that all right?
Now, for something simpler-
Rhyme scheme (rhythm arrangement? The sound of the last syllable in each line is assigned a letter, starting with "a" (prosody division is the key to poetry analysis. The last syllable of each line is rhyme, which is represented by letters. The first rhyme is a, and so on. When you encounter a rhythm that is repeated with the last one, mark it with the same letter as the last one. )
I put my hat on my head and walked to the seaside, where I met another man with a hat in his hand.
Poetry festival (poetry festival)
Combination of rhythms (i.e. "iambic, iambic, dactylic", etc.). ), step (that is, four steps, five steps, six steps, etc.). ) and rhyming schemes (for example, "a b c b") can create some stanzas that have become accepted poetic conventions. (It is also a very important concept. Simply put, a rhyme scheme can be regarded as a stanza.
Some historically important stanzas in English poetry are:
Couplets are any two lines that rhyme, regardless of rhythm and meter (couplets are the earliest form of poetry, so rhyme is enough).
Examples of couplets
Candy is delicious.
Heroic couplet (I can't find the exact translation, it seems to be the hero in the heroic couplet (two lines rhyme (a couplet)). It was written in iambic pentameter. "Heroic couplet" is the main form of English poetry in the18th century, which has been used by many writers from Chaucer to now.
Examples of heroic couplets
First of all, God is above and man is below. What can we infer except what we know?
(Excerpted from alexander pope's On Man)
Quatrain
Any sonnet stanza
Candy is good, but wine is faster.
Folk poetry festival
A four-line poem with alternating four-step and three-step steps, for example, the stupid poem we have been learning! I put my hat on my head and walked into the beach, where I met another man with a hat in his hand.
A serious example of folk poetry festival
The king sat in the town of Dumferline, drinking blood-red wine: "Oh, where can I find a good sailor to sail my boat?"
From Anonymous, Sir Patrick Spence (after 1200)
Sonnet (sonnet)
14 iambic pentameter has two main types:
Italy or Petrarch (Petrarch Sonnets)-two quatrains plus a "sestet" (6 lines)-usually ABABABABABACDEC.
English or Shakespeare (Shakespeare's Sonnets)-Three Sonnets and a Couplet.
An Italian sonnet
As far as I know, some people do use this to change their ladies from mourning and crying, instead of for Lin, hoping to relieve their pain. Some, when women accidentally change and hate the places they love, they say they are fake and want to win their hearts with words, and other places grow. As for me, although accidental changes have really exhausted my favor, I won't cry, be sad, be sad, or say that she is fake. I mistakenly feed her, but let it go, thinking that this is a change that often pleases a woman's heart. Wyatt, used by divers (about 1540)
Shakespeare's sonnets
At that time of the year, you may see yellow leaves on me, or not, or rarely hanging on those branches trembling in the cold, bare and destroyed choirs, and sweet birds singing there. In me, you saw the dusk of this day, just like the sunset; Gradually, the night took it away, and the second self of death closed everything else. In me, you see the brilliance of this flame, which lies on the ashes of his youth, like a deathbed, on which it must die and be swallowed up by what it nourishes. This makes your love stronger. Love the well that you will leave soon. ( 1609)
Blank verse (blank verse)
The torture of iambic pentameter without rhyme, dear friend, that despicable old man dared to use the greatest torture we can bear in hell to stop me from approaching your Lucifer. Marlowe, Dr. Faust (1604)
Some other forms of stanzas
Rime Royal-line 7, iambic pentameter, rhymes with ababbcbcc Otavarima-line 8 rhymes with ABABABABBCC Spencer Stanza-line 9 rhymes with ABABABBBCBCC, the first eight iambic pentameter, and the ninth iambic pentameter. You don't need to know this! ! !