First of all, those descriptions of Zhuge Liang's ingenious design are more of a novelist's brushwork. After reading "The History of the Three Kingdoms", you will find that there is no such thing as "borrowing an arrow from a straw boat, three times, burning, and empty city plan". Zhuge Liang didn't use Cao Cao as an empty plan, and Zhou Yu was not such a cheapskate at all. It's just that I was jealous that I died in Dongwu at the age of 36, which has little to do with Zhuge Liang's anger. The burning of Chibi is not mainly due to Zhuge Liang. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms also admitted that Zhuge Liang was resourceful only through atmosphere rendering, which led us to think that Battle of Red Cliffs was mostly attributed to Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang.
I also want to talk about Zhuge Liang and Liu Bei, two examples of this pair of monarch and minister knowing each other. Of course, I don't deny that Liu Bei did reuse Zhuge Liang. After all, Zhuge Liang's ability is there. However, it is not as written in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. It seems that the two men have always been closely United in order to revive the Han Dynasty. As long as you look at a few details, you will find that the fact is far from simple. After Jingzhou was laid, especially surprisingly. Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang are at arm's length. It can be seen that Liu Bei deliberately alienated Zhuge Liang, at least at the beginning, limiting Zhuge Liang's influence on himself. After the capture of Jingzhou, almost no Zhuge Liang was with Liu Bei, the most important adviser of the Northern Expedition (except Pang Tong's accidental death, who had to call Zhuge Liang to assist Pingxichuan). Liu Beizheng unexpectedly chose Pang Tong, who had little actual combat experience, and put Zhuge Liang in the rear. You can say that guarding Jingzhou is also very important, but you should know that if Liu Bei really can't live without Zhuge Liang, he can continue to take Zhuge Liang away, leaving Guan Yu to guard Jingzhou, assisted by some counselors. Isn't that what happened later? But Liu Bei didn't. After that, the most important counselor around Liu Bei was not Zhuge Liang, but the method of surrender. After pacifying Hanzhong, Fa Zheng followed Liu Bei and became Liu Bei's confidant. Zhuge Liang gradually retired to the second line and was overshadowed by Fa Zheng. Liu Bei also intends to use justice to contain Zhuge Liang and establish a new group of counselors. Life law is "the satrap of Shu County (Shu County is the capital of surprisingly), and the general Yang Wu is the capital and the master at home" (Romance of the Three Kingdoms Pang Tong). Law is involved in almost all important planning. It was Fa Zheng who pacified Hanzhong, and Wang Fa of Hanzhong was the official minister. If he had not only lived for 45 years, the prime minister of Shu would have been his.
Obviously, Liu Bei's arrangement for Fazheng is an intention to entrust an orphan to him. In this way, if his filial piety and early death hadn't disrupted Liu Bei's plan, the pattern of entrusting orphans in Baidi City would not necessarily be dominated by Zhuge Liang, supplemented by Li Yan, and even Zhuge Liang's fate is hard to say. After listening to my analysis, you will feel it. After Xiao Ting's fiasco, Zhuge Liang himself said, "If filial piety is in place, the master can be restrained so that he will not travel eastward" (Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Pang Tong). Although the Book of Filial Piety may not really convince Liu Bei, it at least shows that the Book of Filial Piety has a greater influence on Liu Bei than Kong Ming. One more thing can be seen. At that time, the law was proud of its spring breeze and retaliated against those who had offended themselves in the past. Someone stabbed Zhuge Liang with these things, or Zhuge Liang said, "The law is too vertical and horizontal in Shu County. The general should enlighten his master and restrain his prestige." ("A Record of Pang Tong's Ritual") I thought that this figure who is famous for the rule of law would uphold justice, but Zhuge Liang, who has always enforced the law like a mountain, said the following words that we never expected: "The master is in public security, and he is afraid of the strength of Cao Cao in the north and the force of Sun Quan in the east, but he is afraid that Mrs. Sun will be born under the elbow nest; When the time comes, the wings of Fa Xiaoyu cannot be copied. How to prohibit the law from doing evil "(The Romance of the Three Kingdoms Pang Tong Law True Story) is not as strict as Zhuge Liang's statutes. But to avoid confrontation with the law, which shows how the law won Liu Bei's heart. At this time, Fa Zheng had just joined Liu Bei. Zhuge Liang was a loyal minister who followed Liu Bei for many years, but even he was afraid of Fa Zheng.
