The establishment of the Yuan Dynasty
After Meng Ge died in Sichuan in 1259, his younger brother Kublai Khan and Ali Buge began to compete for the throne of Khan. In March 1260, with the support of most Mongolian orthodox factions such as Zong Wang Asotai, Ali Buge passed the "Hulil Tai" conference in Harakhorin, the capital of Great Mongolia, and became the Great Khan. At the same time, Kublai Khan returned to Kaiping (today's Duolun, Inner Mongolia) after negotiating peace with the Southern Song Dynasty. With the support of Confucian officials from the Central Plains and some Mongolian kings, he gathered to call himself the Great Khan. In April, Kublai Khan established the Zhongshu Province to take charge of national government affairs. In May, Kublai Khan promulgated the "Edict of Accession to the Throne" and established the Central Government of the Yuan Dynasty. Because Kublai Khan gathered on his own to proclaim himself Khan in the Han areas of the Central Plains and implemented Han law, he obviously violated Mongolian traditions and aroused strong dissatisfaction among Alibaba and the Mongolian orthodox faction. Kublai Khan and Ali Buge immediately started a four-year civil war until Ali Buge was defeated and surrendered in 1264. Kublai Khan was designated as one, but his idea of ??"conducting Han law" made many Mongolian nobles dissatisfied and refused to submit to Kublai Khan. As a result, the four major khanates broke away one after another, and Kublai Khan's regime only included China and Mongolia. Native. Great Mongolia ceased to exist.
In the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1271 AD), Kublai Khan issued the "Edict on the Founding of the Kingdom", taking the meaning of "Great Qianyuan" in the "Book of Changes", and officially named the founding of the country "Yuan". This was the watershed for Mongolia to transform from a world empire to a Central Plains dynasty. Mongolia’s previous rule over the Central Plains was a predatory colonial rule. It was only with Kublai Khan that it transformed into a dynasty with China as the main body. Before that, the "Yuan Dynasty" The name "Yuan Dynasty" has not yet appeared, so the establishment of the "Yuan Dynasty" should be calculated from this time.
In the ninth year of the Yuan Dynasty (AD 1272), under the plan of Liu Bingzhong, the capital was built in Dadu (now Beijing) in the Central Plains.
Unifying China
In the thirteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1276 AD), the Yuan army captured the Song capital Lin'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) and captured the 5-year-old Emperor Gong of Song and the Queen Mother Xie. In the sixteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1279 AD), the Yuan army wiped out the last remaining troops of the Southern Song Dynasty at the Yashan Sea Battle. Lu Xiufu threw himself into the sea carrying the 8-year-old young emperor Zhao Bing on his back, and the Southern Song Dynasty was destroyed. The Yuan Dynasty unified all of China.
After that, the Yuan army invaded some surrounding areas, such as Vietnam and Japan. Among them, the invasion of Japan was the most famous. It is generally believed that typhoons (called "divine winds" by the Japanese) were the biggest cause of failure. reason.
Mid-Yuan Dynasty
In the eleventh year of Dade (1307), Emperor Chengzong of the Yuan Dynasty named Confucius the "Dacheng Most Holy King Wenxuan", and also named Confucius' family, disciples, etc. Various titles.
In the second year of Yanyou (1315), Yuan Renzong ordered the restoration of the imperial examination system, and set the Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism in Confucianism as the main content of the examination. From then on, Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism became the official ideology of the Yuan Dynasty (and subsequent dynasties).
In the third year of Zhizhi (1323), Yuan Yingzong ordered the compilation and promulgation of the official code of the Yuan Dynasty-"Dayuan Tongzhi", ***2539 articles.
In the third year of Zhizheng (1343), Emperor Huizong of the Yuan Dynasty ordered the compilation of the three histories of Liao, Jin and Song, which were completed in 1345.
The demise of the Yuan Dynasty
In the late Yuan Dynasty, the rulers continued to collect various taxes from the people, and the people were oppressed even more seriously. As early as the second year of Taiding (1325), an uprising led by Zhao Chousi and Guo Bodhisattva in Henan occurred. The Red Scarf Army uprising led by Liu Futong that occurred in the eleventh year of Emperor Shun's reign (1351) opened the prelude to the demise of the Yuan Dynasty. From the sixteenth year of Zhizheng (1356) to the nineteenth year of Zhizheng (1359), Zhu Yuanzhang continued to expand his power and unified half of the country south of the Yangtze River. In the twenty-seventh year of Zhengzheng (1367), Zhu Yuanzhang began the Northern Expedition. With the assistance of generals Xu Da and Chang Yuchun, he captured the capital of the Yuan Dynasty in 1368. Emperor Yuan Shun fled north, and the rule of the Yuan Dynasty ended. In the same year, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Jiankang (now Nanjing) and established the Ming Dynasty. From then on, the monarchs and ministers of the Yuan Dynasty in Mobei still used the name of the Yuan Dynasty, and it was called Beiyuan in history. In 1388, Emperor Tianguang of the Northern Yuan Dynasty was attacked and killed by Yesudier, a descendant of Ali Buge (some say after Guilichi ascended the throne in 1402).
