Introduction to the technique of comparing and expressing Chinese poems in the College Entrance Examination
What is "combining and expressing"
"Compixing and expressing" is a common technique in ancient poetry. In this regard, Zhu Xi of the Song Dynasty had a more accurate explanation. He believes: "Comparison" means comparing this thing with another thing. "Xingzhi" means saying something else first to elicit the words to be chanted. ?In layman's terms, ?analogy?is a metaphor, which is a metaphor for people or things to make their characteristics more distinctive and prominent. "Xing" means "rising", that is, using other things as the starting point of poetry to evoke the content of the song. "Compare" and "Xing" are often used together.
The use of comparison in textbooks
The classical poetry in the People's Education Press is mainly concentrated in the third volume of high school Chinese. Let’s take a look at some of the more interesting sentences:
1. Before the mulberry leaves fall, their leaves are like silk. There are no mulberries to eat. The mulberries have fallen, and they have turned yellow and died ("Weifeng Mang")
Here, there is both "bibi" and "xing". It is more artistic and charming than mere interest or comparison. The poet uses mulberry leaves as a metaphor for the transformation of an abandoned woman from youth to the end of her youth. The contrast between Sangye Woruo and Huang Yuen not only implies that the heroine's appearance changes from youth to aging, but also symbolizes the love between the heroine and the gangster from prosperity to decline. The dove eating mulberries leads to the woman's obsession with the heartless man, which is full of pain and sorrow.
2. ?The peacock flies southeast, lingering for five miles? ("Peacock flies southeast")
Here, the poet uses the peacock to fly south but does not want to be separated from his partner. It symbolizes the love and attachment between Jiao Zhongqing and Liu Lanzhi. There are both metaphors and themes, which set a lingering and pathos mood for the whole poem.
3. It’s like the morning dew. How bitter it is in the past? It’s as clear as the moon. When can we break it? The mountains never get too high and the water never gets too deep? ("Dan Ge Xing")
These three places , use metaphor alone, use "morning dew" to describe the perishability of life, use "bright as the moon" to describe talents and virtues, use mountains and seas to represent a broad mind, and accept as many talents as possible.
4. The fifty strings of the Jinse are unprovoked, and each string and one column reminds me of the Chinese years? ("Jinse")
Here, the Jinse is used to evoke memories of the Chinese years. Shang Yin was less than fifty years old, so he borrowed the word "fifty strings" to make a metaphor for his life, triggering the following thoughts of "one string and one column".
The beauty of the bixing technique
The use of bixing techniques can stimulate readers' associations, enhance meaning, and produce vivid and poetic artistic effects. How to write a good ending for high school Chinese compositions
1. End-to-head anaphora.
This way of opening is to consciously echo the beginning in words or meaning at the end of the article, so that the beginning and the end match. ?The beginning is about the topic, the main narrative is, and the end echoes the beginning? This is the most basic structure of the examination composition. However, the method of anaphora at the beginning should also be paid attention to. It is not a simple repetition at the beginning, but a deepening of the theme and a sublimation of emotion. For example, the ending of the excellent Hunan volume composition "I Stand at the Door of the Old House":
(Beginning: A low wooden house with only a layer of gray tiles on the roof. Time has eroded the old house. door. And I was lingering at the door, thinking about those ordinary things. )
Ending: I stood at the door of the old house, thinking about those ordinary things. The door of the old house is locked by time.
The ending echoes the beginning, and forms a kind of repetitive chant, which strengthens the lyrical color of the article and deepens the theme of the article.
2. Lyrical praise style.
Using a lyrical ending can express the author's feelings, arouse readers' emotions, arouse readers' screams, and have a strong artistic appeal. This ending is mainly used in narrative essays about people and events, and can also be used in expository essays and argumentative essays. For example, the ending of "Witness" by a candidate from Shandong:
? One small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind? This is a famous saying said by American astronaut Armstrong when he landed on the moon. In fact, when the feet of the villagers wash away yesterday's mud, throw away the bitterness of the past, and get rid of the fate of poverty, they will carry with them surging passion and confidence, with beautiful longings and yearnings, and with the unique simplicity of farmers. and fragrance, heading towards a better tomorrow and creating a more brilliant future, my mood is also full of heroism: Aren’t the gratifying changes that have taken place in my hometown an intuitive epitome and a great witness of the tremendous changes that have taken place in contemporary China over the past 60 years? ?