Let's talk about the very important Baidi City, which we relish. It seems that Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang reached their peak when they met, but careful analysis is not that simple at all. You have to sweat for Zhuge Liang. The most important thing is that "if you are only ten times better than Cao Pi, you will be safe and will eventually achieve great things." . If the heir can supplement it, supplement it; If you are incompetent, you can take it yourself. "(Biography of the Three Kingdoms Zhuge Liang) Zhuge Liang also said that touching sentence after listening," Dare to do your best, and die with loyalty? " (Biography of Zhuge Liang in the Three Kingdoms)
A generous enough to know that his son can't do it, even Jison can be ceded to Zhuge Liang, a loyal monarch who knows whether A Dou is a straw bag or willing to be a cow or a horse. In this way, the images of the two were set off to the extreme, fixed at that moment, and became an example for future generations to follow. But you looked at it carefully, thought about it, and looked at it several times and found nothing wrong. Don't you think something is wrong? I used to stay here for a long time. I don't know why, this scene will always be replayed in my mind. I don't know why Liu Bei said so. Is there any meaning behind it? Do you really want your son to give way to the Prime Minister as Liu Bei said? With the growth of age, there are more and more historical knowledge, deeper thinking and more and more problems found.
If you look through the history books, you can't see any monarch or emperor willing to submit to his deputy after Yao Shunyu, except the stupid Rebecca who gave way to the son of the country during the Warring States Period. Moreover, Liu Bei is not without a son. No matter how generous he is, he can't reach that level. How could he let his son sit down without telling me? No matter how stupid he is, his son is his own. If he didn't mean it, why did he say it? The answer is actually very simple, that is, to test whether Zhuge Liang has ambitions. If Zhuge Liang had hesitated at that time or expressed his willingness to accept it, Liu Bei would have made other plans. Zhuge Liang, a wise man, must have understood Liu Bei's intention and immediately knelt down to be loyal, but it was already very dangerous for the two of them to come to this step, which shows that Liu Bei was not at ease with Zhuge Liang. If Liu Bei lives a few more years, history is likely to be rewritten. Liu Bei's time is coming, so he can't clear the obstacles for his son. Besides, Shu relies on Zhuge Liang. He can only test the prime minister on the one hand, and leave Li Yan to contain Zhuge Liang on the other. In fact, from here, we can already smell that their parting is full of gunpowder, which is far from what we imagined. This historical fact, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, has remained basically unchanged, but it has been treated as a foil. But as long as you use your head, you will know that Liu Bei's suspicion of Zhuge Liang is more like what a novelist said, closer to the historical truth and in line with human nature. Dou has no ability, Zhuge Liang is smart and capable. Cao Pi and Sun Quan are hard to beat. How can his son manage it, and how can Zhuge Liang be willing to obey a son who has no prestige and talent? Only by considering these problems, people like Liu Bei who climbed to the throne from the bottom should think about it. Look at history again. Why did Liu Bang kill Peng Yue, Han Xin and Ying Bu? If Xiao He hadn't polluted himself, Zhang Liangre wouldn't be deaf. Another emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang, who came up from the bottom, saw it more clearly. He personally killed his son Zhu Biao for his own succession, and the rise of the Hu Lanyu case led to the hero's murder. Xu Da, the god of war, had not recovered from his old wound. The doctor told him not to eat wool, but Zhu Yuanzhang gave him a bowl of roasted goose. Xu Da immediately understood that Emperor Hongwu was not at ease. Chang Yuchun died early, otherwise he would have escaped from Zhu Yuanzhang's butcher's knife. However, people from the bottom are more suspicious than the average person, because they are oppressed at the bottom and have a stronger sense of revenge.
