Note: Because modern Chinese has paid little attention to the distinction between expressive techniques and expressive skills, it can be considered that they are unified. But if we want to strictly distinguish between expression and expression.
Expression skills are also called artistic features.
First, the expression skills mainly include:
(1) expression (narrative, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation * * *, the first four commonly used ancient poems);
(2) Expression techniques (holding objects, expressing ambition, writing scenes, lyrical narration, direct lyricism, suppressing desires first, suppressing recitation first, flashback, contrasting and setting off the symbol of pawn Zhang Xianzhi, using allusions, imagination, caring for feelings, setting off scenery, setting off objects, rendering reality and reality, combining positive description with direct lyricism and indirect lyricism, etc.);
(3) material selection and cutting;
④ Structural skills: transition, echo, etc.
⑤ Creation of artistic conception, characterization of characters and application of rhetorical methods (metaphor, analogy, metonymy, exaggeration, duality, parallelism, repetition, etc.). ), the description of the social natural environment, etc.
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An article, no matter what kind of expression skills the author chooses, is to express his ideas better. Therefore, to analyze the language, understand the content of the article, and understand the author's intentions and emotions, we must understand the role of expression skills.
Second, in the appreciation of modern reading, expression skills include:
1. Expression: narration, explanation, discussion, lyricism and description.
2. Means of expression: imagination, association, analogy, symbol, contrast, rendering, rhetoric, cadence, allusions, etc.
3. Material arrangement: clear priorities, detailed and simple.
4. Structure: connecting the preceding with the following, suspense, care, bedding, etc.
5. Rhetoric: metaphor, repetition, parallelism, rhetorical question, personification, analogy, imitation, exaggeration, etc.
Different expressions
The expressive techniques of lyric prose are rich and colorful, such as borrowing scenery to express emotion, supporting things to express emotion, combining cadence with symbolism and so on.
Narrative writing skills such as beginning and end coordination, finishing touch, clever use of rhetoric, proper details, combination of narration and discussion, positive and negative comparison, etc.
Argumentative writing skills such as quoting classics, clever analogy, reverse seeking differences, positive and negative comparison, and analogical reasoning.
Novel description, comparison, bedding and reference, suspense and interpretation, real writing and imaginary writing.
[Edit this paragraph] Specific expression techniques
Expressing ambition with objects, lyrical narration with scenery, expressing one's mind directly, and contrasting Zhang Xianzhi's symbolic imagination and association.
Take care of the feelings in the scenery, set off the images, set off the prosperity and sadness with music, render the truth and reality, and combine the side description with the front description, direct lyric with indirect lyric.
Exaggerated metaphor personification, suspense setting, face-to-face combination, foreshadowing and attention to the opening point
Description: Description is description, and writing is imitation. Description is to describe the state of people or scenery with vivid language. This is a common expression in general narratives and literary works. It can be divided into fine description and line drawing, static description and dynamic description, front description and side description, imaginary description and real description, character description, environment description, object description, detail description, rendering and contrast, wanting to promote first, restraining first, association and imagination, etc.
[Edit this paragraph] Describe skills
Six Common Descriptive Techniques
Writing about scenery is one of the common contents in ancient poetry. By describing the scenery, the author can render the atmosphere, express emotions, deepen the center and promote the development of the plot. When we appreciate poetry, we should not only understand the literal meaning, improve our ideological quality and aesthetic feeling, but also pay attention to the poet's form and skills in writing landscapes in language. Descriptive techniques are mainly divided into positive description and side description. There are six common descriptive appreciation angles in the college entrance examination:
(1) Profile Description-Off
(2) Various rhetorical devices
(3) Positive description-combination of dynamic and static.
(4) positive description-the combination of truth and reality
(5) Front description-color rendering
(6) positive description-observing the change of angle
Features of Common Rhetoric Functions
1. Metaphor:
Metaphor consists of three parts:
1, ontology
2. Vehicles
3. Metaphorical vocabulary
The biggest difference between metaphor and personification is that metaphor contains vehicles, while personification does not. )
Function: Make the expressed content vivid and concrete, and give people a vivid and profound impression. According to the similarity of things, explain abstruse and unfamiliar things with concrete, simple and common things, that is, make an analogy to help people understand them deeply.