The Yuan Dynasty (1271 AD to 1368 AD) was established in 1271 and ended in 1368, which lasted 97 years. The establishment of the Yuan Dynasty ended another 370-year period of great division since the fall of the Tang Dynasty, and enabled China to once again achieve great unification. This laid the foundation for the long-term unification of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
During the Yuan Dynasty, economic and cultural exchanges among various ethnic groups developed further, and the Hui ethnic group was formed during the Yuan Dynasty. The territory of the Yuan Dynasty was extremely vast, which basically laid the prototype of China's territory.
The Yuan Dynasty is roughly divided into three periods, namely the early, middle and late periods. It was the early stage from Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, to Temur, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty (AD 1294). During this period, Han laws were adopted, political, economic and cultural systems were created, showing a trend of forward development.
From Wuzong Haishan (1307 AD) to Taiding Emperor Yesun Tiemu'er (1323 AD), it was the middle period of the Yuan Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty was in decline, social conflicts were increasingly intensifying, and the struggle for imperial power was becoming increasingly fierce. Uprisings continued to break out in various places. The "Yingzong New Deal" during this period was only short-lived and could not fundamentally save the decline of the Yuan Dynasty. Later, the New Deal failed and Yingzong also died unexpectedly.
From Mingzong (1329 AD) to the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, it was the later period of the Yuan Dynasty, that is, the end of the Yuan Dynasty. The outbreak of the peasant war at the end of the Yuan Dynasty accelerated its demise. Zhu Yuanzhang participated in the peasant uprising and later became the leader of the uprising. He gradually wiped out the heroes and re-established the Han Dynasty - Ming. The Yuan Dynasty withdrew from the stage of history.
The Yuan Dynasty was a dynasty established by the Mongolian people. It existed for ninety-seven years and had eleven emperors (starting from the ancestor Kublai Khan). It was one of the more powerful dynasties in the history of our country. However, due to the Yuan Dynasty's discrimination against the Han people, they perished prematurely, which became a lesson for the future rulers of the Qing Dynasty. In addition, the rule of the Yuan Dynasty set the general scope of our country in the future. From the end of the Yuan Dynasty to the middle and late Qing Dynasty, China's territory has not changed much on this basis, and the Mongolian people have since become the Chinese family. a part of.
The establishment of the Yuan Dynasty
After Mongolia and the Southern Song Dynasty jointly destroyed the Jin Dynasty, the Southern Song Dynasty took the opportunity to send troops to regain Kaifeng and Henan. Wokuotai used the Southern Song Dynasty to break the agreement and attacked the Southern Song Dynasty. Since then, wars between Mongolia and Song Dynasty continued.
Ogedai served as a Khan for 12 years. After his death, his son Guiyou served as a Khan for 2 years. After Guyu's death, the throne of Great Khan passed to Tuo Lei's son Meng Ge.
After Meng Ge became the Great Khan, he sent his brother Kublai Khan and General Wu Lianghetai to march into Yunnan and occupy the southwest region. In 1258 AD, Meng Ge divided his troops into three groups to attack the Southern Song Dynasty. He himself led the main force to attack Hezhou (today's Hezhou, Sichuan), Kublai Khan attacked Ezhou (today's Wuchang, Hunan), and Wu Liang Hetai led another group to attack Tanzhou (today's Changsha, Hunan) from Yunnan to the north, and then the three groups joined forces. , go straight to Lin'an.
When Meng Ge's army attacked Taizhou, they were bravely resisted by the Song army defending the city. The Mongolian army besieged Taizhou for five months but still failed to capture it. Meng Ge was hit by a cannon stone during the siege and was seriously injured. He died soon after returning to the camp.
When the news of Meng Ge's death reached Kublai Khan's camp, Kublai Khan was advancing towards Ezhou. He stepped up the speed of his attack, planning to capture Ezhou and then go north to seize the throne of Khan. Kublai Khan's army forcibly crossed the Yangtze River and surrounded Ezhou.
