The manufacturing of boats in the Song Dynasty was not only large in quantity but also of high quality, which in turn promoted the development of navigation. The shipbuilding industry of the Song Dynasty was more distinctive than before: the hulls were taller and taller, the structures were stronger and more reasonable, the sailing tools were more perfect, and the decorations were more gorgeous. In particular, the compass was used for navigation, opening up a new era in the history of navigation. The Song boat has a small bow and a V-shaped pointed bottom, making it easier to break through waves. The body is flat and wide, tall and has a deep draft. It is still very stable when hit by lateral winds. At the same time, the structure is solid and the hull has sealed compartments, which enhances safety. The bottom plate and side plates adopt double or triple heavy plate structures respectively, and there are many rafts and sails on the ship to facilitate the use of wind from all directions. Large ships are also equipped with small boats, which can save lives and rescue people in emergencies. There are two anchors on each boat. There are also water exploration equipment in the boat. These are ideal for ocean voyages.
The ordinary sea-going ships built in the Song Dynasty are called "guest boats", which are "more than ten feet long, three feet deep, two feet and five feet wide, and can carry two thousand grains." Sixty people”. There is a unique watertight cabin structure inside. The passenger boat is divided into three cabins: the front bilge is used for the stove and water tank. The middle cabin is divided into four rooms. The back cabin is more than ten feet high and has windows on all four walls. "There are railings [shǔnsu] (i.e. railings) on top, decorated with colorful paintings and curtains, and the officials and their families are separated in order of rank. There are bamboo awnings on top, which are piled up on weekdays and carefully covered when it rains. "("The Illustrated Book of Xuanhe's Envoy to Korea")
The "Shenzhou" is much larger than the "guest boat". In the first year of Yuanfeng (1078 AD), Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty sent envoys An Tao and Chen Mu to hire Goryeo. He ordered people to build two large ships in Mingzhou. The first one was named "Lingxu Zhiyuan Anji Shenzhou", and the second one was named "Lingxu Zhiyuan Anji Shenzhou". The two ships were named "Lingfei Shunji Shenzhou" and sailed from Dinghai, Zhejiang to Goryeo. The people of Goryeo had never seen such a Shenzhou and they "cheered out to welcome them". In the fifth year of Xuanhe's reign (AD 1123), Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty sent envoys to Goryeo again, and built two giant ships in Mingzhou. According to historical records, they were "as tall as mountains, floating on the waves, with brocade sails and bird's heads, surrendering to the dragon" Chi". After arriving in Goryeo, the Goryeo people "looked at the city" and "cheered and sighed". The large "Shenzhou" can carry five thousand materials (one material is equal to one stone) and five to six hundred people. The medium-sized "Shenzhou" can carry two thousand to one thousand people.
The Song Dynasty also had regulations on the number of shipbuilding in various places. For example, in the fifth year of Yuanyou (AD 1090) of Emperor Zhezong of the Song Dynasty, Wenzhou, Mingzhou and other places stipulated that the annual quota of 600 ships should be built. Therefore, there are many ships built in various places. In the 10th year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1140), Zhang Jun, the pacification envoy from Fujian, wrote to Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty that he had built a thousand large ships in Fuzhou and was preparing to sail to Shandong to attack the Jin soldiers from the flank.
Many vehicles and ships were also built in the Southern Song Dynasty. Cars and ships are also one of the important inventions of the ancient Chinese people. It was first designed and manufactured by Li Gao, the military governor of Jingnan during the reign of Tang Dezong (reigned 780-805 AD). It can be said to be the ancestor of modern ships. During the Southern Song Dynasty, vehicles and ships were widely used in the naval establishment. A chariot is a kind of warship. It has two wooden paddles, one on each side. Each wheel is called a chariot. It is stepped on by human feet to drive the paddles to rotate and make the ship move at a very fast speed. It is said in history that "the wind blows and the waves fly, as fast as a sail on a mat" ("Old Book of Tang·Biography of Li Gao"). During the Song Dynasty, the number of paddles increased, with four, six, eight, 20, 24 and even 32 paddles.
