produce
During the Yongming period in the Southern Qi Dynasty, the theory of temperament prevailed, and poetry creation paid attention to tone and Shen Yue.
Harmony. In this way, the new poetic style of "Yongming Style" gradually took shape. This new poetic style is the beginning of metrical poetry. The famous poet in this period was Xie Tiao (about 464-499). Xie Tiao is famous for his landscape poems, and his poetic style is fresh and beautiful. His new style poems have a certain influence on the formation of regular poems and quatrains in Tang Dynasty.
take shape
Poetry developed into the Tang Dynasty and ushered in a highly mature golden age. Nearly 300 years ago, the Tang Dynasty left nearly 50,000 poems, and there were about 50 or 60 famous poets with unique styles. Four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty were the main poets in the pioneering period of Tang poetry. These four people are (649-676), Yang Jiong (650-693), Lu (637-689) and Luo (646-684). Although their poems inherited the atmosphere of the Qi and Liang Dynasties, the theme of their poems was expanded in their hands, and the form of five-character and eight-sentence rhythmic poems was also initially shaped by them. After the "Four Great Scholars", Chen Ziang (66 1-702) clearly put forward his opposition to the poetic style of Qi and Liang, and advocated "the style of Han and Wei". There are 38 poems chanting for the bosom, which are his representative works with distinctive innovative spirit.
mature
The prosperous Tang Dynasty is the peak of poetry prosperity. During this period, besides Li Bai and Du Fu, Du Fu also appeared.
There are many outstanding poets. It can be roughly divided into two categories: one is an idyllic poet represented by Meng Haoran and Wang Wei; The other is frontier poets, among whom Gao Shi and Cen Can have the highest achievements, and Wang Changling, Li Qi and Wang Zhihuan are also outstanding frontier poets. Wang Changling's frontier poems mostly express the soldiers' homesickness with the ancient theme of Yuefu. His "Joining the Army" and "Going to the Frontier" have always been regarded as the representative works of frontier poems. Li Qi's frontier poems are few in number, but he has made outstanding achievements. A poem "Ancient Meaning" and "An Ancient Warsong" are his representative works. Wang Zhihuan is an old frontier poet. One poem "Liangzhou Ci" describes the homesickness of the expeditionary force, and the other poem "Dengheque Building" is poetic and enlightening. Poetry in the middle Tang Dynasty is the continuation of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. The works of this period mainly describe social unrest and people's suffering. Bai Juyi was the most outstanding realistic poet in the middle Tang Dynasty. He inherited and developed the realistic tradition of The Book of Songs and Han Yuefu, and set off the climax of realistic poetry in literary theory and creation, that is, the New Yuefu Movement. Yuan Zhen, Zhang Ji and Wang Jian are all important poets in this movement. The main works of Yuan Zhen (779-83 1) are 19 Ancient Yuefu and 12 New Yuefu. Meta-poetry is very close to Bai Juyi's poetry in both content and form. Their common feature is that the language is easy to understand, which is due to the consistency of their literary views. Although Wang Jian in Zhang Jihe had no clear literary ideas, they became the backbone of the New Yuefu Movement with their rich creations. Sympathy for farmers' sufferings is the theme of Zhang Ji's Yuefu poems, especially wild old songs. Although there are not many poems by Shen Li that are very similar in style to the above-mentioned people, two poems, Benevolence for Agriculture, have won him a wide range of readers. In addition to the New Yuefu Movement, another school of poets appeared in this period, namely, Han Yu, Meng Jiao, Li He and others. Their poetic art is different from Bai Juyi's and unique. Han Yu (768-824) is a famous essayist. He is good at writing poetry, bringing new language styles and techniques into the world of poetry, expanding the field of poetry expression, but at the same time bringing about the atmosphere of writing poetry, stressing talent, pursuing adventure and strangeness. Meng Jiao (75 1-8 14) and Jia Dao (779-843) are both famous for their "bitter songs", and their * * * characteristics are the pursuit of adventure and hard thinking. Liu Yuxi (772-842) is a poet who is keen on creating folk songs. Many of his poems about Zhi Zhu describe the facts and are very popular with people. Besides, his poems and quatrains are also famous. Like his prose, Liu Zongyuan's poems (773-8 19) express personal grief and depression. His landscape poems are euphemistic and concise, showing his noble personality everywhere, such as Jiang Xue, which has always been told by people. Li He (790-8 16) did not follow the path of his predecessors in image, artistic conception and metaphor, and was unique in the poetic style of the middle Tang Dynasty, opening up a new romantic world with strange rise, beauty and sadness. Su Xiaoxiao's Tomb and Dream in the Sky are both works that fully embody his unique style. Poetry in the late Tang Dynasty has a strong sentimental atmosphere, with Du Mu and Li Shangyin as the representative poets. Du Mu (803-852) is famous for his seven-character quatrains. His representative works include Jiangnan Chun, Mountain Walking, Bo Qinhuai and Guo Huaqing Palace. These poems are Su Shi's quatrains.