Song Lizong ordered all Song armies to rescue Ezhou, and appointed Jia Sidao as the right prime minister and secret envoy to Hanyang to supervise the war.
Jia Sidao was a treacherous minister who had no skills and only knew how to eat, drink and have fun. His sister was the favorite concubine of Lizong of the Song Dynasty. Relying on this layer of nepotism, Jia Sidao was promoted very quickly. Seeing that Kublai Khan was attacking the city more and more fiercely and the situation was tense, he hid it from the court and secretly sent a confidant to the Mongolian camp to sue for peace. He told Kublai Khan that as long as Mongolia retreated, the Song Dynasty would be willing to declare itself a vassal and pay tribute. Kublai Khan was attacking vigorously but refused to agree. At this time, Kublai Khan's wife sent a secret message from the north, saying that someone among the Mongolian nobles was preparing to appoint his younger brother Ali Buge as the Great Khan, and asked Kublai Khan to come back quickly, otherwise he would not be able to become the Great Khan. Kublai Khan then agreed to Jia Sidao's request, made a secret agreement, and hurriedly withdrew his troops back to the north.
Kublai Khan marched quickly, captured Yanjing first, and then held a conference in Kaiping, declaring himself the Great Khan, and officially ascended the throne of the Great Khan.
Brother Ali Bu did not expect Kublai Khan to move so quickly, and hurriedly held a meeting in Helin to declare himself the Great Khan. Now Mongolia has two great khans. As the saying goes, there is no room for two tigers in one mountain, so Kublai Khan decided to take military action against Alibaba.
With the support of most Mongolian nobles, Kublai Khan defeated Alibaba and stabilized the internal affairs. In 1271 AD, Kublai Khan proclaimed himself emperor and changed the country's name to Yuan. He became the founder of the Yuan Dynasty. Jia Sidao returned to Lin'an after signing a peace treaty with Kublai Khan. He kept the secret peace treaty secret, captured some Mongolian prisoners, and boasted that all Song armies had won battles. Emperor Lizong of the Song Dynasty believed Jia Sidao's big lie, thought that he had made great achievements, and promoted him to a higher rank. Jia Sidao was deceived and became prime minister for more than ten years. After Song Lizong's death, Prince Zhao Ji came to the throne, and he became Song Duzong. Jia Sidao's official position was promoted again. He was named Grand Master and worshiped the Duke of Wei. He was simply "below one person and above ten thousand people". From time to time, he let out rumors that the Mongolian army was about to attack again. Song Lizong regarded him as his pillar and could not leave him even a step away.
After Yuan Shizu stabilized the internal affairs, he remembered the peace treaty signed with Jia Sidao in Ezhou, and sent envoys to the Southern Song Dynasty to demand the fulfillment of the terms of the peace treaty.
Jia Sidao was afraid that his scam would be revealed, so he quickly sent someone to detain the Yuan Dynasty envoy. Kublai Khan was furious when he heard the news and decided to destroy the Southern Song Dynasty in one go. He sent Prime Minister Boyan of the Left to lead 200,000 yuan troops to march towards the Southern Song Dynasty in two directions, attacking Yangzhou from the west.
At this time, Song Duzong died of illness, and Jia Sidao pushed the 4-year-old child to the throne. After Boyan captured Ezhou, he moved eastward along the Yangtze River and took Lin'an directly. Jia Sidao
While leading 70,000 Song troops to garrison Wuhu, he sent envoys to the Yuan camp to seek peace. Boyan refused and ordered the Yuan army to attack. The Song army collapsed. Jia Sidao led the remaining defeated soldiers and fled back to Yangzhou. By this time, the situation of the Southern Song Dynasty's demise was irreversible.
Destruction of the Yuan Dynasty
A powerful rebel army that developed in the late period of the Peasant War at the end of the Yuan Dynasty was the Red Scarf Army led by Zhu Yuanzhang. The development of Zhu Yuanzhang's uprising army can be summarized for three reasons: First, the official army and landlord armed forces of the Yuan Dynasty were overwhelmed by Liu Futong's Red Scarf Army and other insurrectionary armies.
