early stage
Seventeen years from youth to Chongzhen (1644)
Fang Yizhi's youth activities are mainly in Nanjing and Tongcheng, occasionally passing through Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and finally arriving in Beijing.
Activities of Tongcheng Zeshe. In the early years of Chongzhen, Fang Yizhi established "Zeshe" in the suburb of Yuan Ze built by his father. In society, my uncle's study (word Er Zhi), my brother-in-law Sun Lin (word Ke Xian), Qian Bingkun (also known as Cheng Zhi), qi zhou (word Nong) and others. Fang not only writes poems, but also reads classics and history, cares about the "principle of everything" and reads notes at any time, accumulating rich knowledge and laying an academic foundation. Fang's two apprentices, one is (word defect) and the other is Wang Xuan (word green,no. virtual boat), from Jinxi, Jiangxi. At that time, Wang was over 70 years old, and his book Physics inspired Fang Yizhi to write some physics knowledge in the future. A group of energetic teenagers in Zeshe often sing world events generously. Fang told it himself. "In Yuan Ze, this is a sad song ... it is a good thing to talk about things, but you can't help being generous." (Preface to the Collection of Official Documents of Sun Wu) This group, like the societies in the southeast at that time, not only studied literature, but also had political overtones.
At that time, Ruan Dacheng of Tongcheng was a figurehead of Wei Zhongxian eunuch, and was included in the "counter-case" list at the beginning of Chongzhen. Fang Zhouzi's classmate, Qian Chengzhi, once joined the Chiang Society when Ruan Dacheng retired. Discouraged by Fang Yizhi, he quit Jiangshe. In the fifth year of Chongzhen (A.D. 1632), Chronicle of Maeda recorded this incident: "The secret Wu swam back and told Jun Fu (that is, Qian Chengzhi) that Wu Xia's affairs were no different from those of the imperial court, and all eunuchs refused. Why do you think of us as champions? I have long been different! " "Wu" refers to the distinction between Zhang Yan and the establishment of a complex society, and "Wu" means to distinguish the boundaries between the resumption of cooperatives and wild swings. Therefore, Qian Chengzhi took part in the literature class of Zeshe instead, and politely declined not to attend the meeting of Fan Jiang Society. As a "hometown ancestor", Ruan Dacheng began to have enemies with each other. Du Nan's "Propaganda of Staying in Beijing to Prevent Chaos"
In the seventh year of Chongzhen (AD 1634), Tongcheng rebelled and Fang Yizhi moved to Nanjing. The world celebrities I have made friends with are Huang Zongxi, Wu, Li, Mao Xiang, Li, Shen Kuntong and others.
In the tenth year of Chongzhen (A.D. 1637), orphans Zhou Maolan and Wei Xuelian were murdered by Lindong Party members, which was equivalent to cultivating the capital. Fang Yizhi and Justin Chen once wrote a chronicle of long poems and shouted for Lindong Party. At this time, Ruan Dacheng lived in Nanjing, talking about the sword and contacting all parties, hoping to make a comeback.
In the 12th year of Chongzhen (A.D. 1639), and Wu * * * drafted the "Declaration on Expelling Ruan Dacheng", "Stay in the capital to prevent random leaks". Publicly expose Gu Xian, the founder of Lindong.
Cheng's grandchildren, Huang Zongxi, etc. signed by 140 people. Ruan Dacheng, accused by thousands of people, hid in Niushou Mountain outside the city and dared not enter the city. Although Fang Yizhi returned to Tongcheng this spring and Nanjing in autumn to take the exam, he never signed it. Ruan Dacheng, who had contacted Jiangshe in the past, still believed that Gong Jie was the mastermind of Fang Yizhi, so he resented poison more deeply. In the second year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1645), Hong Guang ascended the throne in Nanjing, and Ruan Dacheng became the history of the Ministry of War through relations, taking revenge on a large number of descendants and members of the complex society.