I saw a handsome talent in a vivid picture. Li Shangyin (8 13-858) is good at love poems. Du Fu, his theory of seven laws, has exquisite allusions, neat antithesis and is very representative, such as Ma Wei. His seven-character quatrains are also very skillful, among which Notes for Northern Friends on a Rainy Night and the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon are both famous works. In the late Tang Dynasty, a group of realistic poets inherited the spirit of the new Yuefu in the middle Tang Dynasty. Representative figures are Pi Rixiu, Nie and Du Xunhe. Their poems are sharp-edged, pointing to the disadvantages of the times. Poetry did not develop as brilliantly as in the Tang Dynasty, but it has its own unique style, that is, reducing lyrical elements, increasing narrative and discussion elements, emphasizing description, and widely using prose syntax, which alienated poetry from music. The poems by Su Shi and Huang Tingjian (1045- 1 105) best reflect the characteristics of the Song Dynasty. Huang Tingjian's poetic style was peculiar and abrupt, which influenced Su Shi at that time. Together with Chen Shidao, he founded the most influential "Jiangxi Poetry School" in Song Dynasty. Mei (1002- 1060) and (1008- 1048) in the early Song Dynasty were also called "Sumei", which laid the foundation of Song poetry. The poems by Ouyang Xiu and Wang Anshi (102 1- 1086) have played a great role in sweeping away the Kunxi wind. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the national disaster was deep, and poetry was often full of melancholy and anger. Lu You is a representative figure of this era. At the same time, Fan Chengda (1126-193) and Yang Wanli (1 1206), who are famous for their pastoral poems, are conscious. Wen Tianxiang (1236- 1282) was the last great poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, and his masterpiece Guo Yang held high the national spirit of preferring death to surrender. Poetry in the Ming Dynasty moved forward in the repetition of imitation and anti-imitation, and there were no outstanding works and poets.
reform
There are many schools of poetry in Qing dynasty, but most writers have not got rid of the archaism and formalism, so it is difficult to surpass their predecessors. In the late Qing Dynasty, Gong Zizhen (1792- 184 1) broke the silence of poetry circles since the middle of Qing Dynasty and walked in the forefront of modern literature history with his advanced thoughts. His poems often pay attention to social, historical and political viewpoints in order to expose reality and make poetry a critical tool of the real society. Later Huang Zunxian (1848- 1905), Kang Youwei (1858- 1927), Liang Qichao (1873- 1929) and other new poems. In the May 4th literary revolution, modern literature in China was born. 19 17 years, Hu Shi (1879- 1942) published eight vernacular poems for the first time in New Youth, put forward the idea of "great liberation of poetic style" and advocated informal and flat-length "Hu Shizhi-style" poems. In the process of the birth of new poetry, Liu Bannong, Liu Dabai, Kang and Yu Pingbo were the main writers. Through their efforts, the new poetry has formed the basic * * * nature of not sticking to rhyme, carving, elegance, simplicity and vernacular. The earliest published new poetry collections are: Trial Collection by Hu Shi, Winter Night by Yu Pingbo, Grass by Kang and Goddess by Guo Moruo.
New metrical poem
After the pioneering stage, new poetry has formed a relatively perfect form, mainly free poetry, both new metrical poetry and symbolic poetry.
It is the crescent school that advocates metrical poetry. Wen Yiduo (1899- 1946) has made great contributions to the theory of metrical poetry. In order to construct new metrical poems, Wen Yiduo proposed to construct the beauty of music, painting and architecture, and made painstaking creative practice for this purpose. Wen Yiduo has two poems, Red Candle and Dead Water. Patriotism runs through his works. In addition, his poems also showed the aggressive pursuit spirit during the May 4th Movement. His artistic expression is romantic. He often chooses an image as a symbol of love. He makes good use of appropriate metaphors to enhance the image and artistic appeal of poetry. His poems have the beauty of music, painting and architecture, which has a great influence on the whole metrical school. Xu Zhimo (1896- 193 1) is another important poet of Crescent Society. His poems mainly express the pursuit of light, hope for ideals and dissatisfaction with reality. Poems expressing personality liberation and pursuing love occupy an important position in Xu Zhimo's creation. His poetic style is graceful, his words are fresh and clear, his feelings are strong and sincere, his atmosphere is gentle and light, and his expression techniques are delicate and changeable. Most of his poems are included in Poems of Zhimo, Cold Night, Tiger, Wandering and so on.
Edit the formation process of this paragraph.
Metric poetry was developed on the basis of Yongming style in the Southern Dynasties. With the spread of "Four Sounds and Eight Diseases" and "Yongming Law", people gradually realized its disadvantages, sorted it out and revised it, and a simpler "sticking method" appeared and evolved into "flat method". The finalization of five-character poems was completed by Song and Shen Quan in Wuhou. They not only advocate that poetry should pay attention to rhythm and duality, but also put forward the rule of parallel and parallel attachment, that is, the antithesis of one couplet should be opposite to the sentence, and the sentence of the next couplet should be attached to the sentence of the first couplet, which runs through the whole article. Later, Shen Quanqi, Song, Du, Li Qiao and others applied this method to seven-character poems, and finally formed the stereotypes of seven-character poems between the Year of the Loong.
