There are metaphors: simile, metaphor, metonymy, metaphor (also known as compound metaphor), metonymy (also known as inverse metaphor), anti-metaphor, mutual metaphor (also known as metonymy), metaphor (also known as strong metaphor), metaphor, embellishment metaphor and quotation metaphor;
There are sketch, analogy (also called contrast), avoiding repetition, changing use, layering, filling (also called contrast), setting off (also called contrast, setting off), inversion, inversion, overlapping, reduplication, truthfulness (also called couplet), contrast, antithesis (also called duality and parallelism), renovation, repetition and parallelism.
There are overlapping intricacies, compound deviation, * * use, combination, call, intertextuality, conversion, palindrome, demotion, metonymy, rhetorical questions, ambiguity, parallelism, antithesis, imitation (also divided into imitation, imitation), list, connection and exaggeration. 1. Metaphor:
Metaphor consists of three parts:
1, ontology
2. Vehicles
3. Metaphorical vocabulary
The biggest difference between metaphor and personification is that metaphor contains vehicles, while personification does not. )
Function: Make the expressed content vivid and concrete, and give people a vivid and profound impression. According to the similarity of things, explain abstruse and unfamiliar things with concrete, simple and common things, that is, make an analogy to help people understand them deeply.
Three types of metaphor: simile, metaphor and metonymy;
Examples of metaphor words in category feature ontology
The little girl looks like a flower.
Metaphorically, A is B, which is a thick green landscape, and it is simply a painting of green mountains and green waters.
For example, countless arrows were shot from the ground, and thousands of waterfalls fell on the roof.
For example, like an ethereal blue crystal. Zhu Ziqing's Spring
2. Analogy:
With rich imagination, write things as adults, or people as things, or things as things.
Function: It can stimulate readers' imagination and make the article more vivid.
Analogy can be divided into personification and imitation.
(1) personification:
Write things as adults, endow things with human thoughts, feelings and activities, and describe things with words that describe people.
Function: write animals, birds, insects, flowers, trees or other inanimate things into adults, so that specific things are personalized and the language is vivid.
Example:
1. Peach, apricot and pear trees are all in full bloom. Zhu Ziqing's Spring
Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sadness. Du Fu in Hope in Spring
The sun blushed. Zhu Ziqing's Spring
(2) simulacra:
(1) Compare people to crops, or write this thing into another thing.
example sentence
1. The crowd rushed up in despair.
Amid the cheers of the crowd, the bully ran away with his tail between his legs.
② Write things A as things B. ..
example sentence
1. The volcano erupted.
Moonlight, like running water, pours quietly on this leaf and flower. ("Moonlight on the Lotus Pond" Zhu Ziqing)
3. exaggeration:
Deliberately exaggerating or narrowing the nature, characteristics, etc of things.
Function: prompt the essence of things, contrast the atmosphere, strengthen the rendering power, and cause associative effects.
kind
① Magnification and exaggeration-exaggerating the shape, nature, characteristics, function and degree of things.
Example: The asphalt road is sunburned, even the bronze medal in front of the shop seems to be sunburned.
(2) reduce exaggeration-reduce the image, nature, characteristics, function and degree of things.
You can only see a world the size of a palm.
(3) Exaggeration in advance-appearance before action, appearance before action.
She was drunk before she served her glass.
4. Parallelism:
Arrange three or more sentences with similar structure and length, consistent tone, related meaning or the same.
Function: strengthen the language situation and atmosphere, make the article more rhythmic, more organized and more conducive to expressing strong feelings (expression effect).
Example: Their quality is so pure and noble, their will is so tough and strong, their temperament is so simple and humble, and their mind is so beautiful and broad.
5. Duality:
A pair of phrases or sentences with equal words, the same structure and symmetrical meaning, expressing two opposite or similar meanings.
Function: neat and symmetrical, strong sense of rhythm, high generality, easy to remember and beautiful in music.
Main ways
1, exactly. The dual forms of the upper and lower sentences are similar, similar, complementary and contrasting in meaning.
For example, the reeds on the wall are top-heavy and shallow; Bamboo shoots in the mountains have a thick mouth and an empty stomach.
2. Objection. The dual form of the opposite or relative meaning of the upper and lower sentences.
For example, look at a thousand fingers coldly and bow your head as a willing ox.
3. Series pair (running pair). The meaning of the upper and lower sentences has the dual forms of inheritance, progressiveness, causality, hypothesis and conditionality.
For example, I only drink Yangtze River water and eat Wuchang fish.
6. Repeatedly:
To emphasize a certain meaning and express a certain feeling, deliberately repeat a word or sentence.
1. Repeat continuously (there are no other words in the middle)
Example: The valley echoed, he just left, he just left.
