1. Metaphor: The structure of metaphor is generally composed of ontology, vehicle and figurative words. The ontology and vehicle of metaphor must be different things, but there are similarities between them. Using metaphor can turn plain into vivid, abstruse into simple, and abstract into concrete.
2. analogy: including personification and imitation. Personification is to describe things as people and endow them with human emotions, will, actions, etc. Imitation is to describe people as things, or to describe this thing as another thing. Using analogy can make people or things colorful, vivid and rich.
3. metonymy: use metonymy instead of ontology. It doesn't directly say the person or thing it wants to express, but uses related things instead. It can substitute parts for the whole, features for noumenon, proper names for generic names, etc. For example, in Medicine, replacing characters with "white beard" means replacing noumenon with features. Metaphor requires similarities between ontology and vehicle, while metonymy requires similarities between borrowing and ontology. Metonymy can make the expression concrete.
4. exaggeration: it includes exaggerating or narrowing things reasonably. Lu Xun wrote in "Medicine": "... the eyes are like two knives, which cut the old suppository in half." The last sentence uses the exaggeration of "narrowing". Exaggeration should be reasonable, and its function is to set off the atmosphere, enhance association, inspire people and enhance the expression effect.
5. Duality: commonly known as "antithesis", which is called "antithesis" in poetry. Duality can be divided into wide pair and strict pair. Generally speaking, the upper and lower sentences should have the same number of words, relative parts of speech, the same structure and related meanings; It can be a phrase or a sentence. There are positive, negative and flowing equivalence types. Use duality, neat sentences, concise expression, and lyrical.
6. parallelism: it consists of three or more phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure, related content and consistent tone. Its function is to strengthen tone, content and feelings.
7. Ask questions: Ask questions without doubt, attract people's attention and inspire people to think in asking and answering questions.
8. rhetorical question: there is no doubt about it, but the answer lies in the sentence, that is, the negative meaning is expressed in a positive form, and the positive meaning is expressed in a negative form. It has the function of strengthening tone and emotion.
Extended information:
Poetry mainly includes the following parts:
(1) The origin of poetry:
Poetry is the oldest and most literary style. Labor songs and folk songs originated from ancient people were originally the floorboard of poems and songs. At first, there was no distinction between poetry and song, but poetry was combined with music and dance, which was collectively called poetry.
China's poems have a long history and rich heritage, such as the songs of Chu in the Book of Songs, the works of Han Yuefu and countless poets. Poetry in western Europe was created by poets such as Homer and Caesar in ancient Greece and Virgil and Horace in ancient Rome.
(2) Characteristics of poetry:
Poetry is a literary genre that reflects social life in a highly concentrated way. It is full of the author's thoughts, feelings and rich imagination. The language is concise and vivid, with distinctive rhythm, harmonious rhyme and rich musical beauty. The sentences are generally arranged in lines, and the beauty of structural form is emphasized.
He Qifang, a modern Chinese poet and literary critic, once said: Poetry is a literary style that reflects social life most intensively. It is full of rich imagination and feelings, often expressed in a direct lyrical way, and its language is different from that of prose in the degree of refinement and harmony, especially in the distinct rhythm.
This definition summarizes several basic characteristics of poetry: first, it reflects life in a highly concentrated and general way; Second, lyrical expression, full of rich thoughts and feelings; Third, rich imagination, association and fantasy; Fourth, language has musical beauty.
(3) Expression of poetry:
There are many expressions of poetry, and the traditional expressions that were first popular in China and are still often used today are Fu, Bi and Xing. Mao's preface said: Therefore, poetry has six meanings: one is wind, the other is fu, the third is comparison, the fourth is prosperity, the fifth is elegance, and the sixth is ode. Among the six meanings, style, elegance and ode refer to the types of poems in the Book of Songs, and fu, bi and xing are the expressive methods in poems.
Fu: It is a way of expressing things directly. Zhu Xi, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, said in the annotation of the biography of poetry anthology: The giver should tell the truth about Chen Qi. For example, Ge Tan slug in the Book of Songs used this technique.
Bi: It is a figurative way to describe things and express thoughts and feelings. Liu Xie said in Wen Xin Diao Long Bi Xing: And what is Bi Ye? Those who cover things with attachments and threaten to cut things off are also. Zhu Xi said: if you compare, you should compare this thing with another. For example, the books of the Book of Songs, such as Cats and Rats, were written in this way.
Xing: it is a way of arousing interest by supporting things, that is, by using the beginning of something to arouse the things to be described in the topic and to express thoughts and feelings. In the Tang Dynasty, Kong Yingda said in the justice of Mao's poems: those who prosper will rise.
those who cite examples to draw lessons from others and express their own feelings, and those who cite plants, animals and birds in poetry and prose to see what they mean, are all happy to make speeches. Zhu Xi pointed out more clearly: those who are interested, say other things first to cause the words they sing. For example, Guan Ju Tao Yao and other articles in the Book of Songs are expressions of interest.
These three methods of expression have been handed down from generation to generation, and they are often used synthetically and complement each other, which have a great influence on poetry creation in past dynasties.
There are many ways to express poetry, and it has been constantly developed and created since ancient times, and its application is also flexible, with exaggeration, repetition, overlapping and jumping, etc., which is hard to describe. However, all methods are inseparable from imagination. Rich imagination is not only a major feature of poetry, but also the most important expression of poetry.
in poetry, there is also an important technique of expression, which is symbol. Symbol simply means symbolic meaning, but in modern poetry, symbol is a direct image of the soul, which should be paid attention to.
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