Whether it is physical geography or human geography, we must pay attention to the study and use of pictures, and use the method of combining pictures and texts to better know, understand and master various geographical things and phenomena, geographical laws and Principles make geography easy to understand, learn, remember and use. This time I have compiled for you the knowledge points that must be tested in the mid-term exam of geography for the first year of high school for your reading and reference.
Contents
Required knowledge points for the Geography mid-term exam in the first year of high school
How to learn geography well
How Quickly memorize geographical maps
Must-know knowledge points for the geography midterm exam in the first year of high school
(1) Alternation of day and night
1. (1) The causes of day and night phenomena— —The earth is opaque and does not emit light;
(2) The reason for the alternation of day and night is the rotation of the earth.
2. Interpretation of the morning and evening line: Find any point on the morning and evening line and cross the line from west to east into the day hemisphere, indicating that the line is the morning line and vice versa.
3. The relationship between the morning and evening lines and the equator: they intersect and bisect each other, so day and night are equally divided on the equator all year round.
4. The relationship between the twilight line and the sun's rays: vertical and tangent, so the height of the sun on the twilight line is 0 degrees.
5. The range of angle between the twilight line and the earth’s axis: 0°～23°26′
6. Distribution of solar height: >0° on the day hemisphere, >0° on the night hemisphere <0°, morning and evening line=0°.
7. The cycle of day and night: one solar day = 24 hours
(2) Calculation of local time
1. Calculation principle of local time:
p>
①The local time is earlier in the east and later in the west (the same is the east longitude, the larger the longitude, the farther east; the same is the west longitude, the smaller the longitude is, the farther east; one east and one west, the east longitude is earlier)
②Local time is the same on the same longitude line
③Local time differs by 1 hour every 15° of longitude (i.e. 1°=4 minutes)
2. Calculation method of local time ：
Local time in a certain place = known local time ± 4 minutes × longitude difference between the two places
Explanation: ① The conditions for selecting the plus and minus signs in the formula: add east and subtract west - so To find the land, use the plus sign to the east of the known land and the minus sign to the west of the known land.
② Calculation of the longitude difference: subtract the same and add the same - two places with the same east longitude or the same west longitude are subtracted; one is the east longitude and the other is the west longitude and is added.
③Calculation steps: Determine the longitude difference between the two places; convert the time difference between the two places; determine the east-west direction of the two places; bring it into the calculation.
3. Calculation of the length of day and night
⑴ Diurnal arc: the part of any latitude falling within the day hemisphere.
⑵Night Arc: The part of any latitude falling within the night hemisphere.
⑶ Calculation: ① Day length = number of longitude corresponding to day arc ÷ 15°;
② Night length = number of longitude corresponding to night arc ÷ 15°
(3) Calculation of zone time
The zone time of the desired place = the zone time of the known place ± the difference in time zones between the two places
Explanation:
① Calculation of time zone number: local longitude ÷ 15°, round off the quotient to get the time zone number.
② Calculation of time difference: Same subtraction but different addition - two places are in the East time zone or West time zone and subtracted; one is in the East time zone and the other is in the West time zone and is added.
③The conditions for selecting plus and minus signs: east plus west minus (both in the east time zone, the larger the time zone number, the more eastward; they are both in the west time zone, the smaller the time zone number, the more eastward; one east and one west, east The easterly time zone is earlier).
(4) Methods and steps for interpreting light diagrams
1. Mark the direction of rotation and determine the morning and evening lines
2. Set the date:
< p> ⑴The polar day occurs in the Arctic Circle (or the polar night appears in the Antarctic Circle) on June 22;⑵The polar night appears in the Arctic Circle (or polar day appears in the Antarctic Circle) on December 22;
⑶The morning-evening line coincides with the meridian, which is March 21 or September 23.
3. Time calculation:
⑴Find the special time point:
①The intersection of the morning line and the equator is at 6 o'clock on the longitude;
②The local time of the meridian where the evening line intersects the equator is 18 o'clock;
③The local time of the meridian that bisects the day hemisphere is 12;
④The local time of the meridian that bisects the night hemisphere is 12 o'clock;
It is 24 o'clock or 0 o'clock.
⑵ Calculate the time based on the principle that the time difference in places with a longitude difference of 15° is 1 hour, the east is earlier and the west is later, and the east is added and the west is subtracted.
4. Determine the geographical coordinates of the direct sun point
⑴ Determine the latitude of the direct point based on the date: Spring and Autumn Equinox - 0°; Summer Solstice - 23°26′N; Winter Solstice - 23°26′S.
⑵The meridian where the sun’s direct point is located is the meridian that bisects the daytime hemisphere, that is, the meridian where local time is 12 o’clock.
<<<
How to learn geography well
First, cultivate your interest in geography. Interest is the best teacher. If you lack the necessary interest in geography, you must cultivate it in your study life. For example, in the poem "The spring breeze does not pass through Yumen Pass", then you have to study it yourself. Why did the ancients write such a poem? After understanding, it turns out that "spring breeze" refers to the summer monsoon that affects our country. Yumen is in a non-monsoon area, and in summer The wind cannot affect it here, so there is little precipitation and it is desolate. In this way, you can stimulate your interest in learning.
Second, correct your learning attitude and be proactive. As a student, you must behave like a student. Don't believe in geniuses. Be yourself, study hard, and ask your classmates or teachers if you don't understand. "When three of us travel together, we must be our teacher." Teachers will like to cling to their students very much, and they will feel very happy in their hearts. They are afraid that if they don’t understand and still study on their own in a daze, working behind closed doors, problems will probably accumulate.