In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (A.D. 1644), Li Zicheng entered Beijing, Fang Yizhi was captured by rebel Guo Ying, and soon fled to Nanjing. At this time, Ruan Dacheng came to power, repaired old grievances, exempted Fang Yizhi from "martyrdom" after he went to Beijing in Li Zicheng, and placed Fang in the fifth class of "inferior to the sixth class", and the handling method was "suitable for redemption". Fang Yizhi can't stay in Du Nan for long. He was introduced by Chen Zilong, passed through Zhejiang and Fujian, and took refuge in Guangzhou, ending his early life. During this period, due to Fang Yizhi's solid knowledge of history and a hundred schools of thought contend, "all men and women, music, law, sound, literature, calligraphy and painting, medical skills, and the skill of holding the piano and sword need to analyze their purport" (The Old Biography of Tongcheng, Volume 6). In the fourteenth and sixteenth years of Chongzhen, he began to write elegance and filial piety in physics respectively.
Fang Yizhi didn't study much philosophy in his early years, but mainly wrote poems, poems and political comments. He advocates "fairness" and "openness" In the preface to Tongya, it says: "Governance lies in the monarch and ministers, and the people learn from teachers, and learning is practical, fair and clear." "Zhong Juan Yi" also quoted Zhu's "Only the public is clear, but the Tao is exhausted." He believes that "public" means no prejudice, and "bright" means "good and evil". This has something in common with the political ideas of "depersonalization" and "depublization" emphasized by Dai Zhen a hundred years later.
middle period
During his stay in Guangzhou from the seventeenth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1644) to the ninth year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1652).
Fang Yizhi was renamed Wu Shigong, and was discovered by Yao, the commander in chief. Yao is an old friend of Fang, and (A.D. 1640) also tried it in the same year. He asked Fang to be his son Yao Duan's teacher. In Nanhai Lingguan's office, Fang Yizhi rearranged Tong Ya's old manuscripts. He also wrote the script of Yan Jingyu and taught the actors to sing. At this time, his poetry collection was named Zhan Min. Shortly after Fang arrived in Guangdong, his wife Pan Shi came to Guangzhou via Fujian to reunite with his third son. In the third year of Shunzhi (AD 1646), Zhu Youlang ascended the throne in Zhaoqing, and Fang Yizhi was appointed junior Zhan, bachelor, and assistant lecturer in imperial academy. Because of the party struggle and the eunuch's autocratic power, he saw that there was nothing to do and resolutely retired in the Miao cave at the junction of Hunan and Guangxi. Li Yong called him a college student of Dongge many times, and he was fired ten times. These words are still preserved today, which shows his perception of the current situation that day. His poem "The southwest is darker and darker, who will look at the new pavilion with tears"! Illustrates his disappointment with the Li Yong court.
In the seventh year of Shunzhi (AD 1650), Qing soldiers entered Guilin, Guangxi, and Qu Shizhen and Zhang's great-grandson were martyred. Fang Yizhi went to Zhaoping Fairy and returned to the mountain to become a monk. Fang Lv Zhong followed Fang Yizhi into the mountains, "Father analyzed the lotus flowers, father painted the children to cook", and lived a life of hunger and cold, which was finally discovered by the Qing soldiers. Ma Jiao, commander-in-chief of the Qing army, forced him to surrender many times, but he finally let him become a monk. Fang Yizhi went to Wuzhou and lived in Yungai Temple in Wuzhou for two years. In August of the ninth year of Shunzhi (AD 1652), Suishi (born in Xuancheng,No. Yushan) went to Lushan Mountain and returned to Tongcheng at the end of the same year. The opening of his philosophical work "Dongxijun" was written when he arrived in Lushan Mountain. This stage is the turning point of Fang Yizhi's life, from a rich boy to a wandering ascetic, from a red light green wine to a yellow scroll green lamp, from joining the WTO to being born. Ma Qichang, the author of Tongcheng Old Biography, said on Fang Yizhi. "The person who bows to the hero is the lucky one of the season, and was called away by Bi. What are their ambitions? " At this stage, political and social ideals and ambitions can't be realized, so all my energy has been transferred to the academic life of writing books. In the absence of books and materials for the displaced, he himself said, "It is sad to be a novelist with loopholes." Yu Gong is thirty-six years old and has a life to study "(see the third postscript of Tongya). However, during this period, it was finally written into books such as Physical Knowledge, Qieyun Yuan, Medical Association, and Supplemented Materia Medica.