In particular, the Southern Red Scarf Army led by Xu Shouhui defeated the Yuan Dynasty's military strength in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to pieces. This enabled Zhu Yuanzhang to take advantage of the favorable situation and develop his own power. First, after Zhu Yuanzhang captured Jiqing, he gradually adopted a tolerant attitude towards the landlord class intellectuals and recruited them to serve as counselors. These people have rich experience in political struggles and some better military strategies. They help Zhu Yuanzhang make plans and help Zhu Yuanzhang grow his own power. For example, Zhu Yuanzhang adopted Zhu Sheng's suggestion. First, Zhu Yuanzhang actively developed agricultural production and stepped up the expansion of the army. He set up the Camp Field Department, with Marshal Kang Maocai as the camp envoy, "building defenses and focusing on water conservancy" (Volume 6 of "Records of Hongwu, Taizu of the Ming Dynasty"). The soldiers were ordered to work in the fields, "plow and fight at the same time." This not only solved the problem of military food supply, but also made people's lives relatively stable. In addition, Zhu Yuanzhang's own military talents and his attention to strict military discipline all contributed to the continuous growth of his power.
All Zhu Yuanzhang’s activities in the Peasant War at the end of the Yuan Dynasty can be roughly divided into three stages: from joining Guo Zixing’s team in 1352 to occupying Jiqing. During this period, Zhu Yuanzhang was a general of the Red Turban Army, His struggle was an integral part of the peasant uprising in the late Yuan Dynasty; from the occupation of Jiqing to the proclaimed King of Wu in 1364, Zhu Yuanzhang and his regime were in the process of transformation; the establishment of the Wu regime in 1364 marked his transformation into an agent of the landlord class . Its main manifestations are that a large number of landlord elements infiltrated into Zhu Yuanzhang's regime; killed Xiao Ming Wang Han Lin'er, cursed the revolutionary actions of the Red Turban Army; protected feudal production relations, etc.
In 1367, Zhu Yuanzhang sent generals Xu Da and Chang Yuchun to lead an army of 200,000 in the Northern Expedition. He issued a proclamation to challenge the Yuan Dynasty, proposing to "expel the barbarians, restore China, establish principles and discipline, and relieve the people of Sri Lanka." At that time, the Yuan Dynasty's regime was only supported by a few landlord armies. The landlords and armed forces fought for power and wars for many years. The last emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, Emperor Yuan Shun, was addicted to wine and sex, regardless of the critical situation. Xu Da first took Shandong and removed the Yuan Dynasty's shield; then went to Bianliang, and then commanded Tongguan to seize the gateway of the Yuan Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang personally took command of Bianliang and directed the decisive battle into Yuandadu. In the leap month of 1368, Xu Da met with the generals in Linqing, and the army marched north along the canal until Zhigu. General Yuan also fled from Haikou first. On July 28th, Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty abandoned most of his capital and fled north. On the second day of August, Xu Da led the Ming army into Dadu, thus ending the Yuan Dynasty's rule across the country. In history, this year is regarded as the year of the demise of the Yuan Dynasty. Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty went north beyond the Great Wall and was still called the Yuan Dynasty. Historically, it was called the Northern Yuan Dynasty. By 1402 in the Northern Yuan Dynasty (the fourth year of Jianwen in the Ming Dynasty), the country's title began to be removed.
The Rise of Mongolia
In the seventh century AD, the Mongolian people lived in the northern section of the Greater Khingan Mountains and the south bank of the Ergun River in northeastern China. In the ninth century AD, some Mongolians moved to the Mobei grasslands around the Onan River (now the Enen River in Mongolia) and the Qollulian River (now the Kerulian River in Mongolia). After the tenth century AD, Mongolia formed many large and small tribes that were not affiliated with each other. Until the beginning of the 12th century, the Mongolian people were still in the primitive tribal period, living as nomads. In addition to the Mongols, there are many nomadic tribes in the Mobei grassland, including the Tataer, Kele, Naiman, Wengjira, Wanggu, Merqi and other tribes. Because these tribes lived together on the Mongolian Plateau, they were generally called Tatars during the Liao and Jin Dynasties. With the development of society, private ownership of Mongolian tribes emerged and became increasingly developed. After the establishment of the Jin Dynasty, the Mongols could not bear the cruel oppression of the Jurchen nobles and often fought with the Jin Dynasty. The nobles of various Mongolian tribes also continued to conquer each other, causing people's lives to be very difficult. At the beginning of the 13th century AD, the Mongolian leader Temujin completed the unification of all Mongolian tribes and was elected as Genghis Khan in 1206 AD. The Mongol Khanate was formally established and began to expand outwards with the power to swallow up the world.
Kublai Khan was the grandson of Genghis Khan. In 1253, he led the Mongolian army to attack Yunnan and destroyed Dali the next year. In 1260, Kublai Khan succeeded to the throne. In 1271, he named the country Yuan, and he was the founder of the Yuan Dynasty. Subsequently, Kublai Khan launched a war against the Southern Song Dynasty. In 1276, he destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty and unified the country in 1279. During his reign, Kublai Khan absorbed the experience of feudal rule in the Central Plains of past dynasties, established various systems including the provincial system, and gradually strengthened centralization of power. He also paid attention to agricultural production and took some measures to encourage farmers to teach farming and build water conservancy projects, so that agricultural production could gradually be restored and developed.