The development of shipbuilding industry and overseas exchanges in the Song Dynasty
Overseas trade in the Song Dynasty flourished, far exceeding that of previous generations. In order to increase fiscal revenue, the Song government attached great importance to overseas trade.
In the fourth year of Kaibao's reign (AD 971), Emperor Taizu of the Song Dynasty established a city shipping department in Guangzhou, and later also set up a city shipping department in Hangzhou. The Guangzhou and Hangzhou city shipping departments were in charge of the ports in Lingnan and Liangzhe Roads. Maritime trade tax collection and other matters. Later
we set up divisions in Mingzhou, and Guangzhou, Hangzhou, and Mingzhou were collectively called the "Three Divisions". Later, we set up divisions in Quanzhou and Banqiao Town, Mizhou
(in Jiaoxian County, Shandong Province) ) Set up a second city shipping department. By the Southern Song Dynasty, except Mizhou which was included in the Jin territory, other municipal shipping institutions still existed. The shipping companies in Guangzhou and Quanzhou were relatively stable and became important institutions in the development of maritime trade. The Municipal Shipping Department of the Song Dynasty
Similar to modern customs, merchant ships going to sea must first report to the Municipal Shipping Department to receive a certificate before they can sail. When foreign merchant ships arrive at my country's port, they must first report to the Municipal Shipping Department, which will send people on board to inspect the goods and collect 1/10 of the goods as import tax (called "drawing points") ). The extracted goods are sent to the capital and handed over to the treasury, which is called "extracting", and "extracting" is an important fiscal and tax revenue of the government. Ten kinds of goods are stipulated as prohibited items, namely tortoiseshell, ivory, rhinoceros horn, iron, leather, coral, agate, frankincense, purple ore, and 鍮 (tōu steal, that is, brass) stone. All are purchased by the city's shipping agency, and other goods are also purchased partially, which is collectively referred to as "bo-buying". The points draw is a physical tax, and the Bobuy is a disguised market tax with a mandatory price limit.
All the goods purchased by Xiejie and Bo will be sent to the central government. The Southern Song Dynasty government encouraged wealthy people to build sea-going ships and purchase goods to do business overseas. And formulating relevant reward and punishment systems can attract promotions from foreign businessmen and influence the demotion of overseas trade.
Due to the promotion of overseas trade and the advancement of navigation technology, my country's shipbuilding industry entered a
peak stage in the Song Dynasty. There are new developments.
During the Song Dynasty, shipyards and shipyards were established in many places, especially Guangzhou, Quanzhou, Mingzhou, Wenzhou and Hangzhou along the eastern and southern coasts, which formed important bases for manufacturing sea-going ships.
There are not only official shipyards, but also many private shipyards. There are also many civilian ships among the big sea ships. Among the warships
There are also many civilian ships that were requisitioned. Shipbuilding and ship repairing in the Song Dynasty had begun to use docks, and the method of launching slides into the water was invented.
The manufacturing of boats in the Song Dynasty was not only large in quantity but also of high quality, which in turn promoted the development of navigation. The shipbuilding industry in the Song Dynasty was more distinctive than before: the hulls were taller and taller, the structures were stronger and more reasonable, the sailing tools were more perfect, and the decorations were more gorgeous, especially the use of compasses. Navigation opened up a new era in the history of navigation
. The Song boat has a small bow and a V-shaped pointed bottom, making it easier to break through waves. The body is flat and wide, tall and has a deep draft. It is still very stable when hit by
lateral winds. At the same time, the structure is solid and the hull has sealed compartments, which enhances safety.
The bottom plate and side plate adopt double or triple plate structure respectively. There are many rafters and sails on the ship, which facilitates the use of wind from all sides.
Every ship is equipped with a small boat, which can rescue people in case of emergency. There are two anchors on each boat.
There are also water detection equipment in the boat. These are ideal for ocean voyages.