Three types of metaphor: simile, metaphor and metonymy;
Examples of metaphor words in category feature ontology
The little girl looks like a flower.
Metaphorically, A is B, which is a thick green landscape, and it is simply a painting of green mountains and green waters.
For example, countless arrows were shot from the ground, and thousands of waterfalls fell on the roof.
Ex.: The whole thing is an ethereal blue crystal. -Lao She's Winter in Jinan
2. Analogy:
With rich imagination, write things as adults, or people as things, or things as things.
Function: It can stimulate readers' imagination and make the article more vivid.
Analogy can be divided into personification and imitation.
(1) personification:
Write things as people, endow things with human actions, behaviors, thoughts, feelings and activities, and describe things with words that describe people.
Function: write animals, birds, insects, flowers, trees or other inanimate things into adults, so that specific things are personalized and the language is vivid.
Example:
1. Peach, apricot and pear trees are all in full bloom. -"Spring" Zhu Ziqing
Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sadness. -"The Hope of Spring" Du Fu
The sun blushed. -"Spring" Zhu Ziqing
(2) simulacra:
(1) Compare people to crops, or write this thing into another thing.
Example:
1. The crowd rushed up in despair.
Amid the cheers of the crowd, the bully ran away with his tail between his legs.
② Write things A as things B. ..
Example:
1. The volcano erupted.
Not far away, they saw a man's face under the generous lotus leaf, and his lower body grew in the water. ("Lotus Lake" Sun Li)
3. exaggeration:
Deliberately exaggerating or narrowing the nature, characteristics, etc of things.
Function: prompt the essence of things, contrast the atmosphere, strengthen the rendering power, and cause associative effects.
(1) exaggeration: exaggerating the shape, nature, characteristics, function and degree of things.
Example: The asphalt road is sunburned, even the bronze medal in front of the shop seems to be sunburned.
(2) reduce exaggeration: reduce the image, nature, characteristics, function and degree of things.
You can only see a world the size of a palm.
(3) Exaggeration in advance: what appears after saying appears first, and what appears first appears after saying.
She was drunk before she served her glass.
4. Parallelism:
Arrange three or more sentences with similar structure and length, consistent tone, related meaning or the same.
Function: strengthen the language situation and atmosphere, make the article more rhythmic, more organized and more conducive to expressing strong feelings (expression effect).
Example: Their quality is so pure and noble, their will is so tough and strong, their temperament is so simple and humble, and their mind is so beautiful and broad.
5. Duality:
A pair of phrases or sentences with equal words, the same structure and symmetrical meaning, expressing two opposite or similar meanings.
Function: neat and symmetrical, strong sense of rhythm, high generality, easy to remember and beautiful in music.
Main methods:
1, exactly. The dual forms of the upper and lower sentences are similar, similar, complementary and contrasting in meaning.
For example, the reeds on the wall are top-heavy and shallow; Bamboo shoots in the mountains have a thick mouth and an empty stomach.
2. Objection. The dual form of the opposite or relative meaning of the upper and lower sentences.
For example, look at a thousand fingers coldly and bow your head as a willing ox.
3. Series pair (running pair). The meaning of the upper and lower sentences has the dual forms of inheritance, progressiveness, causality, hypothesis and conditionality.
For example, I only drink Yangtze River water and eat Wuchang fish.
6. Repeatedly:
To emphasize a certain meaning and express a certain feeling, deliberately repeat a word or sentence.
1. keeps repeating (there are no other words in the middle).
Example: The valley echoed, he just left, he just left.
2. The interval of repetition (there are other words in the middle).
For example, it seems that there are no three provinces, and the party and the country are more and more like one country. Without the three northeastern provinces, no one would make a sound, but the party and the country are more and more like a country.
Function: mainly used in poetry, it plays the role of reciting and expressing strong feelings repeatedly. At the same time, repeated rhetorical devices can also make the format of poetry orderly, ups and downs, and beautiful language.
