[Imperial Commissioner]
Qinling Mountains (Qinling Mountains, the geographical boundary between north and south of China) editor.
Qinling Mountains (English name Qinling, also known as Qinling or Qinling) are divided into narrow Qinling and broad Qinling.
In a narrow sense, Qinling Mountain is limited to the mountain range between Weihe River and Hanjiang River in the south of Shaanxi Province, bordering Bahe River and Danjiang River Valley in the east and Jialing River in the west. 【 1 】 The Qinling Mountains in a broad sense are an east-west mountain range, which runs across the central part of China. It starts from Baishi Mountain in the north of Lintan County in Gansu Province in the west and enters Shaanxi in the south of Tianshui in the east. At the junction of Shaanxi and Henan, it is divided into three branches, the northern branch is Xiaoshan, and the remaining veins extend eastward along the south bank of the Yellow River, commonly known as Mangshan; The middle branch is Xiong 'er Mountain; The south branch is Funiu Mountain. [2] It is about 1600 km long, which is the watershed between Weihe River, a tributary of the Yellow River, and Jialing River and Hanshui River, tributaries of the Yangtze River. Because the temperature, climate and topography in the north and south of Qinling Mountain show different changes, the Qinling-Huaihe River line has become the most important geographical dividing line between north and south in China.
Qinling Mountain is known as the Long Mai of Chinese civilization, with the main peak of Taibai Mountain at an altitude of 377 1.2 meters, located in Baoji City, Shaanxi Province. Qinling Mountain is the boundary mountain between Guanzhong Plain and southern Shaanxi Province. [3]
Mountain system configuration file editor
Characteristics of mountain system
Qinling mountains in a narrow sense
In a narrow sense, Qinling Mountain is located between 32 and 34 north latitude, between Guanzhong Plain and Hanjiang Valley in the south, and it is the watershed of Jialing River, Luohe River, Weihe River and Hanjiang River. It stretches 400-500 kilometers from east to west and is wide from north to south 100- 150 kilometers. [4]
Qinling mountains in a broad sense
In a broad sense, the Qinling Mountains start from Kunlun in the west, pass through Longnan and Shannan, and go east to Hubei, Henan and Anhui-Dabie Mountain and Zhangbaling near Bengbu. Its scope includes Minshan, Longnan and northern Shaanxi, which meanders south of Taohe River and Weihe River, the area north of Bailong River, a tributary of Hanshui River and Jialing River, and Funiu Mountain and Xiong 'er Mountain in the west of Henan Province in the east. The mountains in Fangcheng and Nanyang are fractured to form Nanxiangguan, Tongbai Mountain in the junction of Henan and Hubei, Dabie Mountain in the junction of Henan, Hubei and Anhui, and it moves to the southeast of northwest and Huoshan Mountain in the south of Anhui. The Qinling Mountains in a broad sense are the watershed between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. The southern part of Qinling Mountain belongs to subtropical climate, and the natural conditions are southern type, while the northern part belongs to warm temperate climate and the natural conditions are northern type. There are also significant differences in agricultural production characteristics between the north and the south of Qinling Mountains. Therefore, for a long time, people have always regarded the Qinling Mountains as the geographical dividing line between the "south" and "north" of China. [ 1]
Mountain range segmentation
The west Qinling can be roughly divided into three sections: west, middle and east. The western section is divided into three branches, the northern branch is Qinling Mountain, also known as Nanqi Mountain or Dashanling Mountain; The middle branch is Fengling, with loess accumulation and strong soil erosion; The south branch is Baizi Mountain, which is called Chaiguanling in the northwest of Liuba. These mountains are all above1500m, and Baizi Mountain is the highest, with an altitude of 26 10/0m. The western part of Qinling Mountain has become the watershed and birthplace of Qingjiang River and Jialing River respectively, a tributary of the left bank of Jialing River, a main tributary of Qushui River and a part of Baohe River. [ 1]
middle piece
The middle part of Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province is called Zhong Nanshan. The main mountain ranges are Sifangtai, shouyangshan, Zhong Nanshan and Dongguang Bald Mountain, all of which are between 2,500 and 3,000 meters above sea level. It is the birthplace of Fenghe River, Laohe River, Chanhe River, Woods River, Xunhe River and Qian Qian River. Pingheliang, extending from Qinling Mountain to the southeast of Kunming, has Guangdong Mountain as its main peak, with an altitude of 2,675 meters. In He Ju and Shechuan Valley, there are Gudaoling, Haitang Mountain and Yangshan Mountain which run east and west. The mountain is low and broken, with an altitude of about 1, 500m m. They are the main tributaries of the river-Ganges, Fujiahe, Shuhe, Chiyuyu and their tributaries. [ 1]