Wen Tianxiang was a famous anti-Yuan general in the Southern Song Dynasty. In 1275, when the Yuan army moved eastward, Wen Tianxiang organized a rebel army to defend Lin'an, resolutely carried out the anti-Yuan struggle and regained some lost territory. Soon the rebel army was defeated by the Yuan army, and Wen Tianxiang was captured and imprisoned in Dadu of the Yuan Dynasty for three years. He rejected all threats and inducements from the enemy and wrote "Song of Righteousness" in prison, which showed Wen Tianxiang's indomitable fighting spirit and noble national integrity, and finally died generously. His famous poem "Since ancient times, no one has died, and his loyalty will be remembered by history", which expresses his determination to rather die than surrender. On January 9, 1283, Wen Tianxiang died calmly in Chaishikou, today's Beijing.
This is Wen Tianxiang Temple. It is located in Fuxue Hutong, Dongcheng District, Beijing. After Wen Tianxiang failed in his rebellion against the Yuan Dynasty, he was captured by the Yuan army and taken to Dadu, where he was imprisoned. On January 9, 1283, Wen Tianxiang died in Chaishikou. In the ninth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1376), Liu Song, the deputy envoy to the imperial examination, built a temple on the left side of the mansion to commemorate it. The temple consists of three parts: the gate, the front hall, and the main hall. There are inscriptions and handwritings of literati from past dynasties in the hall, as well as some plaques and stone tablets praising Wen Tianxiang.
This is a mural in the Dechen Phodrang Palace in Shigatse, Tibet. It uses genre painting techniques to express the friendly and close relationship between the central government of the Yuan Dynasty and Tibet. In the painting, the meeting between two political figures, Kublai Khan and the Tibetan religious leader Pasiba, was arranged in the wild. They sat cross-legged in front of the tent, and the waiter was offering food. Surrounding them are horses and camels resting and playing, and farmers and herdsmen can be seen working hard in the distance. The choice of such a specific background for the picture reflects the harmonious relationship between Kublai Khan, who rose up in the windy desert, and Phagpa, who came from the Tibetan Plateau. and the unity and harmony of the Mongolian and Tibetan peoples.
After the Mongolian nobles established the Yuan Dynasty, in order to maintain their political power and privileges, they implemented a policy of ethnic differentiation and divided the various ethnic groups in the country into four classes: Mongolians, Semu people, Han people, and Southerners. Their politics, Legal status varied, but Han landowners could also hold official positions and occupy extensive land. Some Mongolian poor people went bankrupt and went into exile, or even became slaves. The Mongols collude with the landlord class of all ethnic groups and co-oppress the people of all ethnic groups. The class contradiction between farmers and landlords was still the main contradiction in Yuan Dynasty society.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the policy of ethnic differentiation was implemented. Mongolians were the first class, but there was also a gap between rich and poor within the Mongolian people. Many Mongolian poor people were in a very miserable situation. This picture shows the nobles who are also Mongolian. status difference between a slave and a slave.
Answer: pep4 - Manager Level 4 5-29 22:17
In the seventh century AD, the Mongolian people lived in the northern section of the Daxingan Mountains and the south bank of the Ergun River in northeastern China. . In the ninth century AD, some Mongolians moved to the Mobei grasslands around the Onan River (now the Enen River in Mongolia) and the Qolvlian River (now the Kerulian River in Mongolia). After the tenth century AD, Mongolia formed many large and small tribes that were not affiliated with each other. Until the beginning of the 12th century, the Mongolian people were still in the primitive tribal period, living as nomads. In addition to the Mongols, there are many nomadic tribes in the Mobei grassland, including the Tataer, Kele, Naiman, Wengjira, Wanggu, Merqi and other tribes. Because these tribes lived together on the Mongolian Plateau, they were generally called Tatars during the Liao and Jin Dynasties. With the development of society, private ownership of Mongolian tribes emerged and became increasingly developed. After the establishment of the Jin Dynasty, the Mongolian people could not stand the cruel oppression of the Jurchen nobles, and they often fought with the Jin Dynasty. The nobles of various Mongolian tribes also continued to conquer each other, causing people's lives to be very difficult. At the beginning of the 13th century AD, the Mongolian leader Temujin completed the unification of all Mongolian tribes and was elected as Genghis Khan in 1206 AD. The Mongol Khanate was formally established and began to expand outwards with the power to swallow up the world.