Learning and Theory Fang Yizhi loves natural science knowledge. I studied in school since I was a child, and my physics is poor. He once said, "If you don't learn from wisdom, you will manage things badly." (Introduction to Physics, Volume V) During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, western learning spread eastward. Fang Yizhi inherited the Book of Changes while adhering to the family precepts, and at the same time, he made extensive contact with missionaries to learn western learning. After unremitting efforts, he finally made great achievements in both philosophy and science, reaching a considerable height.
Fang Yizhi is knowledgeable, and the legend in the Draft of the History of Qing Dynasty says: "With wisdom, students have different abilities, and fifteen groups of Confucian classics can be slightly memorized. Extensive knowledge, from astronomy, geography, music, law, sound, writing, calligraphy and painting, medicine and skills, can be tested and analyzed. " This evaluation is not excessive. He has his own unique views in many fields. For example, on the issue of academic classification, he divided academics into three categories and said:
"Heaven and earth test, like number, calendar, sound and medicine, are all qualitative and physical. If you talk about teaching, you will kill it. Say a few words and you will understand. " ("Tong Ya Xiao Huo")
Among these three kinds of academics, he talked more about general knowledge and qualitative test. He said:
"The accumulation of loneliness, delving into its source, is a few words; Everything happens for a reason. It's really elegant. They are big enough to drive and small enough to be stupid, just like their temperament. It is a qualitative test to levy its likes and dislikes and push it to change. " (Introduction to Physics)
It can be seen that the so-called "general knowledge" refers to the discussion of the root causes of things, while qualitative measurement needs to investigate the reasons for the changes of things in a down-to-earth manner, sort them out according to their characteristics, summarize and verify the known laws, and predict the future development and changes. Obviously, general knowledge and qualitative test are the classification of academic activities from the perspective of research purposes and research methods. In China, this classification is the original creation of Fang Yizhi.
In astronomy, Fang Yizhi combined traditional astronomy in China with western astronomy introduced by missionaries at that time, and discussed astronomical issues such as geocentric theory, nine-day theory, yellow equator, precession, stars, solar eclipse and calendar. He attaches great importance to the knowledge of western astronomy and often follows the latest progress of western astronomy. For example, when discussing the orbit of celestial bodies, he put forward the correct conjecture that Venus and Mercury orbit the sun according to the periodic changes discovered by the West through telescopes.
Fang Yizhi's acceptance of western scientific and technological knowledge is not blind, but through his own careful thinking and digestion. For example, he first investigated the observational evidence on which the western geosphere theory was based, and then accepted the evidence. He refuted the missionary's false statement. For example, a missionary once said that the radius of the sun is more than 160 times that of radius of the earth, and the sun is only 1600 Wan Li away from the earth. Fang Yizhi pointed out that this is wrong, because according to this calculation (the circumference of the earth is about 90,000 miles), the diameter of the sun is close to one third of the distance between the sun and the earth, which is obviously impossible. He explained this problem with his theory that "light is fat and shadow is thin", pointing out that the round surface of the sun seen by human eyes is larger than the actual luminous body, so it is inaccurate to measure it by geometric method. His theory was later accepted by the author of Li Xiang Kao Cheng.
In physics, Fang Yizhi has many original ideas. He put forward a simple theory of light fluctuation from the viewpoint of monism of qi, saying: "Gas condenses and forms, making a light sound, and there is still uncondensed air rubbing and sucking it." Therefore, the use of form stops at its point, while the use of light and sound often overflows the rest: there is no gap between qi and each other. "(Introduction to Physics, vol. 1)
Obviously, Fang Yizhi thought that light was generated by the excitement of qi. Because gas diffuses in all spaces, there is no gap between them, and the excited gas will inevitably interact with the surrounding static gas, and the excitation will be transmitted, forming the propagation of light. So what Fang Yizhi described is a simple light wave theory. In order to distinguish it from the electromagnetic wave theory of modern light, it can be called gas-light wave theory.
