Talking about Shi Dakai’s three true poems
numzero
Shi Dakai was both literary and martial arts, and he has always been known for his ability in poetry and piano. However, most of his poems that have been circulated so far are fake works commissioned by others, and there are very few real poems. As Mr. Luo Ergang said, Shi Dakai's reputation as a poet was not faked by future generations, but very few of his works have been preserved, and most of them were lost with the failure of the Taiping Rebellion. And just because he has a reputation as a capable poet, so many people use his name to write fake poems.
Among Shi Dakai's poems, there are three that the author believes to be genuine.
(1) Poetry on the Wall of Bailong Cave in Guangxi
In the tenth year of the Gengshen Period of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, in the spring of the year, he took time off from politics and inspected the wilderness with other officials. The mountains and rivers are beautiful, the grass and trees are beautiful, the ancient caves of Denzi are full of beautiful poems, and they are full of elegance. Liu Qingyun's poem "Xian Jian Fen Qiang" has a superb meaning and handsome words. It has the general idea of ??rebuking Buddha and curbing evil. He praised it very much and ordered his poems to be investigated in stone. Be careful if you think the world is obsessed with immortals and Buddhas. I and other members also wrote several chapters based on the original rhyme, and published the poems together to express the desire to visit the clouds.
Stand up to climb the mountains and raise your eyes to illuminate the distant sky
Destroy the Buddha and worship the emperor of heaven, immigrate to the retro style
Promise yourself as a general before the army, bravely play in the cave and admire the heroic poetry
The sword energy rushes towards the stars and shoots the sun and the rainbow.
The writing background of this poem has been clearly stated in its "Preface", and Liu Qingyun's original poem mentioned in the article is:
A foreign land opens from the sky and reaches the horizon. null.
Thousands of families are far away with rain, and a stream of water howls in the wind.
The ancient Buddha has a strange description and a strange and majestic appearance.
Looking back at the sword under the waist, it flew away to make a rainbow.
This is a true poem. Many historians have verified its authenticity from many aspects, so I won’t go into details here.
Shi Dakai's poem has very simple words, but it shows a very deep writing skills.
Why do you say this? Judging from the original poem, there are no advanced words or allusions. The meaning of the poem is quite simple. Even people with little education can basically understand what it means by listening. Since the Taiping Rebellion, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom has always advocated practical use of literature and a simple writing style that is easy to understand and spread. The eight-legged essay was also abolished in the opening of subjects, and the content of the article was more important than its form. This can also be regarded as one of the positive meanings of the Taiping Rebellion.
However, although the wording of this poem is simple, Shi Dakai's writing skills can be seen from the form. This is a five-character rhyme poem. Among poems, the five-character rhyme has the strictest requirements on the rhythm and obliqueness. In addition to the basic requirements of rhyme, there are also very strict restrictions on the transformation of oblique and oblique characters in each sentence. This poem is an impromptu work, and it is in limited rhyme (according to Liu Qingyun's original rhyme of "empty, wind, majestic, and rainbow"). The letter is written in a single stroke, but it completely conforms to the requirements of the five-character rhythm. What is more noteworthy is that the five-character rhythm Rhythm only requires the second and third couplets to be in opposition, but Shi Dakai's poem, on the basis of adhering to the even rules of the five-character meter, also achieves complete opposition in the four couplets, which is very rare. Therefore, in terms of form, this is already an excellent piece of work. Although the author did not deliberately show off his literary talent, his writing skills can still be seen from this.
Looking at the content of the poem, it is obviously more powerful than Liu Qingyun’s original poem. Mr. Luo Ergang once commented on it, "... From a stylistic point of view, Shi Dakai's poem has a majestic style. When we read his poem "Stand up and wait for the high mountains, raise your eyes to shine in the distant sky", we will immediately be reminded of Mai. The style of "heroic, fearless, upright and upright" mentioned by Gawain is completely different from the fake poetry style of scribes."