Kublai Khan was the grandson of Genghis Khan. In 1253, he led the Mongolian army to attack Yunnan and destroyed Dali the next year. In 1260, Kublai Khan succeeded to the throne. In 1271, he named the country Yuan, and he was the founder of the Yuan Dynasty. Subsequently, Kublai Khan launched a war against the Southern Song Dynasty. In 1276, he destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty and unified the country in 1279. During his reign, Kublai Khan absorbed the experience of feudal rule in the Central Plains of past dynasties, established various systems including the provincial system, and gradually strengthened centralization of power. He also paid attention to agricultural production and took some measures to encourage farmers to teach farming and build water conservancy projects, so that agricultural production could gradually be restored and developed.
Wen Tianxiang was a famous anti-Yuan general in the Southern Song Dynasty. In 1275, when the Yuan army moved eastward, Wen Tianxiang organized a rebel army to defend Lin'an, resolutely carried out the anti-Yuan struggle and regained some lost territory. Soon the rebel army was defeated by the Yuan army, and Wen Tianxiang was captured and imprisoned in Dadu of the Yuan Dynasty for three years. He rejected all threats and inducements from the enemy and wrote "Song of Righteousness" in prison, which showed Wen Tianxiang's indomitable fighting spirit and noble national integrity, and finally died generously. His famous poem "Since ancient times, no one has died, and his loyalty will be remembered by history", which expresses his determination to rather die than surrender. On January 9, 1283, Wen Tianxiang died calmly in Chaishikou, today's Beijing.
This is Wen Tianxiang Temple. It is located in Fuxue Hutong, Dongcheng District, Beijing. After Wen Tianxiang failed in his rebellion against the Yuan Dynasty, he was captured by the Yuan army and taken to Dadu, where he was imprisoned. On January 9, 1283, Wen Tianxiang died in Chaishikou. In the ninth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1376), Liu Song, the deputy envoy to the imperial examination, built a temple on the left side of the mansion to commemorate it. The temple consists of three parts: the gate, the front hall, and the main hall. There are inscriptions and handwritings of literati from past dynasties in the hall, as well as some plaques and stone tablets praising Wen Tianxiang.
This is a mural in the Dechen Phodrang Palace in Shigatse, Tibet. It uses genre painting techniques to express the friendly and close relationship between the central government of the Yuan Dynasty and Tibet. In the painting, the meeting between two political figures, Kublai Khan and the Tibetan religious leader Pasiba, was arranged in the wild. They sat cross-legged in front of the tent, and the waiter was offering food. Surrounding them are herds horses and camels resting and playing, and farmers and herdsmen can be seen working hard in the distance. The choice of such a specific background for the picture reflects the harmonious relationship between Kublai Khan, who rose up in the windy desert, and Phagpa, who came from the Tibetan Plateau. and the unity and harmony of the Mongolian and Tibetan peoples.
After the Mongolian nobles established the Yuan Dynasty, in order to maintain their political power and privileges, they implemented a policy of ethnic differentiation and divided the various ethnic groups in the country into four classes: Mongolians, Semu people, Han people, and Southerners. Their politics, Legal status varied, but Han landowners could also hold official positions and occupy extensive land. Some Mongolian poor people went bankrupt and went into exile, or even became slaves. The Mongols colluded with the landlord class of all ethnic groups and oppressed the people of all ethnic groups. The class contradiction between farmers and landlords was still the main contradiction in Yuan Dynasty society.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the policy of ethnic differentiation was implemented. Mongolians were the first class, but there was also a gap between rich and poor within the Mongolian people. Many Mongolian poor people were in a very miserable situation. This picture shows the nobles who are also Mongolian. status difference between a slave and a slave.
Answer: Fashionable Little Ruthless - Magic Apprentice Level 5-30 13:20
In the seventh century AD, the Mongols lived in Ergun, the northern section of the Daxingan Mountains in northeastern China. The area along the south bank of the river. In the ninth century AD, some Mongolians moved to the Mobei grasslands around the Onan River (now the Enen River in Mongolia) and the Qollulian River (now the Kerulian River in Mongolia). After the tenth century AD, Mongolia formed many large and small tribes that were not affiliated with each other. Until the beginning of the 12th century, the Mongolian people were still in the primitive tribal period, living as nomads. In addition to the Mongols, there are many nomadic tribes in the Mobei grassland, including the Tataer, Kele, Naiman, Wengjira, Wanggu, Merqi and other tribes. Because these tribes lived together on the Mongolian Plateau, they were generally called Tatars during the Liao and Jin Dynasties. With the development of society, private ownership of Mongolian tribes emerged and became increasingly developed. After the establishment of the Jin Dynasty, the Mongols could not bear the cruel oppression of the Jurchen nobles and often fought with the Jin Dynasty. The nobles of various Mongolian tribes also continued to conquer each other, causing people's lives to be very difficult. At the beginning of the 13th century AD, the Mongolian leader Temujin completed the unification of all Mongolian tribes and was elected as Genghis Khan in 1206 AD. The Mongol Khanate was formally established and began to expand outwards with the power to swallow up the world.