The ordinary sea-going ship built in the Song Dynasty is called a "guest boat", which is "more than ten feet long, three feet deep, two feet and five feet wide, and can carry
two thousand dendrobium grains". "Each boat can carry sixty sailors." There is a unique watertight cabin structure inside. The passenger boat is divided into three cabins: the front bilge is used for the stove and water tank. The middle cabin is divided into four rooms. The back cabin is more than ten feet high and has windows on all four walls. "The railings [shǔnsu] (i.e. railings) are placed on top, and they are decorated with colorful paintings and curtains. The officials and their families are separated in order of steps. There are bamboo canopies on top, which are piled up on weekdays. "When it rains, it will be well-bedded." ("Xuanhe envoy to Korea
Illustrated Book")
The "Shenzhou" is much larger than the "guest boat". In the first year of Yuanfeng (1078 AD), Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty sent envoys An Tao and Chen Mu to hire Goryeo, and ordered people to build two large ships in Mingzhou. The first one was named "Lingxu" "Zhiyuan Anji
Shenzhou", the second ship was named "Lingfei Shunji Shenzhou", it sailed from Dinghai, Zhejiang to Goryeo. The people of Goryeo had never seen such a Shenzhou before
"Welcome with cheers." In the fifth year of Xuanhe (1123 AD), Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty sent envoys to Goryeo again and built two giant ships in Mingzhou. According to historical records, they were "as tall as mountains and floating on the waves. Brocade
Sail the bird's head, surrender to the dragon." After arriving in Goryeo, the Goryeo people "looked at the city" and "cheered and sighed".
The large "Shenzhou" can carry up to 5,000 materials (one material is equal to one stone) and five to six hundred people, and the medium-sized "Shenzhou" can carry 2,000 materials to 1,000 materials.
It can also carry Carrying two to three hundred people.
The Song Dynasty also had regulations on the number of shipbuilding in various places. For example, in the fifth year of Yuanyou (AD 1090) of Emperor Zhezong of the Song Dynasty, it was stipulated that Wenzhou, Mingzhou and other places should build a quota of 600 ships per year. Therefore, there are many ships built in various places. In the tenth year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1140 AD), Zhang Jun, the pacification envoy from Fujian, wrote to Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty that he had built thousands of large ships in Fuzhou.
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The Emperor's Disciple 4 is preparing to sail to Shandong to attack the Jin soldiers from the flank.
Many vehicles and ships were also built in the Southern Song Dynasty. Cars and ships are also one of the important inventions of the ancient Chinese people. It was first designed and manufactured by Li Gao, the military governor of Jingnan, during the reign of Tang Dezong (reigned 780-805 AD). It can be called
the ancestor of modern ships. During the Southern Song Dynasty, vehicles and ships were widely used in the naval establishment. A chariot is a kind of warship.
It has two wooden paddles, one on each side. Each wheel is called a chariot. It is stepped on by human feet to drive the paddles to rotate.
The ship moved forward very quickly. It is known in history that "the wind blows and the waves fly, as fast as a sail on a mat" ("Old Book of Tang·Biography of Li Gao"). During the Song Dynasty, the number of paddles increased, with four, six, eight, 20, 24 and even 32 paddles.
In the second year of Shaoxing, Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty (1132 AD), the Song Navy attacked Yang Mo, the uprising navy in Dongting Lake, dispatching eight
two chariots and warships and 20 small chariots and loach ships. During the battle, the water in the Junjiang River ebbed, and the Song army had no time to retreat. The large and small chariots and boats, as well as the shipbuilding craftsman Gao Xuan, were captured. From then on, Yang Mo's rebel army had the technology to build cars and ships, and imitated hundreds of cars and ships of various sizes. Among them, there are 29 giant ships such as the 24-car Yangzhou Zai and the 32-car Dade Mountain. The largest carriage and ship in the Song Dynasty was "36 feet long, four feet wide and one foot wide. It was two or three levels high and could carry more than a thousand people. There was a shooting pole above. It is more than ten feet long, with a huge stone on top and a windlass running across its top. When an official or military ship approaches, it will be smashed with poles."