The author has two points here. Lenovo:
First, in "Sixty-seven Generals Go to Heavenly King", Shi Dakai was accused of "having the desire to return to the forest as soon as he returned to his hometown", because they left Shi Dakai before Shi Dakai returned to his hometown of Guixian. , so the "hometown" here can only refer to Guangxi. However, let alone "returning to hometown", when writing this poem, Shi Dakai had already returned to Guangxi for six months. Looking at the momentum of this poem, the ambition to compete in the Central Plains is clearly revealed. How can there be any thoughts of "returning to the forest"? This poem alone is enough to refute the saying that "as soon as I return to my hometown, I want to return to the forest."
Secondly, the most widely circulated Shi Dakai poem today is probably the following one, "Entering Sichuan to Raise the Wall"
Thieves also have their own principles, which are disdained by poetry and books.
Gold is like dung, and the liver and gallbladder are as hard as iron.
Riding the horse across the cliff, bending the bow to shoot at Hu Yue.
Use human heads as wine cups to drink up the blood of Qiu Qiu.
There are many reasons for thinking that this poem is a forgery. For example, will the "true destiny Taiping Army General" who calls himself "Zhengshuo of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom" publicly call himself a "big thief"? Since this poem was mentioned on the wall, where was it mentioned? Why is it not mentioned in any public or private documents at that time? etc. What I want to say here is that given the writing skills displayed by Shi Dakai in his Tibi poems in Guangxi, it is unlikely that this poem was written by him. This poem is neither improvised nor does it need to restrict rhyme. It is far less difficult than the one above. However, it does not even meet the basic antithesis requirements of metrical poetry. Not to mention whether the rhythm is in rhythm or not, the second couplet " Gold is like dung, and liver and gallbladder are as hard as iron." There is no conflict at all. It is really hard to believe that it was written by the same person as the previous real poem.
(2) The garrison in Dading gathered with the Miao people to compose impromptu poems
A thousand pearls were collected in an urn, and the king also bowed his head here.
The Five Mountains hugged Optimus Prime and sucked up all the water in the Yellow River to flow back.
This is when Shi Dakai's army passed through the Dading area in western Guizhou, Guizhou in 1862. The local Miao people welcomed Shi Dakai's army with a ceremony of welcoming "the most distinguished guest"---with soybeans, woolly barnyard grass, and sorghum. , millet, corn and millet are brewed and stored, and the aged wine that has been buried underground for many years is taken out, placed in a jar, and placed in the center of the flower field. Insert a straight straw into the jar. Shi Dakai and the officers and soldiers of the Taiping Army, together with the Miao people, sang and danced, draped in moonlight, lighting up the campfire, holding straws in their hands, and drinking with their heads down. During the dinner, Shi Dakai composed an impromptu poem.
The first sentence "A thousand pearls are harvested in one jar" refers to the fact that fine wine is made from a variety of grains. The second sentence "The king bows his head even when he comes here" is because no matter how noble his status is, he cannot drink the wine without bowing his head. The last two sentences mean holding the straw with five fingers and drinking the wine in one gulp.
The authenticity of this poem is still controversial. Mr. Luo Ergang thinks it is a genuine poem, but Jian Youwen and Shi Shi think it can neither be asserted to be true nor false.
The author personally believes that this is a true poem. In addition to the evidence cited by historians, such as the legend, Shi Dakai's marching route, and local folk customs, it is more important to see the majestic spirit expressed in this poem. The text is closely related to "drinking", which is very appropriate, but when you put a thousand pearls in an urn, even the king bows his head here, and even holds the pillar of heaven with one hand, which can flow back the water of the Yellow River. This kind of mind and courage , courage, and ambition, which can only be possessed by a hero who has conquered mountains and rivers, and is beyond the reach of ordinary literati.
This poem by Shi Dakai records the celebration with the Miao people, but it talks about his own ambition of a falcon.
(3) The five-character notice for leaving Beijing to "cut blood for Li sincerely"
This is the notice Shi Dakai made after leaving Tianjing to tell the soldiers and people of the Kingdom of Heaven the reason why he left Beijing.