Mount Li is a fault-block mountain at the northern foot of the middle Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province. The main peak is Renzong Temple, with an altitude of1302m. Some streams from Lishan Mountain become tributaries of Bahe River, and some directly flow into Weihe River. [ 1]
Eastern section
The eastern part of Qinling Mountain in Shaanxi Province is finger-shaped and spreads to the southeast. From north to south: Taihuashan, Mangling, Liu Ling, Mangshan and Xinkailing, all at an altitude of1500-2500m; Nanluo River, Danjiang River and its tributaries, Yin Hua River, are distributed among them, becoming mountainous and valley topography. Caolianling and Taihuashan, the main ridges of Qinling Mountains, are the watershed and birthplace of Danjiang, Nanluohe and Shanxi on the northern slope of East Qinling Mountains. [ 1]
Geological feature editing
geological structure
Qinling Mountain is an ancient fold-fault mountain system. The northern part of Qinling Mountain uplifted the land and suffered denudation as early as 400 million years ago. The southern Qinling Mountains were submerged by seawater and deposited in Paleocene. During the Caledonian movement 375 million years ago, the southern part of the Qinling Mountains rose above the sea. During the late Paleozoic Hercynian movement 230 million years ago, the northern Qinling Mountains also uplifted. By Triassic, due to the influence of Indosinian movement 6.5438+95 million years ago, the Qinling Mountains were completely isolated from the sea, and its majestic posture was basically formed. After entering the Mesozoic era, the Qinling forest region was mainly denuded, which was the replenishment area of the surrounding low-lying areas. After the Yanshan movement about 80 million years ago, the Qinling Mountains formed a structural pattern of the North-South Fold Belt, which was dominated by block activities. After the strong transformation of the Himalayan movement, the current Qinling pattern was finally formed through large-scale vertical uplift of fault blocks.
The evolution of Qinling Mountains changed greatly before and after Mesozoic. In Mesozoic Triassic, the folded mountain uplift belt was formed in the middle Qinling and the south Qinling, which became a vast erosion area. The south and Bashan area are a vast subsidence area; North Qinling (including Weihe fault valley) is a transitional area between the denuded area of Central and South Qinling and the sedimentary area of Ordos. At that time, the rivers in South Qinling flowed southward into Bashan-Sichuan marine basin, and the rivers in Middle Qinling flowed northward into Ordos inland basin.
During the Jurassic period, the Qinling Mountains, including the North Qinling Mountains, the Middle Qinling Mountains and the South Qinling Mountains, became an ancient quasi-plain with different oscillation movements, forming several Jurassic media-bearing basins such as Fengxian, Shangxian, Mianxian and Ziyang. The vast subsidence and sedimentary areas on both sides of the Qinling Mountains are gradually shrinking, retreating to the south and north respectively. However, the uplift and denudation area in Qinling area is gradually expanding. Geomorphologically, the ups and downs became gentle, while the basins became larger, smaller and scattered, thus forming many Jurassic coal-bearing basins. Rivers on both sides still flow to northern Shaanxi and Sichuan basin.
During the Yanshan movement, the Qinling belt was further uplifted, accompanied by magmatic movement. Due to Bashan Uplift in Qinling Mountains, rivers on the south slope move to Sichuan Basin. Due to magmatic activity and differential uplift, most small inland basins with medium gradually sink lower and lower, and river erosion is more intense. Therefore, a large number of conglomerates were formed at the bottom of Cretaceous strata deposited in inland basins on both sides of Qinba Mountain and Qinling Basin.
In Cenozoic and Paleogene, due to mild tectonic movement, the mountains gradually eroded into quasi-plains again during this extensive homogenization period. There are many small basins scattered on the vast quasi-plain in Qinling area, and their area is gradually expanding. During this period, in addition to the expanded Mesozoic basins such as Huixian and Shangxian, new basins such as Shangluo and Ankang were developed. The ancient rivers in the Qinling Mountains naturally flow into these scattered basins. At that time, the Han River may have roughly developed into what it is now. The source of the Han River may have crossed the Jialing River westward at that time, and the current source of the Jialing River may be the source of the Han River at that time. Therefore, the Hanjiang River may be an ancient river that has been formed on the Paleogene quasi-plain in Qinling Mountains.