2. Repetition interval (there are other words in the middle)
For example, it seems that there are no three provinces, and the party and the country are more and more like one country. Without the three northeastern provinces, no one would make a sound, but the party and the country are more and more like a country.
7. ask questions:
In order to attract others' attention, I deliberately asked questions first and then answered them myself.
Function: attract attention and inspire readers to think; Contribute to clear hierarchy and compact structure; It can better describe the ideological activities of the characters.
Example: Why are flowers so red? First of all, it has its material basis.
8. rhetorical questions (provocation, cross-examination, cross-examination):
Use the form of question to express the meaning of certainty: use the form of affirmation to express negation, use the form of negation to express affirmation, only ask without answering, and the answer is implied in rhetorical questions.
Medium.
Function: strengthen tone, make people think, stimulate readers' feelings, deepen readers' impression, and enhance the momentum and persuasiveness of words.
As for me, don't I have anything to blame?
9. Quote:
Quote ready-made words (idioms, poems, aphorisms, allusions, etc.). ) The effects of improving language expression can be divided into two types: and.
Function: make the argument conclusive and sufficient, enhance persuasiveness and inspiration, and the language is refined, implicit and elegant.
Explicit quotation (direct quotation)
For example, Confucius said, "In a threesome, there must be a teacher. So disciples don't have to be like teachers, and teachers don't have to be superior to disciples.
Dark quotation (indirect quotation)
Example: Failure is the mother of success, so don't be discouraged.
10. Metonymy:
Don't directly say what you want to express, but borrow someone or something closely related to it instead.
Types of metonymy: characteristic substituting for things, concrete substituting for abstraction, part substituting for whole, and whole substituting for part.
Function: highlight the essential characteristics of things, enhance the image of the language, make the writing concise and concise, and make the language rich in change and sense of humor; Arouse associations and make a statement.
Achieve outstanding image, distinctive features, concrete and vivid results.
Method:
(1) part of the whole generation. That is to say, replace the noumenon with the representative part of things.
If the green hills on both sides of the strait are opposite, the lonely sails come from the sun. (Looking at Tianmen Mountain from afar)
② Feature-generated ontology. In other words, the name of the ontological thing is replaced by the characteristics and signs of the borrowing body (person or thing).
For example, the compass turned angrily, spoke slowly and walked out ... (hometown)
③ Concrete generative abstraction
For example, the South China Morning Post has a history of ten years. (meiling three chapters)
(4) Tool replaces ontology.
For example, by the time the soil is turned over, eight out of ten households have already set fire to the hoard and can't open the pot. (Yu)
(5) proper name generalization. Replace the name of ontology with a special name of a typical person or thing.
For example, if you kill a Li Gongpu, millions of Li Gongpu will stand up! ("The Last Speech")
1 1. Irony:
Express the original intention with words or sentences that are opposite to the original intention, and strengthen the expression effect by saying irony. Some satirize and expose, while others express intimacy and friendship.
Love.
For example, (students studying in the Qing Dynasty) also have flat braids, except that the hat shines like a little girl's bun and the neck is twisted.
A few twists and turns, really beautiful. (Mr. Fujino)
12. Contrast:
Contrast is a metaphor, which compares two different things or two aspects of the same thing together.
For example:
Some people are alive and he is dead; Some people died, but he is still alive. (Cang Kejia, "Some People")
Using contrast, we must have a deep understanding of the contradiction of what we want to express. There should be a contrast between two things or two sides of the same thing.
Contradictory relationship, otherwise it can't constitute a contrast.
Parallelism, duality, personification, exaggeration, rhetorical question ......
13. Lenovo:
With imagination.
Function: Make things lively, for example, the sun comes out and the ground seems to be on fire.
Sublimate the theme, point out the center, for example, the water in the river is flowing, so is the love in the city.
14. Synaesthesia:
The so-called synaesthesia is a rhetorical way to describe one feeling and express another by using the psychological phenomenon that various feelings communicate with each other.
Function: The application of synaesthesia can achieve unforgettable results, and its expressive function is irreplaceable. It can turn abstraction into image, so that readers can better
Understand; It can arouse people's rich associations; Can be eclectic and lively; It can be accurately expressed and has far-reaching influence; It can enrich
The artistic conception of poetry constitutes a special artistic beauty.
take for example
"The morning bell is wet outside the clouds" (Du Fu's Kuizhou is too wet to go ashore) uses the word "wet" to describe the clock. The bell you smell goes through the rain curtain and through the clouds.
So "wet", touch and hearing are interlinked.
"Good as a drum piano, lofty as a mountain, and soup like running water" ("Lu Chunqiu, the end of the book"). Listening to the piano, you can know that you are aiming at mountains, running water, hearing and vision.
