The landscape painting of Yunnan Tian was first learned by Huang and Wang Meng in Yuan Dynasty, which was calm and profound, and was called "Six Qing" with Wang Shimin, Wang Jian and Wang Wang. His landscape paintings don't allow the "Four Kings" to downplay, but send the aftermath to places that are leisurely, dry and strange, each with its own pattern, where the "Four Kings" have not been. In the 28th year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1689), Yunnan Tian left home to sell paintings in Hangzhou. In May of the following year, the trustee bought two tombs in Hangzhou and decided to bury his father's coffin on the lake, thus fulfilling his lifelong wish. He was so eager to raise money that he got sick and painted. He returned to Changzhou on March 17th, and died the next day at the Lotus Pavilion in Baiyundu, at the age of 58. A generation of talented masters silently ended a bumpy life.
The life of a character is the life of the children of Yunnan Tiangui. Yunnan Tianjia is a noble family in Wujin, and great-grandfather Shao Fang is a scholar of Ming Jiajing. Grandpa Yun is waiting. He was a Guo Jian Zi in imperial academy (the highest institution of learning in the Ming Dynasty) during Wanli period. My father was a tribute student in Chongzhen for six years at the beginning of the new year in Japan, while Liu Shizhou, a university student, participated in the anti-Qing movement and then went to the countryside to give lectures. Tang Boyun was a famous landscape painter in Ming Dynasty. He abandoned his official position and retired in the seventeenth year of Chongzhen. Tang Bochu, a scholar in the thirty-second year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, served as the provincial judge of Huguang (director of the provincial public security department) and led troops to participate in the anti-Qing movement. My uncle was a magistrate of a county during the Chongzhen period. After the death of the Ming Dynasty, he abandoned his official position and fled into an empty door, traveling around. Because most of Mr. Nantian's ancestors were celebrities with moral integrity, this noble family received a good education from an early age. He was very clever since he was a child. "At the age of eight, he sang lotus flowers into sentences, which surprised the teachers." This is an important condition for him to become a famous painter later. At the age of eleven, my father was dissatisfied with political corruption in the late Ming Dynasty and took two children to live in seclusion in Tiantai Mountain, Zhejiang Province. After the Qing soldiers entered the customs, they massacred in Yangzhou, Jiangyin and Hangzhou. Nantian fled to Fuzhou with his father and brother, and his father participated in the armed anti-Qing movement in Fuzhou. Fuzhou was captured by the Qing army, and Nantian fled to Guangzhou with his father and brother, traveling thousands of miles and being displaced from place to place. After Wang Qi, the general of Fujian Jianning Rebel Army, arrived in Guangzhou, he invited Nantian's father to Jianning to discuss the anti-Qing plan. After his father received the letter, he made an unannounced visit to Jianning from Nantian, thinking that "there are still flowers here, and the soldiers are strong and rich." Stealing the prince, the husband of the stone. "At that time, Nantian was only fifteen years old, but he already had a high political insight. Through his judgment, his father and brother joined the rebels in Jianning. After arriving in Jianning, Brother Nantian died in the anti-Qing War. The Qing army besieged Jianning 100 with 60,000 troops and was captured. Wang Qi committed suicide in the street fighting, and his second brother didn't know what to do. His father survived because he went out for help, and has been separated for many years. After being captured, Nantian, a prisoner in prison, was not killed and began a painful slave life. Later, he became the adopted son of Jin Chen, a general of the Qing army and governor of Fujian and Zhejiang. What's going on here? In his later poems, we know that this is related to a brothel woman. The brothel woman was a singing and dancing prostitute in Jianning City at that time. After Jianning City was broken, she was taken in by the governor. At that time, the Governor's wife wanted to make some jewelry, but she invited some painters to draw jewelry patterns, and she was not satisfied. Knowing that Nantian's paintings were very good, prostitutes in Caballe recommended Nantian to paint for the Governor's wife. The governor's wife saw that he was "handsome, easy to advance and retreat", with outstanding personality and just childless. She always wanted to adopt a child, so she was overjoyed and saved a child. In this way, Nantian changed from a prison camp to the son of the governor. Four years after being adopted by Jin Chen, when Nantian was 20 years old, Jin Chen was stabbed to death by a servant. Mrs. Chen took Nantian to attend the funeral and gave the deceased to Jin Chen at Lingyin Temple in Hangzhou. It happened that Nantian found her father among monks at the beginning of the day. At that time, he wanted to come forward to recognize each other, but because his foster mother and many soldiers were present, considering that doing so might be self-defeating, he secretly met his father, and then invited a German monk to come forward and lied to Mrs. Chen, saying, I don't think your son's life is long. If you want to save his life, you can only let him become a monk and follow the Buddha. Youde monk was one of the most famous monks at that time. He served as the abbot of Lingyin Temple 18 years. He "did Dojo for ten times, practiced Dafa and went to Lei Zhen", "So many people crowded in and sweated until the bath water was used up". It is so authoritative that