At the end, a set of parallel sentences is used to express the heroic feelings in the heart, and it ends with a rhetorical question, which clearly highlights the theme of the article. It's like striking a bell and making a loud sound. Although the bell stops, the sound continues.
3. Quote good sentence patterns.
At the end, famous quotes and lyrics are quoted, which sublimates the theme of the article, and the author's emotions are undoubtedly revealed, giving people the feeling that the lingering sound lingers and the month continues.
For example, the ending of the 2009 Fujian volume "This is also a kind of happiness":
Not every love is needed? Searching for her (him) in the crowd for thousands of times, suddenly looking back, that person is there, in the dim light? The hard pursuit; not every love requires ten years of life and death, without thinking, unforgettable heartbreak; holding your son's hand and growing old with him is also a kind of happiness.
The author quotes two Song Dynasty poems, which conceal the purpose of "love" in front and back, expressing the plain but deep love between parents. The meaning is long and memorable.
4. The style of closing the pen and returning to the purpose (the style of revealing the will in the final chapter).
This method is to summarize the basic content of the full text at the end and use a few brief sentences to summarize and wrap up the content; or to point out the topic at the end of the article, which is usually called the final chapter.
Example 1: The beautiful scenery requires us to stand on tiptoes.
True love in the world drives us to stand on tiptoe.
A perfect life cannot be achieved without us standing on tiptoe. ("Standing on Tiptoes" by a Hunan candidate)
At the end, the author reiterates the three points of the article and summarizes the full text, with a rigorous and complete structure.
Example 2: No one is familiar with life from birth. Gradually, more and more things become familiar to us. At this time, you might as well put down the familiar things and challenge new things, so that your life will not be spent in familiarity and tastelessness, but to depict your own different and colorful life! ("Familiar" by a Sichuan candidate)
< p> The author points out the center at the end, which is loud and powerful, drawing a perfect end to the full text.5. Abrupt stop.
The so-called "stop suddenly" refers to quickly concluding the full text at the end, or stopping abruptly at the climax of the plot, at a key point, or stopping when the meaning is sufficient; or stopping when the reasoning is correct. He suddenly stopped talking. This method leaves a blank space, which always leaves readers with endless aftertaste and unwilling to close the book. In different literary styles, the expression methods are different, and there are roughly two situations.
①The setting of the plot ends abruptly
This method focuses on narrative articles. The ending ends abruptly, or the writing style changes, surprising the reader. This creates a dramatic effect and gives people space for imagination and thinking. For example, Taiwanese writer Chen Qiyou's novel "Forever Butterfly" has a very simple story. My girlfriend Yingzi and I went to mail a letter on a rainy day. Yingzi was killed in a car accident while helping me send the letter while crossing the road. The novel has been exaggerating a sad atmosphere, and the mystery of the letter is revealed at the end:
Mom: I plan to marry Sakurako next month.
The novel ends abruptly at this point, leaving readers with infinite regret and sadness spreading in their hearts.
② End with the semantic expression point
This method is often used at the end of prose and argumentative essays. It is concise and short, rich in philosophy or meaning, leaving room for aftertaste for readers. For example, the ending of the Jiangsu volume "Taste of Fashion":
(Beginning: Last year now, I was on the Huangpu River in Shanghai. I couldn't stand the temptation of "Jiang Feng Fishing Fire vs. Chou Mian" in the tourism brochure, so I climbed up a river. Ye Bianzhou. )
And what kind of gap is there between these two fashions that I can’t see?
? Boat? and? Speedboat?, the fashion of the city and the fishing village? What kind of gap exists between the two? The author seems to have said nothing, but seems to have said everything. He ends with a question, which is concise, meaningful, and thought-provoking. Methods to improve the reading level of Chinese classical literature
1. Accumulate vocabulary. This is mainly to accumulate content words, function words and some ancient common sense things, which are the basic qualities that should be possessed in reading. There are two main sources. One is the learning and accumulation of textbook knowledge. This means that you have to listen to Chinese lessons and it is not an optional thing. Don’t fall into a misunderstanding. It doesn’t matter if you don’t study Chinese or listen to lectures, so you should pay attention to the accumulation of bits and pieces in class, and secondly, combined with your own hobbies, seek out some classical Chinese books, such as "Gu Wen Guan Zhi" and "Twenty Five Histories>>
2. Pay attention to special classical Chinese sentence patterns. Although they are not tested, they are necessary in translation and reading, so pay attention to them.