During the transitional period from Early Tertiary to Late Tertiary, the Qinling Mountains were uplifted again under the influence of Himalayan movement. This uplift began to split into many inclined fault blocks, and many fault block basins were formed on the basis of previous sedimentation, such as Huixian basin, Luonan basin, Shangxian basin, Ankang basin, and other basins, such as Hanzhong basin. Weihe fault depression valley is separated from Qinling belt by deep faults. The formation of large and small fault blocks in the Qinling Mountains divided the quasi-plain of the Early Tertiary, forming the highest level planation plane-the Paomaliang surface of Taibai Mountain at an altitude of 2300-3500 meters today; The second level is 2,600-2,900 meters above sea level, represented by the ridges of Zhongnan fault block and Foping fault block, including Yuhuangshan, shouyangshan, Zhong Nanshan, Xinglong and Caolianling planation planes, and three planation planes at an altitude of1600-2,200 meters, represented by Huashan, Mangling, Liu Ling, Madaoling and Chaiguanling. It can be inferred that the elevation of Qinling at that time would not exceed 1000m through the remains of three-toed horses and a large number of southern fauna found in Gongwangling Formation in Lantian, which proves that the elevations of such three planation planes were gradually formed in Quaternary. Most of the rivers south of the watershed ridge flow southward into the Han River, while the Heihe River continues to flow northward into the Weihe fault basin because of its abundant water, which is enough to counter the gentle uplift of the Qinling Mountains.
During the Late Tertiary and Early Pleistocene, the Qinling Mountains experienced a strong vertical movement. In the Middle Pleistocene, the uplift of Qinling Mountains was mainly regional intermittent uplift. Later, with the alternation of the silence and uplift of the crust, the third, second and first terraces gradually formed. The landform pattern of Qinling Mountains has basically taken shape. [5]
Geological composition
Geologically, Qinling Mountain is a uplifted block, with a big cliff at the northern foot, and the situation is extremely magnificent; The main ridge of the mountain range inclines to the north, the north slope is short and steep, and the rivers are deep, forming many canyons, commonly known as the "72 valleys" in Qinling Mountains. The southern slope is long and gentle, with many mountains and intermountain basins close to the east-west direction. [4]
Main peak editor
Taibai mountain
Taibai Mountain spans Taibai County, Meixian County and zhouzhi county County, and its main peak is Sendai in the east of Taibai County, with an altitude of 3,767 meters. Its geographical coordinates are between north latitude10741'23 "~10751'40" and 33349' 3650 ". The top of Taibai Mountain has a cold climate, long freezing time and snow all year round. When the weather is clear, there are snow peaks, hence the name "Taibai". [4]
Mount Huashan
Huashan Mountain, called "Xiyue" in ancient times, is one of the five famous mountains in China. Huashan Mountain is located in huayin city, Weinan City, Shaanxi Province, at120km east of xi City. Qinling Mountains in the south, Huangwei in the north, and the gateway to the Central Plains in the northwest.
Huashan Mountain is the holy land of Quanzhen, the mainstream Taoism. There are 72 semi-suspended caves and more than 20 Taoist temples (up to 20 13), among which Yuquanyuan Temple, Dulong Temple, Presiding Hall and Yue Zhen Palace are listed as national key Taoist temples.
Zhong Nanshan
Zhong Nanshan, also known as Taiyi Mountain, Difei Mountain, Zhong Nanshan Mountain and Zhounan Mountain, is a part of the Qinling Mountains. From Meixian County in Baoji City in the west to Lantian County in Anshi City in the east, it has the reputation of "fairy capital", "the crown of the cave" and "the best place in the world".
There is a poem in The Book of Songs Qin Feng: "There is nothing in the south, but a plum blossom". In the Tang Dynasty, many officials and gentlemen built villas here, among which Wangchuan Villa of Wang Wei was the most famous. Most of Wang Wei's beautiful landscape poems describe the scenery here. In the Tang Dynasty poet Zuyong wrote in "Seeing the Snow Peak in the South": "Looking at the South, the clouds are white, the snow line is warm, and the small town in the valley is getting cold." There are more than 40 temples, such as Taiyi Palace and Laojun 'an, which have been built since the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is a good place to spend the summer in Guanzhong.