You see, the founding emperor, Emperor Wendi Sui, and Emperor Taizong Li Shimin did not kill heroes wantonly. They are more worried about the imperial clan, and their killings are relatively mild. A * * * has the same characteristics, they are not bottom-up, all belong to Guanlong aristocratic group. It's not that I look down on the working people at the bottom. I am a grass root myself. I just found such a rule by looking at history, not just at the bottom. In fact, as long as he has had inhuman experience before the upper level, even if he succeeds, this person's mind will be distorted and he will do many perverse things. These things have no absolute connection with the bottom, just because there is a high probability of being oppressed at the bottom. In order to get ahead, he will lose some of the most important dignity in exchange for the apprentice. For example, Gou Jian, the King of Yue, was not a grass root. He is definitely a noble of Yue, but he is willing to do anything to restore the country, even if he mortgages his soul to the devil. (I'm sorry to say that those who are interested can look through the historical records of Gou Jian's family. ) He finally succeeded in killing Fu Cha, the king of Wu, and annexed Wu, but he became an ungrateful man and contributed to the massacre. Wen Zi helped him so seriously that he never left him in his most difficult time. However, after the successful restoration of the country, how did he treat the doctors in Wen Zi to read history books? Fan Li, the family member of the King of Yue, was smarter than Wen Zi and noticed Gou Jian's character very early. He retired from the legend and traveled with stones. Now we pay more attention to Gou Jian's annexation of Wu, but basically don't pay attention to his suppression of himself and the people by climbing to the peak of power. Our historical view of victory and defeat is very problematic. We only ask the result, not the process, and we can do whatever it takes to achieve our goal.
I also want to talk about Zhuge Liang's way of using troops, knowing people and being good at their duties. I feel that Zhuge Liang is not so much a strategist as a politician. Qishan Liuchu only achieved the greatest success for the first time, but misused Ma Su. In order to appease Li Yan's opposition, Shu,
Ma Su can only be severely punished regardless of the lack of talents in Shu. Jiang Wan came from Chengdu to persuade Kongming, but Zhuge Liang shed tears and beheaded Ma Su. Cutting down Ma Su is beneficial to the country, but it is even worse. At that time, the population of Shu was already declining. "There is no general Liao Hua as the pioneer in Shu." Masu was also a first-class counselor at that time. Zhuge Liang often took Ma Su as a counselor to fight against Cao Wei's conquest of Meng Huo, and he also had many plans. "Taking the heart as the top, surrounding as the bottom, psychological warfare as the top, and war as the bottom" ("Three Kingdoms Dong Liu Ma Chen Dong Lu"), in order to win the hearts of southerners, Zhuge Liang finally completely solved the hidden dangers in the south and let go of the Northern Expedition, thanks to Ma Su's planning. How powerful is Zhuge Liang? If Ma Su hadn't had two brushes with Zhuge Liang for so long, Zhuge Liang would have regarded him as a confidant. Ma Su has a deep personal relationship with Zhuge Liang. It is conceivable that a person who is a little incorruptible like Kong Ming can be valued by him. Good brother Shi, the word is young and often, the talent is extraordinary, and he is good at fighting. Zhuge Liang, the prime minister, is quite different. When the late Lord arrived, he called Liang Yue, "Ma Su exaggerates, so he can't use it much. You check that "Liang Jude" refers to something else, and Ma Su joined the army. Every time I introduce you, I talk from morning till night. (reflection Liu Dongchuan Ma Lu)
It is precisely because of this that Masu was neither humble nor supercilious, which led to the fiasco of the street pavilion. He just lacks independent experience, his execution ability is not as good as his planning ability, and his eyes are above the top. Actually, I can't blame him. He often gives advice to the leaders for a long time and is affirmed by the leaders, so anyone will be on cloud nine. The right of employing people is not in his hands, or Zhuge Liang lacks the skill of knowing people. A talented general like Wei Yan was idle because he was not a confidant of Kong Ming. Wei Yan should be the only one guarding the street pavilion, regardless of his qualifications, physical condition or combat experience. Zhuge Liang, on the other hand, chose Ma Su, leaving Wei Yan behind the street pavilion for a rainy day. The strategic position of street kiosks is too important for the Shu army. Once the throat of the route for providing foodstuff is controlled by Wei Jun, the situation will be out of control, and the provision of food is the biggest difficulty for the Shu army every time. Street kiosks can be said to be the focus of competition between Wei and Shu. In 228 AD, all eyes turned to such a humble town. But for such an important place, Zhuge Liang was uncharacteristic. He didn't carefully send an experienced general like Wei Yan, but let Ma Su, who has no actual command experience, personally take the lead. This is an adventure.