In the 31st year of Shaoxing, Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty (1161 AD), the Song and Jin Caishi (in present-day Ma'anshan, Anhui) battle
In the battle, the Song army used chariots and boats to defeat the Jin soldiers. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Yu Yunwen came to Cai Cai as a military staff officer from Zhongshushe
He was able to organize and encourage soldiers in times of crisis. He divided the army into five, with the second on the east and west banks, and the first on the east bank.
Guard the middle stream and carry elite troops to fight. The second one is hidden in Xiaogang. At this time, the financier Wan Yanliang had waved a small red flag and commanded hundreds of boats to cross the river. In an instant, more than 70 boats had reached the south bank of the river. Yu Yunwen encouraged the soldiers to attack the enemy ships with loach boats (a kind of chariots and ships) in Zhongliu, and won a great victory. Wan Yanliang arrived at Guazhou Town. Yu Yunwen ordered the soldiers to ride a bicycle to Guazhou and patrol back and forth. The Song boat circled Jinshan three times up and down the middle stream, turning and flying quickly and dexterously. When the Jin soldiers saw it, they were all horrified.
. The Jin soldiers were defeated and Wan Yanliang was killed by his subordinates.
At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Lu Xiufu, Zhang Shijie and other Song officials supported Zhao Bing (bǐng Bing) as emperor and fled to the Yashan area in the South China Sea (80 miles south of Xinhui, Guangdong). ), hundreds of Song court officials and 200,000 soldiers and civilians were also stationed here. The Yuan army pressed forward step by step, so they had to retreat to the waters and live among the ships. There were more than 1,200 ships in the Song Dynasty, including many large ships. Zhang Shijie, the commander-in-chief of the Song Dynasty, used a boat to anchor the sea. He had more than a thousand huge ships, with middle boats and outer boats, connected with big ropes, and buildings and sheds built around them like a city.
Battlements , Emperor Bing lived among them. More than a thousand warships connected by large iron cables guarded the imperial boat. Become a huge
water castle and fight to the death. In January 1279, Zhang Hongfan, the commander-in-chief of the Yuan army (general who surrendered to the Song Dynasty), thought that the water in the north of Yashan was shallow and Zhoujiao could not enter, so he turned south and entered the sea, where he met Zhang Shijie's boat commander, but Song's boat could not move. , Zhang Hongfan loaded the ship with thatch, filled it with ointment, and set fire to the ship in the wind. Zhang Shijie's warships were all coated with mud and tied with long logs to resist the fire. , Zhang Hongfan was helpless. By February, Sergeant Song had been eating dry food for more than ten days and drinking sea water. The water was salty and he vomited after drinking it. Li Heng led troops from Guangzhou to fight at Yashan. Zhang Hongfan ordered him to guard the north of Yashan, while Zhang Hongfan used boats to attack the south of Yashan. Zhang Shijie was attacked from both sides. In the desperate battle, arrows and rocks blocked the air, and the Song army suffered heavy casualties. The situation was urgent. Lu Xiufu saw that Emperor Bing's boat was big and the boats were entangled, so he could not escape. He carried the seven-year-old baby Emperor Bing on his back and died in the sea. There were many dead people in the harem. Thousands of warships sank to the bottom of the sea. There are 800 Yuzhou ships left. Seven days later, there were more than 100,000 corpses floating on the sea. Zhang Shi
Jie led his ships to the South China Sea and also threw himself into the water and died for his country. The Southern Song Dynasty died. From the Battle of Yashan, we can also know the strength of sea ships in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Precisely because of the large carrying capacity, strong stability, safety, reliability and fast speed of Chinese sea-going ships, Arabs,
Persians, etc. are willing to ride on Chinese sea-going ships. This is very different from the Tang Dynasty, when Chinese and foreign merchants and monks mostly took advantage of foreign "ships".
It illustrates the development of my country's shipbuilding industry and the progress of navigation technology in the Song Dynasty.