7. ask questions:
In order to attract others' attention, ask questions first and then answer them yourself.
Function: attract attention and inspire readers to think; Contribute to clear hierarchy and compact structure; It can better describe the ideological activities of the characters.
Example: Why are flowers so red? First of all, it has its material basis.
8. rhetorical questions (provocation, cross-examination, cross-examination):
Express clear meaning in the form of questions, ask questions in a positive form, ask questions in a negative form, ask questions in a negative form, and don't answer. The answer is implicit in the rhetorical question.
Function: strengthen tone, make people think, stimulate readers' feelings, deepen readers' impression, and enhance the momentum and persuasiveness of words.
As for me, don't I have anything to blame?
9. Quote:
Quote ready-made words (idioms, poems, aphorisms, allusions, etc.). ) The effects of improving language expression can be divided into two types: and.
Function: make the argument conclusive and sufficient, enhance persuasiveness and inspiration, and the language is refined, implicit and elegant.
Explicit quotation (direct quotation).
For example, Confucius said, "In a threesome, there must be a teacher. So disciples don't have to be like teachers, and teachers don't have to be superior to disciples.
Dark quotation (indirect quotation).
Example: Failure is the mother of success, so don't be discouraged.
10. Metonymy:
Don't directly say what you want to express, but borrow someone or something closely related to it instead.
Types of metonymy: characteristic substituting for things, concrete substituting for abstraction, part substituting for whole, and whole substituting for part.
Function: highlight the essential characteristics of things, enhance the image of the language, make the writing concise and concise, and make the language rich in change and sense of humor; Attract people's association, so that the expression receives outstanding images, distinctive features, concrete and vivid effects.
Method:
(1) part of the whole generation. That is to say, replace the noumenon with the representative part of things.
If the green hills on both sides of the strait are opposite, the lonely sails come from the sun. -"Looking at Tianmen Mountain"
② Feature-generated ontology. In other words, the name of the ontological thing is replaced by the characteristics and signs of the borrowing body (person or thing).
For example, the compass turned around angrily, spoke slowly and walked out ...-"Hometown"
③ Concrete generative abstraction
For example, the South China Morning Post has a history of ten years. -"meiling three chapters"
(4) Tool replaces ontology.
For example, by the time the soil is turned over, eight out of ten households have already set fire to the hoard and can't open the pot. -"Yu Qian Fan"
(5) proper name generalization. Replace the name of ontology with a special name of a typical person or thing.
For example, if you kill a Li Gongpu, millions of Li Gongpu will stand up! -"The Last Speech"
1 1. Irony:
Express the original intention with words or sentences that are opposite to the original intention, and strengthen the expression effect by saying irony. Some satirize and expose, while others express intimate and friendly feelings.
For example, (students studying in the Qing Dynasty) also have broken braids, which are flat. Except for the hat, they are all shiny and visible, just like a little girl's bun, and you have to twist your neck a few times. It's really beautiful.
12. Contrast:
Contrast is a metaphor, which compares two different things or two aspects of the same thing together.
For example:
Some people are alive and he is dead; Some people died, but he is still alive. -"Some People" Cang Kejia
Using contrast, we must have a deep understanding of the contradiction of what we want to express. Two things to be compared or two aspects of the same thing should be opposite, otherwise they cannot be compared.
Parallelism, duality, personification, exaggeration, rhetorical question ......
13. Lenovo:
Seeing something and associating it with something is imagination.
The sun came out and the ground seemed to be on fire.
14. Synaesthesia:
The so-called synaesthesia is a rhetorical way to describe one feeling and express another by using the psychological phenomenon that various feelings communicate with each other.
Function: The application of synaesthesia can achieve unforgettable results, and its expressive function is irreplaceable. It can turn abstraction into image and make readers understand it better. It can arouse people's rich associations; Can be eclectic and lively; It can be accurately expressed and has far-reaching influence; It can enrich the artistic conception of poetry and form a special artistic beauty.