Fang Yizhi further put forward the viewpoint that light is not straight from the perspective of gas-light wave theory. He called it light fat and shadow thin, and thought that light always invaded the shadow range of geometric optics in the process of propagation, which made the light area larger and the shadow area narrower. He also pointed out that the measurement based on the direct nature of light is inaccurate because of the fat and thin shadow phenomenon of light. He said:
"Things are obstacles, and their shadows are easy to exhaust. Sound and light often overflow the number of things. The sound is invisible, the light is visible, and the measurement is not accurate. " (Introduction to Physics, Volume I)
In order to prove his point of view, he also did pinhole imaging experiments, trying to explain common optical phenomena with his own theory. All these are very new in the history of physics development.
In addition, his account of the reflection and refraction of light, the occurrence, propagation, reflection and sound insulation effect of sound, dispersion, coking, specific gravity, magnetic effect and many other issues is ahead of his contemporaries.
In biomedicine, Fang Yizhi also has a lot to mention. In his book Introduction to Physics, he recorded a lot of knowledge about the ecology, cultivation and management of animals and plants. He quoted the missionary's theory that "brain dominates thinking" and introduced their knowledge about human bones and muscles. He believes that Manabu Nakanishi has his own strengths, and Western medicine is "more detailed in qualitative measurement than in oral communication". Therefore, he quoted Tang Ruowang's Anatomy of Chinese and Western Medicine from Master System and Group Sign, and introduced it to the Chinese people, but excluded the content that the missionary said that "Almighty God created the world". He himself is also famous for his research on traditional medicine and has written many medical works. Unfortunately, these works are not handed down from generation to generation, so it is difficult for us to have a glimpse. Fang Yizhi can be regarded as one of the early Huitong thinkers in China, and he has a certain influence on the history of modern medical development in China.
Fang Yizhi wrote many works in his life, including more than 100 kinds. Among them, Tongya and physics notes are the most popular. The former is a comprehensive compilation of famous sentences, while the latter is a comment. His scientific views are mainly concentrated in this book. His later masterpieces are Yao Di's Running Village and Dongxijun, both of which are philosophical works, in which some very important philosophical propositions are put forward. His other important works include Collected Works of Fushan, Boyi Collection, Yu Yi Collection, Consistent Questions and Answers, Qieyun Origin, Liu Yucao, Zhouyi Image, Sexuality, Yi Gang Studies, Burnout of Scholars, and Four Rhymes.
Fang Yizhi was born in the former residence of Bao Fang in Tongcheng County (now Tongcheng City), Anqing Prefecture, and was a scholar-bureaucrat family. Fang was the main clan in Tongcheng area in this period. Great-grandfather Fang gradually learned, was proficient in medicine and neo-Confucianism, and could be eclectic and self-contained. In addition to recording Travels to the East where he went to give lectures in Lindong, he also wrote Yi Li, Xingyi, Yi Tong, Youxun and Tongchuanyu. Grandfather Fang Dazhen was Zuo Shaoqing of Dali Temple in Wanli period, and he wrote hundreds of volumes such as Yili, Poems, Li Shuo, Yong Lu Si and You Zhong Lu. Because he was gradually studied by Geng Theorem of Taizhou School, he was included in the case of Confucianism in Ming Dynasty. Grandfather Wu Yingbin is proficient in Confucianism, and he has written The Complete Works of Yi Xue, Xue Yong's Interpretation, Zong Yi's Sound Theory, Sanyizhai Draft, etc. Father Fang Kongying was a scholar in forty-four years of Wanli, an official in Chongzhen, and governor of Huguang. He was well versed in medicine, geography and military affairs, and was early exposed to western learning, advocating the study of practical knowledge. He is the author of the Book of Changes, Quanbianlue, Shangshulue and other books, and the History of the Ming Dynasty is circulated. Zhouyi Shilun was included in the Catalogue of Siku Quanshu. This book has a great influence on Fang Yizhi, and Fang often mentions it in his life.