The first thing I want to say is that there are two versions of this notice, and there are many differences in comparison:
Version 1:
For Li Xue Cheng , earnestly tell all the soldiers and civilians: I hate myself for not having the talent and wisdom, and the Kingdom of Heaven is ashamed of its kindness.
Only loyalty and a single heart can be used against the emperor and heaven, and against the ancients below.
Last year, I suffered a disaster and rushed back to Beijing in embarrassment. I thought that I was foolish and loyal, and I will be enlightened by the sage.
But things were different, edicts were dropped frequently, many doubts arose, and it was difficult to explain them all in one sentence.
Use this to encourage yourself, show your true nature again after becoming a teacher, try your best to reward God's virtue, and encourage the Lord to repay his kindness.
Loyalty is like gold and stone, and sincerity will last for a long time. But when the demons are exterminated, Yu Zhi returns to the forest.
For this purpose, I would like to instruct all the soldiers and civilians: continue to abide by our duties and continue to achieve meritorious service.
You may follow your own generals, and you may also be worthy of being a hero, uniting the peace and order, and each of them invites heaven's grace and glory.
Version 2:
He performed a blood test for Li and told the soldiers and civilians: I am ashamed of my lack of intelligence, and I am ashamed of my deep grace.
Only loyalty and a single heart can be used to treat the emperor and heaven, and to the world.
Last year, I suffered a disaster and returned to Tianjing in a state of embarrassment. I thought that this was a foolish intention, but it must be enlightened by the saints.
But things were different, edicts were dropped frequently, and many doubts arose, making it difficult to explain them all in one sentence.
A lot of suspicion will lead to harm, and it is difficult to distinguish between a hundred beaks. Just use hard work to show your true self after being a teacher.
Reward the messenger of God with all your strength, and repay the kindness of the Lord. After the success, Yu Zhi returned to the forest.
For this purpose, I earnestly instruct all soldiers and civilians: still abide by their duties and make their own merits.
Perhaps following my general, he will also perform the same feats, unify the peace, and invite heaven's favor and glory.
The two versions were found to be in different time and regions. They should be the first draft and revised draft of the same notice. Regarding which one is the first draft and which one is the revised draft, Mr. Shi Shi concluded based on the order of posting time and careful use of wording, that the first draft is the revised final draft and the second draft is the earliest first draft. This is a convincing conclusion. of.
Except for some differences in wording, there are three differences that are particularly noteworthy in the two drafts
(1) In the first draft, "A lot of doubts will lead to harm, and it is difficult to distinguish between a hundred beaks." , was deleted in the revised manuscript.
(2) In the revised draft, an additional sentence was added: "Loyalty is like gold and stone, and sincerity will be revealed over time."
(3) In the first draft, "each shall take credit" was changed to "each shall take credit" in the revised draft.
Shi Dakai’s mood when he made these three changes is really worth carefully understanding. As Mr. Shi Shi pointed out in the article "An Examination of the Revision of the First Draft of the Five-Character Announcement", "In the first draft, the two sentences "Doubts will cause harm, and it is difficult to distinguish with a hundred beaks" were obviously written by Shi Dakai in a state of extreme resentment towards the Hong Family Private Party. Is this a fact? Of course it is a fact. This fact is not only known to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, but also to the enemy. For example, Li Xubin, the general of the Hunan Army who was besieging Jiujiang, said:
Some people who came back from the lower reaches said that the false kings in Jinling were jealous of Shi Ni and that they could win over people's hearts. Whenever Shi Ni discussed matters, the party members would surround him and listen. When the various false kings discussed matters, no one was willing to listen, so they were taboo, as they had the intention of causing harm. "--"The Suicide Notes of Duke Li Zhongwu""
However, although this serious internal strife within the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom has been a completely open secret, it is still a secret after all. If the secret is fully disclosed in the first draft, it may boost others' ambitions, destroy one's own prestige, and have a negative political impact. After calming down, Shi Dakai, in order to take the overall situation into consideration, deleted these two sentences when revising, and added two sentences: "Loyalty is as good as gold and stone, and sincerity will last for a long time."