For example:
The most typical example: "the breeze blows, with a faint fragrance, like a faint song on a tall building in the distance." (Zhu Ziqing's Moonlight on the Lotus Pond) Incense is the sense of smell, and singing is the sense of hearing. The author communicates two feelings, namely synaesthesia.
In addition:
"The morning bell is wet outside the clouds" (Du Fu's Kuizhou is too wet to go ashore) uses the word "wet" to describe the clock. The bell you smell passes through the rain curtain and clouds, so it is "wet", and the touch and hearing are interlinked.
"Good as a guqin, lofty as a mountain, and soup like running water" (Lv Chunqiu Ben Wei). Listening to the piano, you know that you are aiming at mountains and flowing water, and your hearing and vision are interlinked.
15. Pun:
Using the polysemy of words and homophonic (or homophonic) conditions, it is intended to make a sentence have double meanings, that is, puns.
Function: It can make the language express implicit humor, deepen the meaning and impress people.
1. Homophonic pun.
For example:
"I lost my pride, Yang Jun lost her willow, and the willow is light and straight." ("Yang" actually refers to Yang Kaihui, and "Liu" actually refers to Liu Zhixun)
"Silkworms will weave until they die in spring, and candles will drain the wick every night." ("silk" means "thinking" to express the love between men and women)
2. Phonetic pun.
It is a rhetorical way, which deliberately leads to the meaning of one thing and the meaning of another according to the polysemy conditions of words. This rhetoric often appears in two-part allegorical sayings.
For example:
Boil jiaozi in the teapot-you can't pour it out if you have a mouth in your heart.
The old lady is wearing lipstick-I'll show you some color.
16. Top truth:
Ding Zhen is also a thimble.
Use the end of the previous article as the beginning of the next article, and connect it end to end for more than two times, so that adjacent sentences or fragments or chapters can be handed down, end to end, and symbolized as "ABC, CDE". This figure of speech is called top truth, also called thimble or couplet bead.
The use of real rhetoric can not only make the sentence structure neat and the tone coherent, but also highlight the interlocking organic connection between things.
Example:
Friendship is a flower that attracts butterflies.
Friendship is a butterfly, two people dance together.
Friendship is a dance, and dance produces the fire of passion.
Friendship is a fire that burns forever.
Dreams are wings that fly in the eternal blue sky.
Dream is the sky, covering the vast sea.
Dream is the sea, or the boat is leisurely.
Dream is a small boat, braving the wind and waves at sea.
Love is the wind, rolling with thick clouds;
Love is a cloud that turns into timely rain;
Love is rain, which moistens the trees after a long drought;
Love is a tree that supports the shade for you.
17. Text room:
Intertextuality, also known as intertextuality, is a rhetoric method commonly used in ancient poetry.
In ancient Chinese, the meaning of a sentence (or phrase) was divided into two sentences (or phrases), and the meanings of the upper and lower sentences should be complementary in interpretation, which is intertextuality.
The old saying goes like this: "It refers to writing in the other party, but it refers to writing in the text." Specifically, it is a form: the upper and lower sentences or two parts of a sentence seem to say the same thing, but in fact they echo, explain and complement each other and say the same thing.
For example:
Bright moon in Qin dynasty, bright moon in Han dynasty.
Smoke cage, cold water, moon cage sand.
The general died in battle, and the strong man returned in ten years.
The host got off the bus, the passengers got on the boat, and we raised our glasses to drink-but, alas, there was no music.
When reading ancient Chinese works, it is easy to ignore the past if you don't think carefully and appreciate some sentences that use intertextuality.
For example:
(1) Smile, confuse Yangcheng and fall in love with Cai. (Song Yu's "The Loser") means: "She fooled all the dudes in Yangcheng and Cai Xia with a smile."
(2) Zi Kennosuke is like chanting, and Zhong Xuan's pen is like composing. "Wen Xin Diao Si" means: "Cao Zhi and Wang Neng spread out the paper and picked up the pen to write, as if they had memorized it in advance."