Fang Yizhi inherited his family studies and received traditional Confucian education from childhood. He was brought up by his mother and aunt. Aunt Fang was the daughter of Fang Dazhen, a teenager from Dali in Ming Dynasty, the wife of Yao Sunbang, and a widowed teenager. Fang was a talented poetess at that time. I have traveled with my father to Jiading, Sichuan, Funing, Fujian, Shi Jing, Hebei and other places. I have seen famous mountains and rivers, visited places of interest in Beijing, and read books in western languages. Except for home studies, all the teachers he taught were famous scholars at that time. White, who is good at the history of Ci and Fu, advocates practical learning. Wang Xuan was a master of Chunqiu at that time. He specialized in exegesis of famous things and the study of He and Luo. Fu Haifeng was a famous doctor at that time. In addition, the family has a rich collection of books, which is known as "the two are the sea of words, and the first emperor is the emperor". In such an environment, Fang Yizhi, a teenager, was influenced by a strong academic atmosphere. Because their ancestors had direct or indirect relations with Lindong Party. He also developed the habit of caring about the times from an early age. At the age of fourteen, I went to the examination room hundreds of miles away to take the exam to temper my will.
As an adult, Fang Yizhi traveled extensively between Jianghuai and wuyue with books, visiting everyone who collected books, reading extensively, making friends everywhere and making friends widely. Among his classmates, there are western missionaries, Francis Bi and Tang Ruowang, who read western books. Fang Yizhi learned about modern western natural science from them, thus broadening his horizons and enriching his knowledge. He believes: "Today, there are many things in the lower spine, and people in the sea must be ignorant. The four sides are bound to be unknown, and the chaos of mountains and rivers is unpredictable. " He once wrote a poem: "Frost is like snow, and traveling south is lonely. There is no way to become a national for no reason. " You can't laugh until you scold and hug, but it's always a hollow reputation when you take a yoke. Lingyun has been in the Jianghu for a long time, and the wind and rain sound when he sticks his sword. There are only a few letters in the sea, and there is crazy life under Longmian Mountain. "Expressed his extraordinary political ambitions. In order to persuade the emperor to choose talents and use energy, get rid of disadvantages and implement some reforms, he wrote letters to seek talents, to seek governance and to study. And made up his mind to help revive the Ming Dynasty. He once said in the "Book Records Eleven Biography" that he would "manage the East China Sea and wash the dirt of the world". He was reunited with Zhang Yan, Wu, Wu and others. Judge figures and satirize the court. He is known as the "Four Childes" and is famous for his articles. Fang Yizhi's father Fang Kongying was impeached and imprisoned by Yang Sichang when he was governor of Huguang. Fang Yizhi was pregnant with blood and Fang Kongying was released. It's a good story for a while.
In the 13th year of Chongzhen (1640), 30-year-old Fang Yizhi Jinshi was elected as Jishi Shu. Fang Yizhi was recommended to Emperor Chongzhen, who called it the Hall of Virtue and Politics. Fang Yizhi's "confidential language, praise its goodness". Later, he served as an official of the Ministry of Industry and an assessor of the Hanlin Academy. The prince appointed Wang He to work in Beijing.
In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), Li Zicheng peasant army invaded Beijing, and Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself. Fang Yizhi cried in front of Chongzhen Spirit, was captured by the peasant army, and was tortured by the peasant army, but he refused to surrender. Soon, Li Zicheng was defeated by Shanhaiguan, and Fang Yizhi escaped from the south, but survived. When Fang Yizhi's oath of not surrendering to the peasant army reached the south of the Yangtze River, all his friends compared him to a beautiful composition.