what he said is so authoritative that the old lady cried and refused to take Nantian back to Beijing. In this way, Nantian cleverly recognized his father and then returned to his hometown with his father. Later, Yuan Mei, a famous dramatist, adapted this early life story of Nantian into a play "Nine Phoenix Fates", which was widely sung in the 19th year of Kangxi and became a much-told story. After being poor all his life and determined to return to his hometown, Nantian made a living by selling paintings, supporting his father and educating people in the village. Nantian is lofty, regards fame and fortune as dirt, and never follows the trend. When you meet someone you can talk to, no matter how poor you are, please ask him to draw and roll up his hair immediately; If you meet some snobs who want to buy paintings with money, even if you give him 120 silver, you won't draw a flower and a leaf for them. Nantian always brings a lot of money home every time he goes on a business trip. It is a gift he painted. He is generous and likes to give to others, but he often leads a poor life. Mr. Nantian's later years were extremely bleak. He was old, but his eldest son drowned in a ditch and his second son died of smallpox. In order to pay off the debt owed by his buried father, he painted hard. 1March, 69018th, the poor and sick old man finally collapsed in Baiyun Du apartment at the age of 58. His son was only five years old, and he couldn't even afford a coffin. Nan Tian's old friend Hui and others paid for the funeral. Yunnan Tian's character cultivation is firm and his national integrity is firm. In Mr. Nantian's family, most of them are anti-Qing righteous people. He himself participated in the anti-Qing movement, and both his brothers died in the anti-Qing campaign. In order to strengthen its rule, the Qing court adopted a cruel policy of slaughter and ignorance to the Han nationality. The data shows that the population of Han nationality in the late Ming Dynasty was 654.38+billion, and only half was left in the early Qing Dynasty. However, when the overall situation of the Qing dynasty was decided, inspired by the appeasement policy of the Qing court, many scholars threw themselves into the arms of the Qing court to whitewash the genocide of the Qing dynasty and tried their best to find the rationality and legitimacy of the Qing dynasty replacing the Ming dynasty. Mr. Nantian resolutely took a position of "non-cooperation" with the Qing Dynasty. He shouldn't take the imperial examination, be an official or even be a scholar all his life. All his works and letters never have a clear title, but use heavenly stems and earthly branches. He expressed his national feelings with this negative and silent resistance. There is only one stain in Mr. Nantian's life, that is, he was adopted by Jin Chen, the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang in the Qing Dynasty, but you should know that he was only a child of 15 years old. Can we ask a child to commit suicide? It is such a rich boy who, faced with the great temptation of inheriting the title of adoptive father of the two provincial governors, resolutely chose to leave, accepted poverty and finally died in poverty, and we cannot help but admire his noble sentiments. When he found his real father in Lingyin Temple, he abandoned his wealth without hesitation and resolutely returned to China with his father. My father makes friends in the village every day, and the expenses such as pen and ink he needs have been relying on the income from selling paintings in Nantian to support his father's education. He never clings to powerful people, but trusts his friends and treats them sincerely. For example, at that time, Wang, known as the "sage of painting", was highly praised by Nantian and thought that he had high attainments in landscape painting. They became brothers and wrote many afterwords for Wang's paintings, which became a story in the history of painting. Open-minded, honest and trustworthy, Mr. Nantian's greatest regret in his life was that he became the adopted son of Jin Chen, a general of the Qing army after being captured. In a letter to a friend, he wrote ... Bai Gui is perfect, why is it perfect? No matter what I do, don't let it become the regret of being a scholar, until I find the iron casting typo in the future. " It can be seen that he regarded himself as the adopted son of Jin Chen as "the crime of Bai Gui". Although he didn't want to mention this experience, he didn't hide it, but let others comment when he was sad, showing his honest character and open mind. Persistence and Perseverance Mr. Nan Tian devoted his life to painting art, not being disturbed by the secular world, insisting on taking his own road and taking the road of innovation. At that time, the landscape painting was passable, and his own landscape painting level was extremely high, but he never gave up the pursuit of realistic artistic innovation and devoted most of his energy to the creation of flower-and-bird paintings. Because the works of flower-and-bird paintings are generally short, he has few large-scale works left. Artistic achievements Yunnan Tian's poems, books and paintings are extensive and profound, and have the reputation of "three wonders in the south".
Yunnan Tian's poems are known as the first of the "Six Wonders of Piling" in the poetry circle. Gu Zeng, a great scholar, praised Nantian's poem, saying, "Uncle Yun put pen to paper like a mountain, languishing in the countryside, and ... imitated the outside world in the happy field of the earth and played the role of dancing sleeves." "The choice of meaning must be quiet, the choice of words must be fresh, and the vulgar words naturally do not invade their pens." His poems can be found in South Shi Tian Banknotes and Lotus Fragrant Pavilion Collection.