(3) Qi Weishou and Han Jingzhao. (Li Hua's "Hanging the Ancient Battlefield") Qi Weijing (Chu) Han and other kings of the Warring States recruited soldiers to guard the border. "
(4) Fierce officials came to my hometown, clamoring for things, and they ran from north to south. Liu Zongyuan's "Snake Catcher" means: "Violent police came to our village, making noise everywhere and harassing people everywhere." "East, west, north and south" here means "everywhere".
(5) don't be happy with things, don't be sad with yourself. (Fan Zhong's "Yueyang Tower") means: "I am not sad or happy because of the influence of external things, nor am I happy or sad because of my personal situation."
18. Cycle:
Simply put, loop is the same as reading forward and backward.
For example:
The water in the pool is ringing; The Valley of Gold is golden.
Xiangshan Buddha in Xiang Jing, Foshan; Wengyuan milk raises milk source Weng.
Sing Tao Port welcomes Hong Kong Island stars.
The guest lives in nature, but he is a guest in the sky; People have been to the Big Buddha Temple, which is bigger than others.
19. Empathy:
In order to highlight some strong feelings, writers consciously give objective things some characteristics that are consistent with their own feelings but do not actually exist. This rhetorical device is called empathy.
Using empathy rhetoric, we first move subjective feelings to things, and then use infected things to set off subjective emotions, so that things and people can be integrated, which can better express people's strong feelings and exert rhetorical effects.
For example:
1) He knows that the dew will be frost tonight, and how bright the moonlight is at home! .
(Du Fu's Remembering Brothers on a Moonlit Night)
Petals fell like tears, and lonely birds sang their sadness.
(Du Fu's "Spring Hope")
(3) Wei Qing terminating, sad when a person to the east.
(Du Fu's Twenty Qinzhou Miscellaneous Poems)
He gazed at the desolate moon from his temporary palace,
The night rain smells the bell and heartbroken.
(Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow)
(5) turn to Zhuge, low-lying households, take no sleep, there should be no hate, why not be round? (Su Shi's Water Tune)
6 red beans are ugly and full of acacia tears.
(Niu Xiji's "Raw Tea")
The meaning of the above two poems is: the dew is particularly light tonight, and the hometown month is particularly bright. Why is this happening? Because the poet Du Fu experienced the great turmoil of An Shi Rebellion, he had to give up his official position in the autumn of 759 BC and live in Qin Zhou (now Tianshui, Gansu) under the condition that his country's future and personal destiny were constantly hit. In this desolate and desert border town, the poet moved his homesickness to the dew and moonlight, which set off his homesickness with the infected dew and moonlight, blending things with people, thus better expressing his strong homesickness. The meaning of the two poems in Example 2 is: lamenting the national turmoil, splashing flowers hurts the heart and tears; Hate a family apart, and birds will disturb your heart. It is a natural phenomenon that flowers bloom and birds sing, without human emotions. Only by using empathy rhetoric can poets write such touching poems. Example (3) says that the Weihe River water only "flows eastward alone" when people are worried; Example 4 says that the moon shines "sadly" and the bell rings "heartbreaking"; Example 5 says that the moon tends to become round when people leave; Example 6 says that red beans are not red beans, but "acacia tears". The above examples all use empathy rhetoric to move people's feelings to things. In this way, human feelings and things will be integrated into one, which can better express people's strong feelings.
The difference between empathy and empathy is that empathy is to move people's subjective feelings to objective things, and then set off subjective feelings with infected objective things, so that things and people can be integrated and express strong feelings more strongly; Transfer means that the two things A and B are related, so it is a rhetorical device to transfer the rhetoric originally describing A to B. In short, the former is "touching people and things"; The latter is "moving words, describing things (or people), describing things (or people)."
The difference between empathy and personification is that the former is "touching people and things"; The latter is "writing things into adults".
20. Call:
When writing an article, call someone or something that is not in front of you directly and talk to him or her. This rhetorical device is called summoning.
The use of the call sign can increase the lyrical effect and strengthen the appeal.
Example (1): Uncle Shuo! Uncle Shuo! I have no food. -The Book of Songs. Storytelling
Ex. (2): Good heavens! Why are you doing this to me?
Ex. (3): Qiu, I heard that you have arrived.