Communicate with each other.
15. Pun:
Using the polysemy of words and homophonic (or homophonic) conditions, it is intended to make a sentence have double meanings, that is, puns.
Puns can make language express implicit humor, deepen meaning and impress people.
16. Ding Zhen
Ding Zhen also makes thimbles.
Use the end of the previous article as the beginning of the next article, and connect the end to end for more than two times, so that the adjacent sentences or fragments or chapters can be transmitted, and the end to end is connected, and the symbol table is used.
It is displayed as "CDE ABC". This figure of speech is called top truth, also called thimble or couplet bead.
The use of real rhetoric can not only make the sentence structure neat and the tone coherent, but also highlight the interlocking organic connection between things.
Example: Friendship is a flower that attracts swarms of butterflies.
Friendship is a butterfly, two people dance together.
Friendship is a dance, and dance produces the fire of passion.
Friendship is a fire that burns forever.
Dreams are wings that fly in the eternal blue sky.
Dream is the sky, covering the vast sea.
Dream is the sea, or the boat is leisurely.
Dream is a small boat, braving the wind and waves at sea.
Love is the wind, rolling with thick clouds;
Love is a cloud that turns into timely rain;
Love is rain, which moistens the trees after a long drought;
Love is a tree that supports the shade for you.
17. Intermediate text
Intertextuality, also known as intertextuality, is a rhetoric method commonly used in ancient poetry.
In ancient Chinese, the meaning of belonging to a sentence (or phrase) is divided into two sentences (or phrases), and the meanings of the upper and lower sentences should be complementary when explaining.
Feet are intertextual.
The old saying goes like this: "It refers to writing in the other party, but it refers to writing in the text." Specifically, it is a form: an upper and lower sentence or two parts in a sentence.
Point, seemingly saying one thing each, is actually echoing each other, explaining each other and supplementing each other, saying the same thing. For example:
The Moon of Qin Dynasty shines on the Han Pass.
Mist enveloped the cold sea water, and moonlight sprinkled on the beach.
The general died in battle, and the strong man returned in ten years.
The host got off the bus, the passengers got on the boat, and we raised our glasses to drink-but, alas, there was no music.
When reading ancient Chinese works, it is easy to ignore the past if you don't think carefully and appreciate some sentences that use intertextuality.
For example:
(1) Smile, confuse Yangcheng and fall in love with Cai. (Song Yu's Ode to a Disciple) means: "She smiled and confused Yangcheng and Harmony.
Playboy. "
(2) Zi Kennosuke is like chanting, and Zhong Xuan's pen is like composing. (Wen Xin Diao Si) means: "When Cao Zhi and Wang Neng spread out the paper and picked up the pen to write,
It's like writing it in advance and reciting it. "
(3) Qi Weishou and Han Jingzhao. (Li Hua's "Hanging the Ancient Battlefield") Qi Weijing (Chu) Han and other kings of the Warring States drafted troops to guard the border for the corvee.
Members. "
(4) Fierce officials came to my hometown, clamoring for things, and they ran from north to south. (Liu Zongyuan's "On Snake Catcher") means: "Violent police officers come to my village.
In the room, shouting and harassing the people everywhere. "East, west, north and south" here means "everywhere".
(5) don't be happy with things, don't be sad with yourself. (Fan Zhong's The Story of Yueyang Tower) means: "I am not sad or happy because of the influence of external things, nor because of my personal situation.
Good and bad, happy and sad. "
18. Ring
Simply put, loop is the same as reading forward and backward. For example:
The water in the pool is ringing; The Valley of Gold is golden.
Xiangshan Buddha in Xiang Jing, Foshan; Wengyuan milk raises milk source Weng.
Sing Tao Port welcomes Hong Kong Island stars.
The guest lives in nature, but he is a guest in the sky; People have been to the Big Buddha Temple, which is bigger than others.
19.
In order to highlight some strong feelings, writers consciously give objective things some characteristics that are consistent with their own feelings but do not actually exist.
Sex, such a rhetorical device is called empathy.
Using empathy rhetoric, the subjective feelings are first moved to things, and in turn, the infected things are used to set off subjective emotions, so that things can be combined into one.
Style can better express people's strong feelings and exert rhetorical effects.
For example:
1) He knows that the dew will be frost tonight, and how bright the moonlight is at home! .
(Du Fu's Remembering Brothers on a Moonlit Night)
Petals fell like tears, and lonely birds sang their sadness.
(Du Fu's "Spring Hope")
(3) Wei Qing terminating, sad when a person to the east.