Kublai Khan was the grandson of Genghis Khan. In 1253, he led the Mongolian army to attack Yunnan and destroyed Dali the next year. In 1260, Kublai Khan succeeded to the throne. In 1271, he named the country Yuan, and he was the founder of the Yuan Dynasty. Subsequently, Kublai Khan launched a war against the Southern Song Dynasty. In 1276, he destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty and unified the country in 1279. During his reign, Kublai Khan absorbed the experience of feudal rule in the Central Plains of past dynasties, established various systems including the provincial system, and gradually strengthened centralization of power. He also paid attention to agricultural production and took some measures to encourage farmers to teach farming and build water conservancy projects, so that agricultural production could gradually be restored and developed.
Wen Tianxiang was a famous anti-Yuan general in the Southern Song Dynasty. In 1275, when the Yuan army moved eastward, Wen Tianxiang organized a rebel army to defend Lin'an, resolutely carried out the anti-Yuan struggle and regained some lost territory. Soon the rebel army was defeated by the Yuan army, and Wen Tianxiang was captured and imprisoned in Dadu of the Yuan Dynasty for three years. He rejected all threats and inducements from the enemy and wrote "Song of Righteousness" in prison, which showed Wen Tianxiang's indomitable fighting spirit and noble national integrity, and finally died generously. His famous poem "Since ancient times, no one has died, and his loyalty will be remembered by history", which expresses his determination to rather die than surrender. On January 9, 1283, Wen Tianxiang died calmly in Chaishikou, today's Beijing.
This is Wen Tianxiang Temple. It is located in Fuxue Hutong, Dongcheng District, Beijing. After Wen Tianxiang failed in his rebellion against the Yuan Dynasty, he was captured by the Yuan army and taken to Dadu, where he was imprisoned. On January 9, 1283, Wen Tianxiang died in Chaishikou. In the ninth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1376), Liu Song, the deputy envoy to the imperial examination, built a temple on the left side of the mansion to commemorate it. The temple consists of three parts: the gate, the front hall, and the main hall. There are inscriptions and handwritings of literati from past dynasties in the hall, as well as some plaques and stone tablets praising Wen Tianxiang.
This is a mural from the Deqin Phodrang Palace in Shigatse, Tibet. It uses genre painting techniques to express the friendly and close relationship between the central government of the Yuan Dynasty and Tibet. In the painting, the meeting between two political figures, Kublai Khan and the Tibetan religious leader Pasiba, was arranged in the wild. They sat cross-legged in front of the tent, and the waiter was offering food. Surrounding them are horses and camels resting and playing, and farmers and herdsmen can be seen working hard in the distance. The choice of such a specific background for the picture reflects the harmonious relationship between Kublai Khan, who rose up in the windy desert, and Phagpa, who came from the Tibetan Plateau. and the unity and harmony of the Mongolian and Tibetan peoples.
After the Mongolian nobles established the Yuan Dynasty, in order to maintain their political power and privileges, they implemented a policy of ethnic differentiation and divided the various ethnic groups in the country into four classes: Mongolians, Semu people, Han people, and Southerners. Their politics, Legal status varied, but Han landowners could also hold official positions and occupy extensive land. Some Mongolian poor people went bankrupt and went into exile, or even became slaves. The Mongols colluded with the landlord class of all ethnic groups and oppressed the people of all ethnic groups. The class contradiction between farmers and landlords was still the main contradiction in Yuan Dynasty society.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the policy of ethnic differentiation was implemented. Mongolians were the first class, but there was also a gap between rich and poor within the Mongolian people. Many Mongolian poor people were in a very miserable situation. This picture shows the nobles who are also Mongolian. status difference between a slave and a slave.