The main routes in the Song Dynasty were:
Western route
In the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, Xixia emerged from Ningxia and controlled the Hexi Corridor. The Song government stipulated that trade with the West could only "pay tribute from Guangzhou Road, let alone enter and exit Xibo." The only way for the Song Dynasty to communicate with Western countries was by sea. The Song Dynasty had trade with other Western countries. According to the records of "Lingwai Daida" (written by Zhou Qufei) and "Zhufan Zhi" (written by Zhao Ru
, compiled in 1225), there were more than 50 countries and regions. The important ones include Korea, Japan
Japan, Jiaozhi (now northern Vietnam), Champa (now central and southern Vietnam), Chenla (Cambodia), Bagan (Burma
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The Emperor’s Disciple 4dian), Boni (Northern Kalimantan ), Jha [shé snake] Po (Java), Srivijaya (southeast of Sumatra
), Dashi, Layer (the meaning of the black country, on the east coast of central Africa), etc. Far beyond
the scope of activities of the Tang Dynasty. According to the "Lingwai Daida", the first among these countries that have close contacts with China is the Dashi Kingdom, followed by the Jampo Kingdom, the third is the Sri Lankan Kingdom, and finally other countries. These countries are all along the Asia-Africa Air Line. Ocean-going ships in the Song Dynasty were able to cross the Indian Ocean and established a direct western route from China to the Red Sea and East Africa.
The main terminals and ports are:
(1) Guangzhou (or Quanzhou) to Sriwijaya (China to southeastern Sumatra Island). It takes 38 days from Guangzhou to Srivijaya. Srivijaya was known as Srivijaya in ancient times. It was a maritime power in Southeast Asia during the Song Dynasty. It strangled the southeastern mouth of the Singapore Strait and became a distribution center for ocean-going shipping products from the East and West. It was also a must-stop for exchanges between China and the South China Sea. point.
(2) Guangzhou (or Quanzhou) to Java (China to Java). In the Song Dynasty, Jhapo was richer than Srivijaya and was a distribution center for pepper.
China trades silk fabrics, tea, porcelain, ironware, agricultural tools, etc. with Jampo's sandalwood, fennel, rhinoceros horn, ivory, pearls, crystal, pepper, etc.
(3) Guangzhou (or Quanzhou) to Lanli, Gulin (China to India). Ramli is located at the northwest tip of Sumatra
Banda Aceh, at the intersection of the waterways of Bangladesh and Malacca. It is a navigation hub between the Pacific and Indian Oceans and a choke point that ocean-going ships from east to west
must pass through. The land is rich in ivory, hematoxylin, white tin, etc. It takes 40 days from Guangzhou to Lanli, after winter
The next year we sail for another month to Gulin (Kuilong area on the southwestern coast of India).
(4) Guangzhou (or Quanzhou) passes through Lanli, so it comes to Dashi (China to Arabia). Basically, it follows the Tang Dynasty's
"Guangzhou Tonghai Yi Road" to the Persian Gulf. Baghdad, the Arab capital, is an international trade center. China transported silk fabrics, porcelain, paper, musk, etc. to Arabia, and then shipped back spices, medicinal materials, rhinoceros horns, pearls and jade, etc.
(5) From Guangzhou (or Quanzhou) to Maliba via Lanli. Malibah is located in the Gulf of Kamal in the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula (now part of Yemen). It is rich in frankincense, ambergris, rhinoceros horn, ivory, myrrh, etc., and has developed land and water transportation. Food
and African countries all came here to trade. Chinese ocean-going ships "set off (from Guangzhou) after mid-winter, sailing by the north wind
and arrived at the place named Lanli in about forty days", "Bo bought hematoxylin, white tin, and ivy, and lived In the following winter, we will ride the northeast wind again and wait for sixty days with favorable winds to reach China." ("Lingwai Daida").
(6) Guangzhou (or Quanzhou) passes through Lanli and across the Indian Ocean to East Africa. The compass needle was used in navigation during the Song Dynasty.