Shu Nantian started with regular script, followed by Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi, and then devoted himself to studying Chu Suiliang's calligraphy, which was rare at that time, which was also the reason why he was unique in the calligraphy field at that time. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Dong Qichang inherited the calligraphy style of Song and Yuan Dynasties, integrated the mastery of literati calligraphy and the expression of personal temperament since Song and Yuan Dynasties, and gave full play to the harmonious, elegant, relaxed and natural style. After entering the Qing Dynasty, due to the personal preference and advocacy of Emperor Kangxi, Shu Dong flooded the book world. But Nantian was also critical of Dong Qichang's calligraphy, which was popular at that time. He thought, "A scholar is absolutely weak, and a scholar is not weak. Limited to land, it is not good to work on stones. Its disadvantage is that it is also superb. " This shows that Nantian can find its own strengths and weaknesses, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, and form its own family.
Uncle Yun Xiang, who painted Yunnan Days, is a famous painter. Nantian studied poetry and painting with his uncle since he was a child, and he was the only teacher. After Nantian returned to China, he began to paint landscape paintings and made a reputation in landscape painting. The four heavenly kings, Wu Yun, are also known as the "six great families in Qing Dynasty". However, in the face of the decline of flower and bird painting, Nantian began to specialize in flower and bird painting. He inherited Xu Chongsi's painting method in the Northern Song Dynasty, and then almost created a "boneless painting" method, painting flowers and leaves directly with color or ink, without "pen bones". It injected new vitality into the creation of flower-and-bird painting at that time, and also made some contributions to the balanced development of Chinese painting later. Flower paintings in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties have the power of ups and downs, and are regarded as "decent sketches", which affect the whole country. The Collection of Paintings of Past Dynasties in China was uploaded: "In recent days, no matter Jiangnan or Jiangbei, every family is in Nantian, and every family is an uncle, so it has the purpose of Changzhou School. According to the history of painting in China, there are as many as 100 painters in Changzhou. Nantian's achievements in painting theory are also high. For details of painting theory, see Postscript of Southern Sky Painting. His painting theories mainly include: "the theory of taking emotion"; It is necessary to "learn from the past" and "learn from nature". There are "similarity" and "dissimilarity". The mainstream view at that time was that "similarity" was needed, and similarity became vulgar. Su Dongpo once said: "The similarity of paintings can be seen in children's neighbors. "Later scholars used this sentence to attack painters who painted like paintings. In Nantian's view, "likeness" and "dissimilarity" are not the highest requirements of painting, but the highest realm lies in "vivid expression". He said: "the whole world thinks it is best not to be alike, and the rest are not, but to be extremely similar. This is called painting to convey the spirit. "
The landscape paintings created by Yunnan Tian have a wide range of themes, seeking "potential" and "interest" slightly, and pursuing deep, quiet, fresh and elegant interests with light ink, light color and wet pen.
During the reign of Kangxi, Shu Dong was all the rage, but Yunnan Tian didn't keep pace with the times, and he was unique because of his profound skills in poetry and painting. Yunnan Tian's calligraphy has profound traditional skills. He widely absorbed the strengths of ancient masters and took me as his use, that is, the so-called "taking Wang Xianzhi as the body, Chu Suiliang as the face and Huang Tingjian as the bone", and achieved mastery through a comprehensive study and formed his own style. A large number of poems and paintings written by him and handed down from generation to generation are unique and radiant, forming the poems and paintings of Yunnan Tian.
Yunnan Tian's flower-and-bird paintings are similar, fresh and elegant, and its boneless paintings are all the rage and have many followers. He claimed to be "JOE's martial law". On the basis of inheriting Xu Chongsi's boneless flower painting method and combining the essence of Huang Quan and Xu Chongsi, he attached importance to image sketching and "vividly used flowers". His painting method is a kind of figure of "painting with chalk and then painting with dye". Fang Xun thinks this is a new style, that is, "this method is not handed down by predecessors, but he created it himself". It combines the essence of meticulous painting with freehand brushwork, which is not only realistic in form, but also vivid in freehand brushwork.
According to the history of painting in China, there are as many as 100 schools in Changzhou, and there are also many female painters. Modern famous painters such as Ren Bonian, Wu Changshuo and Liu Haisu have all copied and studied his paintings. He is also proficient in regular script, adopting the methods of Chu Suiliang and Mi Fei to form a whole. Poetry is the first of the six poems of Piling, and he is good at five-character ancient poems. His poetic style is superb, his calligraphy is beautiful, and his brushwork is vivid, so he is known as "Three Wonders in the South". His posthumous works include The Lotus Pavilion. His achievements in calligraphy are also very high. He studied Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi, and later studied Chu Suiliang's calligraphy. At that time, Shu Dong was all the rage, but Yunnan Tian did not keep up with the times, and was unique with his profound knowledge of calligraphy and painting.
Since Gao Yi's Shan Ye paintings and calligraphy and implicit boneless flower sketches appeared in Yunnan, there have been many followers. Changzhou painting school is naturally formed under the guidance of this aesthetic fashion.