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According to the same idea, it is not difficult to guess why “each shall establish his own merit” in the first draft was changed to “each shall establish his own merit” in the revised draft.” “Each shall establish his own merit” makes people think It gave rise to the illusion that the various teams of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom have gone their own way; they are fighting independently and are no longer a whole. It would be much better to "reduce the merits as usual". Whether you continue to stay there or follow Shi Dakai on the expedition, you are all contributing to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and fighting for the same cause and goal. "I advise all soldiers and civilians to stick to their duties and make contributions to the revolutionary cause. If it is indeed voluntary, you can also come to join your own team and make contributions." "(Shi Shi's "An Examination of the Reasons for the Changes in Shi Dakai's Evaluation")
For this "Five-Character Announcement", the author very much agrees with Mr. Shi Shi's analysis in the article "An Examination of Shi Dakai's Authentic and False Poems" ---
"If the poet's poetry is not limited to rhymes and rules, then the "Five Character Notice" that Shi Dakai publicly posted when he left the capital for the expedition can also be said to be a good poem... If Shi Dakai Since he was not a man of literary ability, this notice was naturally represented by an old master in the army; he could both write poetry and write, but this notice also used a very special rhyme form, and could rhyme it to the end, which was extraordinary and unique. It is beyond the capabilities of an ordinary old master who can only write "waiting for this". Therefore, it is likely that it was written by Shi Dakai himself. Official documents should be clear and concise, and should not use rhyme with a limited number of words. Why is this notice written in rhyme, and in five-character rhyme with very short sentences? The reason is not difficult to imagine. Shi Dakai had endless sorrows that he wanted to express to everyone, but he couldn't make it too obvious. This is to keep the overall situation in mind. If you make it too obvious, it will increase the internal conflicts of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and give the enemy an opportunity to take advantage of it. He changed "Doubts will lead to harm, and it is difficult to distinguish with a hundred beaks" to "Loyalty is like gold and stone, and sincerity will be revealed over time" just to make things more subtle. Since we want to speak in a subtle way, five-character rhyme is the best form, which can be said in a comprehensive way and the meaning is endless.
Although Shi Dakai was literate, when he left Beijing, he was naturally upset because his family and friends who had experienced national disaster were forced to leave. Therefore, the wording is not refined enough and the meaning of the text is not subtle enough. After arriving in Anhui, I thought about it carefully and felt the need to revise it. This is the reason why there are two different copies before and after the "Five Character Announcement" with slightly different words.
If we carefully understand the thoughts and feelings of the author of this "Five-Character Notice", we will believe that it was indeed written by Shi Dakai. He has become extremely loyal to the cause of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, but the Hong family's private party has always been suspicious of him and excluded him. He is determined to contribute to the country, but the Hong family's private party has restricted him at every turn and conspired to frame him, forcing him to leave. He was filled with grief and indignation no less than the exiled Qu Yuan. His situation is similar to that of Qu Yuan in the past. Therefore, his "Five Character Announcement" became the "Li Sao" of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom era. Everything said in this article comes from the heart and is full of real emotions. From a formal point of view, "Five-Character Announcement" naturally cannot catch up with "Poetry on the Wall of Bailongdong"; but from the aspect of revealing true feelings, "words are the voice of the heart" and "poetry expresses ambition", "Five-Character Announcement" is very touching. The most profound poem should be above "Poem on the Wall of Bailong Cave".
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References:
Luo Ergang's "Discrimination of Falsification of Historical Materials of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom"
Jian Youwen's "The Complete History of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom"
Historical Style "Five Characters" Examination of the Revision of the First Draft of the Announcement" "An Examination of the Authenticity of Shi Dakai's Poems"
Attachment: About a Shi Dakai posthumous poem whose authenticity is controversial
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