(a) Asia-Pacific bamboo region
Asia-Pacific bamboo region is the largest bamboo region in the world. South to New Zealand at 42 south latitude, north to the central Sakhalin Island at 51north latitude, east to the Pacific Islands, and west to the southwest Indian Ocean.
There are about 900 species of bamboo belonging to 50 genera in this area. There are both clustered bamboos and scattered bamboos, with the former accounting for about 3/5 and the latter accounting for about 2/5, among which there are about 100 species with economic value.
The main bamboo producing countries are China, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Viet Nam, Japan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, South Korea and Sri Lanka.
1. India
There are 36 species of bamboo 19 genera/kloc-0 in India, and the bamboo forest area is about 2.097 million hm2. Mainly clustered bamboo species, only some scattered bamboo species are distributed in the northern mountainous areas. Bamboo forests can be divided into four types.
(1) Pure bamboo forest: 125 clumps /hm2, with an average yield of 2.52t/hm2.
(2) Mixed forest of bamboo and wood: 50 ~ 125 clumps/hm2; The yield is1.85t /hm2.
(3) Sparse bamboo forest: 25 ~ 50 clumps /hm2, with an average yield of 0. 17t/hm2.
(4) Sporadic bamboo forests: less than 25 clumps /hm2, with about 5-30 plants in L bamboo clumps.
2. Myanmar (Southeast Asian countries)
There are more than 90 species of bamboo, and the bamboo forest area is 210.7 million hm2, which is generally extensively managed. It is estimated that 6.5438+0.5 million tons of bamboo can be provided every year.
3. Thailand
There are more than 60 species of bamboos belonging to 13 genus. The bamboo forest area is about 8 1 10,000 hm2. 198 1 ~ 1984, Thailand produces an average of 52 million bamboo stalks every year (excluding rural bamboo). There are two bamboo plywood factories in Thailand, which are located in Beibi Province and Nampong Province. The annual output is 20000. 1936 Beibifu paper mill and 22 bamboo shoot processing plants were established, 1984 bamboo shoot output was 37975t.
4. Bangladesh
There are more than 30 species of bamboo, covering an area of 600,000 hm2. Among them, pure bamboo forest is 65,438+10,000 hm2, surrounding bamboo forest is 65,438+10,000 hm2, and bamboo-wood mixed forest is 400,000 hm2.
The main bamboo species are: pear bamboo, vest bamboo, dragon head bamboo, giant bamboo, pointed medicine bamboo, long spike bamboo and so on. There are two bamboo paper mills in China.
5. Cambodia
There are 287,000 hectares of bamboo forests with extensive management. Bamboo is mainly used as rural buildings, farm tools and handicrafts.
6. Vietnam
The bamboo forest area in Vietnam is 654.38+0 million hm2, accounting for 3.6% ~ 4% of the national forest area. Bamboo is used in rural buildings, farm tools and handicrafts.
7. Japan
There are 230 species (662 species have been reported) in the genus 13. The bamboo forest area in China is 14. 13hm2. 97% of bamboo forests in China are privately owned and intensively managed. The annual output of bamboo is 200,000-300,000 tons, and bamboo shoots are 654.38+500,000 tons. ..
The purpose of bamboo forest management in Japan changed from "timber bamboo forest" to "bamboo forest for bamboo shoots" in 1950s, and changed from "bamboo forest for bamboo shoots" to "sightseeing bamboo forest" in 1970s.
Since 1950s, the bamboo forest area in Japan has been decreasing day by day, and the bamboo output has been decreasing year by year. However, the traditional habits of Japanese people who like bamboo and bamboo products have not decreased. Therefore, a large number of bamboo and bamboo products are imported abroad every year.
8. Malaysia
In Malay Peninsula, bamboo forest covers an area of 20650hm2. The annual output of bamboo is 2 1000 tons. Bamboo is mainly used as rural houses and farm tools.
9. Philippines
1979, China Forestry Bureau announced the bamboo forest area of 7924hm2. If the area of natural mixed forest is added, the actual bamboo forest area is150,000 hm2.
There are 55 species of bamboo 1 1 genus. Bamboo is used for rural construction and handicrafts, and some bamboo products are exported every year.
(2) Bamboo areas in the United States
There are more than 270 species of 18 in southern Argentina at 47о S and eastern United States at 40о N..
Among the bamboos in the United States, Phyllostachys is scattered, and the rest 17 genera are clustered.
In North America, there are no native bamboo species except Phyllostachys macrophylla and its two subspecies.
In Latin America, the Amazon flow between the Tropic of Cancer in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil is the center of bamboo distribution, with rich bamboo species, which gradually decreases from the south to Argentina.
In North and South America, bamboo is mainly distributed in the east.
The vertical distribution of bamboo ranges from several meters above sea level to 3000 meters above sea level (Chile).
Since the 20th century, North and South America have also introduced a large number of bamboo species from Asia.
According to the investigation of bamboo in Brazil in11985 ~1986, the main bamboo plants are arundiria 17, merotstachus 16, Guadua 17 and Chus. According to Nomura Takazawa's estimation, there are 340 million hectares of forests in the Amazon River basin, of which bamboo accounts for about 3%, that is, there are/kloc-0.2 million hectares of bamboo forests.
(3) Bamboo areas in Africa
Bamboo is less distributed in this area, starting from southern Mozambique in the south, at 22 degrees north latitude, and reaching eastern Sudan in the north, at 16 degrees north latitude.
Within this range, from the south of Senegal, Guinea, Liberia, south of Ivory Coast, south of Ghana, Nigeria, Zznja, Cameroon, Rwanda, Burundi, Gabon, Congo, Zaire, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi and Mozambique on the west coast of Africa to Madagascar on the east coast, an oblique belt spanning the African rainforest and evergreen deciduous mixed forest from northwest to southeast has been formed, which is the distribution center of bamboo in Africa.
There are patches of bamboo forests in the upper Nile valley in North Africa, temperate mountainous forest areas in Sudan and Ethiopia. However, the bamboo flora on the African continent is very poor. According to records, there are several bamboo species in rural areas, such as Oxytropis Oxytropis, Arundhoriaalpha, etc. Only a dozen species have been introduced, belonging to Mangosteen, Bamboo and Phyllostachys pubescens, forming a large area of natural pure forest, or becoming the lower layer of mixed forest with other tree species. For example, there are 1.3 million hectares of Phyllostachys pubescens in mountainous areas of Kenya, and 1. 1 10,000 hectares of Phyllostachys pubescens in Yunnan in Ethiopia.
Madagascar Island in East Africa has abundant rainfall and warm climate, and bamboo species are richer than those in the African continent.
(4) introduction areas of Europe and North America
Bamboo is mainly distributed in some countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. There are no natural bamboo species in Europe, only a few bamboo species originated in North America. In the past century, European countries such as Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as the United States and Canada, introduced a large number of bamboo species from some bamboo-producing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. For example, the United States imported 35 species of Phyllostachys pubescens from China.
At present, the vast majority of bamboo forests in the world are still in a barren state, with serious logging, low management level and low yield. Since 1980s, some tropical and subtropical countries have attached great importance to the development of bamboo production. Among them, China and Japan have a long history and high management level.