China's maritime ship construction and navigation levels have reached unprecedented heights and are at the forefront of the world. After the end of the Tang Dynasty,
Arabs coming east often took Chinese sea ships to sail directly to Guangzhou, which was safe and reliable. By the Song Dynasty, almost all of the ships plying the Western sea routes were Chinese ships. The routes to Arabia and East Africa opened in the Song Dynasty marked that my country's navigation industry had reached a prosperous period.
Route to Japan
During the Northern Song Dynasty, when Japan’s Fujiwara clan was in its heyday, a closed-door policy was adopted towards the Northern Song Dynasty. Judging from documentary records
during the Northern Song Dynasty, almost no Japanese ships came to China for trade. Therefore, only the Northern Song Dynasty had maritime trade activities with Japan. In the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, the routes to Japan all departed from Mingzhou, crossed the East China Sea, arrived at Shijia Island in Japan, and then transferred to Hakata Port. It is the same as the southern route in the Tang Dynasty, and the whole journey takes about seven days. By the Southern Song Dynasty, when Taira Kiyomori of Japan was in power, he directly controlled Dazaifu (the institution in charge of foreign trade) and encouraged and monopolized maritime trade with China. This changed the situation of Chinese ships traveling alone since the Northern Song Dynasty, and restored the maritime trade of Chinese and Japanese ships.
A grand occasion. Ping Qingsheng was extremely wealthy and owned "the gold of Yangzhou, the pearl of Jingzhou, the silk of Wujun, the brocade of Shujiang, seven treasures, everything" (Japan's "The Tale of Taira"). The goods transported by Song Dynasty ships to Japan mainly included brocade, damask, spices, medicinal materials, porcelain, bamboo and wood, books, stationery, copper coins, etc. Then they bought back wood,
gold, sulfur, mercury, placer gold and handicrafts such as swords, folding fans, screens, etc. from Japan. my country's science, technology and culture were also spread to Japan and Korea. During the Jiayou period of Renzong of the Song Dynasty (1056-1063 AD), a "Dongyi" merchant ship drifted to the seaside of Kunshan County, Suzhou, my country because its mast was broken by strong winds. The magistrate of Kunshan sent someone to "fix the mast for him. The mast was old and planted on the ship's wood. It cannot be moved. The workers made a rotating shaft for it and taught it how to raise and lower it." (Volume 2 of Shen Kuo's "Mengxi Bi Tan"
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4). The famous Japanese monk Eisai came to China twice in the fourth year of Qiandao (1168 AD) and the fourteenth year of Chunxi
(1187 AD) during the reign of Emperor Xiaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty, introducing Zen Buddhism to Japan and also bringing it to Japan. Tea seeds were brought back to Japan.
Road to Goryeo
There were two main routes to Goryeo in the Song Dynasty. Northern Line: Starting from Laizhou, Shandong, crossing the Yellow Sea, it takes two days to reach Wengjin on the southwest coast of the Korean Peninsula. It is more convenient than the Goryeo-Bohai Road in the Tang Dynasty. Southern route: starting from Mingzhou to North Korea
Lichengjiang Bilan Pavilion on the west bank of North Korea. It takes about 15 days to arrive. During the Song Dynasty, Goryeo sent Song envoys 57 times, and Song envoys went to Goryeo 30 times. There are many exchanges between the two countries. Trade between China and North Korea was initially conducted through tribute and special gifts from the governments of both sides.
Later, it gradually developed into private trade. The Northern Song Dynasty repeatedly presented Goryeo with dresses, musical instruments, goldware, silverware, lacquerware, Sichuan brocade, Zhejiang silk, tea, wine, ivory, tortoiseshell, agarwood, coins, etc. Goryeo also presented many gifts to the Northern Song Dynasty:
Good horses, weapons, bows and arrows, ginseng, sulfur, medicinal materials, etc. During the Song Dynasty, many Korean monks went to China to study and seek Dharma.
These have promoted economic and cultural exchanges between the two countries.