Third, prepare carefully before class what you are going to talk about and know what you are going to say; listen carefully in class and concentrate on it. After class, you should carefully complete homework independently and check for omissions. , distracted, it is likely to fall behind and be difficult to make up for. Sometimes, it may take several times more time to understand the knowledge in class, and it will be half the result with half the effort.
<<<
How to quickly memorize geographical maps
1. Enrich associations and compare words and pictures
Memorizing and filling in maps should be based on people and animals*. **Properly process the information source using multiple methods of stimulation to obtain the best effects of motor memory and emotional memory. Transform abstract map symbols into concrete objects to stimulate associations, such as the Qaidam Basin area map. There are mining areas and railways. We can form a cold lake to hunt fish (Yuka) to the east, collect firewood (Daqaidan) and go south to the foot of Xishan (Xitieshan), sweat (Chaerhan) to chop down Golmud, and transport the train to the east. Go to Chaka and recite the words while looking at the pictures, and you will be able to memorize this part of the picture quickly
2. Streamline the key points and signal prompts
Analyze the information carried by the map. , processing, differentiation, and reorganization; improving its accuracy; narrowing the scope and eliminating interference channels. The correct approach should be: (1) Based on the schematic diagram, first easy and then difficult. For example, the railway is based on the main line, and the hubs are filled in accurately and distorted. The straight method is easier to master. (2) Use single-color pens and multi-color pens to outline the illustrations, and then compare them with the atlas. This way, you can highlight the key points and complement each other. Strengthen difficult-to-remember content and reveal the key points of the regional map. For example, in the legend practice class and the quick map search competition, it can be continuously revealed. For example, should the hydropower station be drawn upstream or downstream of the reservoir? Does the Kiel Canal pass through the national border? ?Which mining area is the midpoint of the Shitai Line? How many towers are there on the Angkor Wat screen? Etc. (4) Grasp the text features and simplify the signals. For example, when learning about the eastern port of Korea, let the students chant while looking at the picture. Recite Qingjin Jin (Ce), Xianxingxing (Nan), and Wushan (Bu) Mountain. This saves time and effort and is easy to remember.
3. Read the pictures to recall the text, and look at the pictures to reflect the text.
The focus of mastering map knowledge should be on discovering characteristics, understanding concepts, revealing patterns, and clarifying causes. If you read the pictures one-sidedly without thinking about the text, your knowledge will appear fragmented. On the contrary, if you memorize the text by rote, the geographical concepts will lose the support of concrete images. It will inevitably lead to the indistinguishability of the abstract thinking of high school students, and their strong language expression ability. In teaching, students should be trained to write and read picture explanatory texts, extract the key points of explanations, carry out after-class discussion activities, and activate textbook knowledge on maps.
4. Artificially designed pictures, graphics give meaning
In order to make the mutual location relationship of geographical things in the image more clear, the geographical things are attached to the artificially designed geometric framework. . For example, in the Yangtze River Delta Industrial Zone, Wuxi, Suzhou, Yixing, and Huzhou can be connected to form a trapezoid on one side around Taihu Lake; the locations of the five major cities in the United Kingdom are connected by using a gold thread to connect Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield, and Birmingham. , London is pierced in a reverse S shape to illustrate the location of the five major cities in the UK. Another example: Sydney and other three cities in southeastern Australia form a three-star structure; Yuxikou and Wuhu form a chain across the river. You can also illustrate the graphics visually, such as using y to represent the shape of the Baltic Sea.
In the drawing training, according to the principle of the whole part and the whole, large and small pictures are combined, and the procedures of reading the pictures first, then simplifying and finally restoring them are practiced. That is: first look at the general map, then show the allusion map, and puzzle it out in your mind; then simplify the filling and copying, and finally open the map book to verify the restoration. Because all senses are mobilized to coordinate actions, map knowledge can be remembered and retained.
Geographic knowledge is very rich in content, highly practical, and widely applicable. When learning, it must be closely integrated and closely related to surrounding things and phenomena, local and national economic development, domestic and foreign current affairs hot spots, etc., so that Learning is closer to the reality of life and more lively and interesting.
We should also go into nature and society as much as possible, experience the geographical knowledge and phenomena in life first-hand, apply the knowledge and abilities learned in books and classrooms in field observations and social activities, and cultivate observation, analysis, and live learning. The ability to apply and combine theory with practice to solve specific problems, as well as the ability to communicate, cooperate, and practice innovation.
Finally, I want to talk about a question. Some students feel that geography is very abstract and has little to do with life. I want to say that geography is everywhere in life, and there is always geography, such as weather, weather, coldness, and weather. The change of day and night, the length of the day and the length of the day, the rotation of the button on the washbasin, the length of the shadows in winter and summer, etc., all have the shadow of geography. Therefore, geography is in our lives. It is visible and tangible. Learning geography well is actually really important. It’s not difficult, let’s work hard together!
<<<
Articles related to the knowledge points required for the Geography midterm exam for the first year of high school:
★ Compulsory geography for the first year of high school Knowledge points that must be tested in the mid-term review of the first semester
★ Summary of knowledge points that must be tested in the general review of geography for the first year of senior high school
★ Summary of key knowledge points for the final review of geography for the first year of senior high school
★ Knowledge points for the final examination of geography for the first year of high school
★ Analysis of knowledge points for the final examination of geography for the first year of senior high school
★ Summary of key knowledge points for the midterm review of geography for the first year of senior high school
★ High school Geography knowledge points (required for the final semester)
★ What are the test points for the final knowledge of geography in the first year of high school?
★ Review outline for the final exam of the first year of high school geography compulsory var _hmt = _hmt || []; (function() { var hm = document.createElement("script"); hm.src = "/hm.js?8a6b92a28ca051cd1a9f6beca8dce12e"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore (hm, s); })();