(Du Fu's Twenty Qinzhou Miscellaneous Poems)
He gazed at the desolate moon from his temporary palace,
The night rain smells the bell and heartbroken.
(Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow)
(5) turn to Zhuge, low-lying households, take no sleep, there should be no hate, why want to leave? (Su Shi's Water Tune)
6 red beans are ugly and full of acacia tears.
(Niu Xiji's "Raw Tea")
The meaning of the above two poems is: the dew is particularly light tonight, and the hometown month is particularly bright. Why is this happening? Because the poet Du Fu experienced the great turmoil of An Shi Rebellion, he had to give up his official position in the autumn of 759 BC and live in Qin Zhou (now Tianshui, Gansu) under the condition that his country's future and personal destiny were constantly hit. In this desolate and desert border town, the poet moved his homesickness to the dew and moonlight, which set off his homesickness with the infected dew and moonlight, blending things with people, thus better expressing his strong homesickness.
The meaning of the two poems in Example 2 is: lamenting the national turmoil, splashing flowers hurts the heart and tears; Hate a family apart, and birds will disturb your heart. Bloom's birdsong is a natural phenomenon without human emotion. Only by using empathy rhetoric can a poet write such touching poems.
Example (3) says that the Weihe River water only "flows eastward alone" when people are worried;
Example 4 says that the moon shines "sadly" and the bell rings "heartbreaking";
Example 5 says that the moon tends to become round when people leave;
Example 6 says that red beans are not red beans, but "acacia tears". The above examples all use empathy rhetoric to move people's feelings to things. In this way, human feelings and things will be integrated into one, which can better express people's strong feelings.
The difference between empathy and empathy is that empathy is to move people's subjective feelings to objective things, and then set off subjective feelings with infected objective things, so that things and people can be integrated and express strong feelings more strongly; Transfer means that the two things A and B are related, so it is a rhetorical device to transfer the rhetoric originally describing A to B. In short, the former is "touching people and things"; The latter is "moving words, describing things (or people), describing things (or people)."
The difference between empathy and personification is that the former is "touching people and things"; The latter is "writing things into adults".
4 Rhetoric Idioms
1. Idioms of figurative rhetoric:
Grace is as heavy as a mountain, as cold as ice, as cold as bamboo, as cold as a chicken, as cold as a candle, as sweaty as rain, as thick as smoke, as open-minded, as light as a feather, as deafening as a hand, as notorious as a hand, as cruel as a tiger, as strong as a heart, as inseparable as paint, as a lost dog, as eager to wear and answer, and as a sword, mountains and mountains are ablaze with flames.
2. Idioms of personification rhetoric:
Friends, friends, mice, eyes, eyes, silence, flowers, birds, flowers, flowers, clouds, clouds, flowers, flowers, flowers, flowers, flowers, flowers, flowers, flowers, thieves, rabbits, dead foxes, sad crouching dragon, hidden dragon.
3. Idioms with other rhetorical devices (except metaphor, personification and exaggeration)
A simile: If your heart is empty, if the market is in full swing, if you are hungry, you will taste like chewing wax, and you will live longer than Nanshan anxious to return.
B metaphor: the traffic is well known, with angry words and swords, grass and trees are all soldiers, jade and pearls are dark, and old pearls are intertwined.
C metaphor: looking through the autumn water, the second round is calm, and the door is full of axes, iron walls and wolf's paws, making the finishing point.
D contrast: honey in the mouth and sword in the mouth are not anticlimactic, love leisure and hate labor, loyal to the south and rebellious to the north.
E- Duality: Vast territory and abundant resources, grateful for great virtue, into the badlands, modest benefits, full of losses, well-known people get more help, those who have lost their way get less help, and opinions vary.
F metonymy: illiterate, persistent and sharp, reversing Gan Kun's imminent romantic love, the debauchery of the river of no return, and being unarmed.
G analogy: when the moon is closed in bloom, the plants and trees are all soldiers, but the chickens are lifeless, the birds are singing and dancing, the heads are rushing and the ears are falling apart.
H repeat: climb high and look far, change the outline, assess the situation, be sincere and fearful, the culprit has made great achievements, is disheartened, and stands still.
I asked: Nothing ventured, nothing gained, nothing ventured, nothing gained, nothing gained.
Pan Jieming: It's interesting to experience hardships as a Buddha.
K-loop: Those who come badly don't attack me, and I don't doubt people, and those who doubt people don't have to.
L thimble: I know everything and can't say anything. Everyone has the same heart, and the same heart spreads to ten, ten times, again and again.
M exaggeration: the sun and the moon fly, and the three heads and six arms are angry. A thousand miles a day, a thousand words, a hundred dollars, a hundred bold things, it is difficult to move forward.