Answer: pep4 - Manager Level 4 5-29 22:17
In the seventh century AD, the Mongolian people lived in the northern section of the Daxingan Mountains and the south bank of the Ergun River in northeastern China. . In the ninth century AD, some Mongolians moved to the Mobei grasslands around the Onan River (now the Enen River in Mongolia) and the Qolvlian River (now the Kerulian River in Mongolia). After the tenth century AD, Mongolia formed many large and small tribes that were not affiliated with each other. Until the beginning of the 12th century, the Mongolian people were still in the primitive tribal period, living as nomads. In addition to the Mongols, there are many nomadic tribes in the Mobei grassland, including the Tataer, Kele, Naiman, Wengjira, Wanggu, Merqi and other tribes. Because these tribes lived together on the Mongolian Plateau, they were generally called Tatars during the Liao and Jin Dynasties. With the development of society, private ownership of Mongolian tribes emerged and became increasingly developed. After the establishment of the Jin Dynasty, the Mongolian people could not stand the cruel oppression of the Jurchen nobles, and they often fought with the Jin Dynasty.
The nobles of various Mongolian tribes also continued to conquer each other, causing people's lives to be very difficult. At the beginning of the 13th century AD, the Mongolian leader Temujin completed the unification of all Mongolian tribes and was elected as Genghis Khan in 1206 AD. The Mongol Khanate was formally established and began to expand outwards with the power to swallow up the world.
Kublai Khan was the grandson of Genghis Khan. In 1253, he led the Mongolian army to attack Yunnan and destroyed Dali the next year. In 1260, Kublai Khan succeeded to the throne. In 1271, he named the country Yuan, and he was the founder of the Yuan Dynasty. Subsequently, Kublai Khan launched a war against the Southern Song Dynasty. In 1276, he destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty and unified the country in 1279. During his reign, Kublai Khan absorbed the experience of feudal rule in the Central Plains of past dynasties, established various systems including the provincial system, and gradually strengthened centralization of power. He also paid attention to agricultural production and took some measures to encourage farmers to teach farming and build water conservancy projects, so that agricultural production could gradually be restored and developed.
Wen Tianxiang was a famous anti-Yuan general in the Southern Song Dynasty. In 1275, when the Yuan army moved eastward, Wen Tianxiang organized a rebel army to defend Lin'an, resolutely carried out the anti-Yuan struggle and regained some lost territory. Soon the rebel army was defeated by the Yuan army, and Wen Tianxiang was captured and imprisoned in Dadu of the Yuan Dynasty for three years. He rejected all threats and inducements from the enemy and wrote "Song of Righteousness" in prison, which showed Wen Tianxiang's indomitable fighting spirit and noble national integrity, and finally died generously. His famous poem "Since ancient times, no one has died, and his loyalty will be remembered by history", which expresses his determination to rather die than surrender. On January 9, 1283, Wen Tianxiang died calmly in Chaishikou, today's Beijing.
This is Wen Tianxiang Temple. It is located in Fuxue Hutong, Dongcheng District, Beijing. After Wen Tianxiang failed in his rebellion against the Yuan Dynasty, he was captured by the Yuan army and taken to Dadu, where he was imprisoned. On January 9, 1283, Wen Tianxiang died in Chaishikou. In the ninth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1376), Liu Song, the deputy envoy to the imperial examination, built a temple on the left side of the mansion to commemorate it. The temple consists of three parts: the gate, the front hall, and the main hall. There are inscriptions and handwritings of literati from past dynasties in the hall, as well as some plaques and stone tablets praising Wen Tianxiang.
This is a mural from the Deqin Phodrang Palace in Shigatse, Tibet. It uses genre painting techniques to express the friendly and close relationship between the central government of the Yuan Dynasty and Tibet. In the painting, the meeting between two political figures, Kublai Khan and the Tibetan religious leader Pasiba, was arranged in the wild. They sat cross-legged in front of the tent, and the waiter was offering food. Surrounding them are horses and camels resting and playing, and farmers and herdsmen can be seen working hard in the distance. The choice of such a specific background for the picture reflects the harmonious relationship between Kublai Khan, who rose up in the windy desert, and Phagpa, who came from the Tibetan Plateau. and the unity and harmony of the Mongolian and Tibetan peoples.
After the Mongolian nobles established the Yuan Dynasty, in order to maintain their political power and privileges, they implemented a policy of ethnic differentiation and divided the various ethnic groups in the country into four classes: Mongols, Semu people, Han people, and Southerners. Their politics, Legal status varied, but Han landowners could also hold official positions and occupy extensive land. Some Mongolian poor people went bankrupt and went into exile, or even became slaves. The Mongols colluded with the landlord class of all ethnic groups and oppressed the people of all ethnic groups.
The class contradiction between farmers and landlords is still Yuan