In addition, Zhuge Liang paid insufficient attention to Wei Yan's ingenious meridian valley plan, which was also substandard. In fact, the ingenious plan of Woods Valley is more in line with the way of fighting, but Zhuge Liang gave it up because he was too eager for stability. Originally, Shu was weaker than Wei, so fighting Wei was the worst policy. Only by using strange tricks and taking risks can we win. Zhuge Liang always said that if the other side ambushed in the meridian valley, it would be wiped out by the whole army. However, since fighting is an adventure, he simply stopped fighting. And according to the opponent, a dude like Xia Houdun is not an old general like Zhang He and Sima Yi, and it is worth fighting. And there is no risk in this spell consumption? Defeat the strong with the weak, it is difficult to win except by surprise. Celebrities like Han Xin, Excavate and Li Su know this well. Han Xin, Li Jing, Yinshan, Li Su and Cai Zhou are all classic cases. They all used a small number of elite soldiers to raid their opponents and disrupt their positions, which led to the reversal of the whole war.
Finally, he left a will and forced Wei Yan. In this respect, Zhuge Liang is not as clever as Liu Bei. Liu Bei boldly used Wei Yan in those years, and ordered him to be the satrap of Hanzhong, guarding the north gate of Shu against Cao Wei. It can be said that Wei Yan was entrusted with an important task, and he lived up to expectations and managed Hanzhong vividly. Before he died, he accused Zhuge Liang and Ma Su of exaggerating and should not make full use of them.
Then why was Zhuge Liang shaped into such a glorious image, and he and Liu Bei also became models of monarch and minister. I think this is more of a political need. Zhuge Liang can at least call himself emperor. After Liu Bei's death, he basically monopolized the power, and he became Cao Cao of Shu. Later, Li Yan fell, and Zhuge Liang had no opponent in Shu. If he claimed the title of emperor, no one could stop him, but he continued to help Liu Chan until he got sick at work. Isn't this what kings of all ages want most? Capable and loyal. Zhuge Liang will naturally be enshrined in a shrine for everyone to worship, and his relationship with Liu Bei will be greatly beautified and become a typical example of knowing each other. In this way, Zhuge Liang was more used by rulers to publicize the idea of loyalty and ministers. I didn't do any more research. Personally, I think Zhuge Liang's image today is more due to The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which was written in the Ming Dynasty, when it was in the era of absolute autocracy in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is not surprising that such works appear.
We talked so much about history and Zhuge Liang, just to tell stories to amuse everyone and add some talk after dinner, which is of little value. I hope everyone can think more after reading history, see human nature from history and see the law of rise and fall. Think more about what you don't understand and get in touch with other historical materials, so that you can see the problem from more angles and have deeper thinking. We often say that we need to borrow a pair of eyes. History can open our eyes, but you need to think about it yourself. It is said in Hanshu that "a Taoist makes a historian", and Laozi is the curator of Zhou Wen History Museum. Although Sima Qian was a Confucian, his father was deeply influenced by Huang Lao, and Taoism ranked first in Six Essentials. Taoism is very wise. Where does wisdom come from? Of course it comes from reading history. Let's end with a passage from teacher Bao Pengshan.
Scholar Bao Pengshan said: "Rereading history is the responsibility of every era. Only by rereading history can we understand ourselves and stand on a new height ... It is in the reinterpretation of history that the values of an era are highlighted and the moral coordinates of an era are established. " It can test the conscience and justice of an era and prove the cognitive level and practical level of an era. Similarly, the smallness and humbleness, simplicity and shallowness of an era will follow; And the greatness and glory of an era can be carried forward ... ""If that era has greatness and glory. "