3. Do some questions appropriately and recite some at the same time.
What is also more important is that to improve the reading level of classical Chinese in the college entrance examination, you must master the meaning of content words. Although the Outline only stipulates that you need to master 150 content words in classical Chinese, it is an indisputable fact that the more content words you master, the higher your reading level will be. There are four main aspects to mastering the content of classical Chinese words:
1. The ancient and modern meanings of words. Focus on grasping the changes in the meaning of words in ancient and modern times. The meanings of some words have been expanded, the meanings of some words have been reduced, and the meanings of some words have been transferred. For example, in the sentence "Man-made disaster, thousands of families are on hunger strike" in question 11 of the 1999 college entrance examination, "hunger strike" means "to cut off food", which has a completely different meaning from today's "hunger strike". This is the evolution of word meaning.
2. The word has multiple meanings. The polysemy of words in classical Chinese is very common. A word often has at least a few meanings and as many as more than a dozen meanings. When studying, you should summarize it at any time and deepen it continuously. For example, when you see that the arrow hits eighty-nine times out of ten ("The Oil Seller"), it is used as a "launch". In a moment, it has not been sent, and the prince Chizhizhi ("Jing Ke Assassins the King of Qin") is used as a "start". "Ignite" in "The Battle of Chibi" ("The Battle of Chibi"), "The Northern Army was Two Miles Away, and the Fire Was Fired"; "Open" ("The Assassination of the King of Qin by Jing Ke"); ; In "The eunuch also patrols in fear of justice, and it is difficult to make sudden plans with extraordinary plans" ("Tombstones of Five People"), as "initiating"; in "An'an", he can subjugate heroes and his like, choke the tomb passage, and express the sorrow of his lofty ideals ("Tombstone Story of Five People") In "The Tombstone of Five People"), he writes "express"; in "Gu Dang continues to send out people, carry more supplies, and provide support for the king" ("The Battle of Chibi"); he writes "dispatch" in "Father Zuo Shi" In "The Nine Hundred Men of Yuyang" ("Chen She's Family"), it is used as "Zhengfa, levy"; in "That is to say, the truth is in the way, no hair is refreshing" ("Promoting Weaving") as "extremely short unit of length, ten cents" For the first time, he wrote "opening" in "The Wilderness and Fragrance" ("The Drunken Old Pavilion"). These are all seen in class. If you continue to accumulate the meaning of content words in context, and master more and more, you will develop the ability to draw parallels, and your reading level in classical Chinese in the college entrance examination will naturally continue to improve.
3. Tongjiazi. Tongjiazi means that the character A should be used, but when using it, the character B, which has nothing to do with its meaning and has the same or close pronunciation, is used to replace it. The character B is the tongjiazi of character A. For example, in Zhang Liang's "Yao Xiang Boyu" ("Hongmen Banquet"), the character "yao" is a pseudonym, while its original character is "invitation". There are also some ancient and modern characters that are included in the scope of Tongqiao characters in textbooks. This is because some characters in ancient times have many meanings. Later, a new character was created based on the original character to share one of its meanings. The original characters are called ancient characters, and the later characters are called modern characters. Such as "mo" and "mu": "mo" is an ancient character, and "mu" is a modern character. In terms of meaning, Tongjia characters have nothing to do with original characters, while ancient characters and modern characters are related. There are no more than 100 Tongjia characters and ancient and modern characters involved in high school textbooks, and it is not difficult to recognize and memorize them.
4. Flexible use of parts of speech. Some content words in ancient Chinese temporarily had certain grammatical functions in a specific language environment, and temporarily changed their part of speech, and some even changed their pronunciation. This is the special usage of content words in classical Chinese, such as nouns used as verbs, nouns used as adverbials, nouns used in causative and ideational verbs; adjectives used as nouns, adjectives used as verbs, adjectives used in causative and ideational verbs; verbs Used as nouns, causative usage, conative usage, etc. of verbs. Understanding the conjugation of parts of speech is of great benefit to mastering content words, but there is no need to memorize them by rote. In the process of daily study and recitation, you can improve your reading level in classical Chinese. The key is to understand it carefully.