Fang Yizhi went to Nanking and defected to the Hong Guang regime in Nanming. Ruan Dacheng, an enemy, dominated Hong Guang's political affairs in Nanming, and was constantly excluded and persecuted, so he had to change his name to Wu Shigong and live in Lingnan and Guangdong, selling medicine for a living. Soon, Emperor Nanming called Jishi Shu, a former official, but Fang Yizhi refused, so he was named "Sanping" and wandered between the mountains and rivers of the Pearl River. In the third year of Shunzhi, Zhu Youlang and Wang Gui proclaimed themselves emperors in Zhaoqing. Due to his father's recommendation, Fang Yizhi took part in the activities of establishing political power, and served as Zuo Zhongyun, Shao Zhan and imperial academy. Fang Yizhi soon discovered that the regime of the Ghost King was in jeopardy and was not worthy of its name. The traitor is in power in the internal portal dispute. Outside, it is fighting the Shaowu regime in Guangzhou and declaring war on each other. Wang Gui is as timid as a mouse. He will run away if he smells a little crane. All this makes Fang Yizhi disheartened. After being falsely demoted by eunuch Kun Wang, he had to hide in the area where ethnic minorities lived together in the west of Hunan, Guangxi and Guangdong, and lived a life of "living together in thatched cottages and making fires in abandoned villages as ghost neighbors"
After Fang Yizhi's death, there are three tombs in * * *: Qingyuan Mountain in Jiangxi is the tomb of the mantle; Behind Huayan Temple in Fushan is claw tower; The "Golden Bull Yoke" in Baishaling at the northern foot of Fushan Mountain is a solid tomb. Fang Yizhi's Tomb is located at the northern foot of Fushan Mountain, 45km northeast of Zongyang County, and 6km west of Anhe Highway. The cemetery faces south, facing the mountains and rivers. It consists of a tomb, an altar and a platform, covering an area of 2 10 square meters. The tomb is surrounded by granite, and the tombstone stands behind the "Biography Monument". Due to the anti-Qing ambition of Mr. Zun, a descendant of Fang family, the title of Qing emperor was not awarded on the tablet. On the left is Mrs. Pan Shi's tomb. There is a stone altar in front of Fang Yizhi's tomb, on which there is a dense inscription "Biography of Sir", and there is a stone couplet in the west: "A learned lady. It is worth a hundred years, and famous mountains are better than water for a thousand years. " The following three roads are built in turn and meet the foot of the mountain. There is a white stone railing in front of the worship platform. The first line of worship is a pair of stone lions, separated from each other. A marble sign stands on the right side of the stage. Four Zhou Songqing cypresses are lush and lush, and the whole cemetery is condescending, with an open momentum and solemnity. Fang Yizhi Tomb is a provincial key cultural relics protection unit. Fang Yizhi's poems are like snow, and the east wind sweeps Su Causeway at night. Su Causeway month, incense sold to the south, how many times? The Qiantang River is quiet, who climbs willows along the river? Who climbs, Xiling ferry, ancient and modern parting. -Fang Yizhi's "Remembering Flowers as Snow" in the Song Dynasty remembers flowers as snow.
Flowers are like snow, and the east wind sweeps the night in Su Causeway. Su Causeway month, incense sold to the south, how many times?
The Qiantang River is quiet, who climbs willows along the river? Who climbs, Xiling ferry, ancient and modern parting. Graceful and restrained, the scenery he wrote felt that all his companions were separated, and Ma Xie went into the forest alone. Change your surname five times a year. Accustomed to the gauntlet, I am worried about the wind and rain. Life and death are easy, pain is a bosom friend! -Qing Fang Yizhi's "Dugu"
Fang Yizhi in Qing Dynasty
The Three Gorges Bajiang River is like a direct current, and the barrier of overlapping flow has been closed several times. The ice breaks through the cloud curtain, and the silver man makes a jade ditch. Draw a horn drum to urge the rain, and the Yangguan flute will send the late autumn. Who can draw a folding pen and hang the wind upstairs? -Fang Yizhi's "Triple Boxing" in the Ming Dynasty
The Three Gorges Bajiang River is like a direct current, and the barrier of overlapping flow has been closed several times.
The ice breaks through the cloud curtain, and the silver man makes a jade ditch.
Draw a horn drum to urge the rain, and the Yangguan flute will send the late autumn.
Who can draw a folding pen and hang the wind upstairs? See more poems by Fang Yizhi >>