Edit the structural features of this paragraph.
1: Four sentences are quatrains, eight sentences are metrical poems, and those longer than eight sentences are called long laws, also called excluded laws. Metrical Poetry
The number of words in each sentence is equal. (Five or seven words) 3: Finally, the rhyme must be flat. (A) rhyme, modern poetry can not rhyme. B, even sentences must rhyme, the first sentence can rhyme or not, and odd sentences don't rhyme. C. The rhyme of the first sentence is the positive case, and the non-rhyme is the variant case. The five laws take the first sentence as the positive case without rhyme, and the rhyme as the change. ) 4: Pairing in the middle (first connection, parallel connection, neck connection and tail connection, which means that parallel connection and neck connection must be paired. Generally speaking, neck joints need a pair of workers, and parallel joints can be wide pairs. The first couplet and the last couplet may or may not be couplets, but they should not both be couplets. There is another variant: antithesis, antithesis, antithesis, called stealing spring style) 5. In line with the level (that is, it must conform to the rhythm of poetry) 6. Also called modern poetry.
Edit the introduction of this paragraph.
A flat tone is a tone. In ancient times, the four tones were flat tones, while in modern times, the four tones are flat tones, rising tones, rising tones and falling tones. In ancient times, ping was a flat voice, but it was just going up. Modern Ping means peace, while Xu means rising and falling. The ancient Rusheng no longer exists in modern Chinese, but is scattered in modern four tones. However, Rusheng still exists in some local dialects, so Rusheng characters must be considered when writing metrical poems with ancient rhymes.
Edit the basic sentence patterns of this paragraph.
Now it is represented by big A, small A, big B and small B respectively. Now write four sentence patterns, which are-for flat voice, | for flat voice and+for flat voice. Say one, three, five first, no matter when two, four and six are distinct. Four sentence patterns: metrical poems.
A, (-) ||| |-A, (-) ||-B, (||) |-B, (||| |) | | Two flat words in brackets make up seven words, and two flat words in brackets are removed to make up five words.
Viscous pair
Right: If the sentence and antithesis of each pair of couplets are of opposite types, it is called right. Post: The antithesis of the upper couplet is the same as the antithesis of the lower couplet, which is called post. 1357 is a sentence, 2468 is a sentence, and 2468 is a sentence, so 357 is sticky. Therefore, according to the law of fit, metrical poems can be divided into four forms. That is, seven words are equal and five words are equal, starting with the first word of the first sentence and ending with the last word of the first sentence. (1) out of a, (-) |||-out of (2) against b, (||||)-against-the first joint (3) out of b, (|||)-||| | sticky (4) against a, (-) (||) The five words start from the flat type <1> to give B, (||||)-to give < 2 > to A, (-) |||-to give the first couplet of A, (-) ||-(|||)-|||-to stick < 6 > to A.
〈8〉 For B, (||)-||-right-tail couplet changes the first big B sentence pattern into a small B sentence pattern, and the rest remains unchanged, which is another format. Call it seven words from beginning to end and five words from beginning to end. I no longer type.
rhyme
Ignoring135,246 is clear, but not all. In addition to rhyme, there is only one flat tone in a sentence, that is, ping ping, which is a taboo for poets. Now you can mark A regardless of Ping, (+-)+|-that is, 13 regardless of A, (+-)+|-that is, 13 regardless of B, (+|)-
Difficult to preserve
When a flat voice is used in the right place, it is called "falling tone" If there is an awkward word, you can change it to a flat voice and save it in an appropriate position in this sentence or dialogue. It is called "save" X for awkward words. # stands for the word a, (+-)+|-A, (+-)+|× b, (+|)-+| × # b, (+|)+|× # Let's talk about the rescue of various sentence patterns: B, type sentences are difficult to save. Three words and four words store seven words, five words and five words store B-type sentences, one word and three words store seven words, three words and five words store A-type sentences [1], and five words and three words store three words. Of the seven words, five are difficult to save and five are difficult to save [2]. Of the five words, four are difficult to survive, three are difficult to survive, six are difficult to survive, and five are difficult to survive [3]. Five words, three or four words at the same time, three words and seven words, and five or six words at the same time.
contrast
The basis of duality is part of speech. Part of speech is divided into 1 1 class. Namely: name, verb, form, quantity, generation, (this is a notional word) vice, intermediary, association, help and sigh (this is a notional word). Duality is real to real (name to name, verb to verb, shape to shape, logarithm to logarithm, generation to generation, etc.). ) virtual to virtual (vice to vice, intermediary to intermediary, connection to connection, help to help). ) Lian Mian's poems are mostly polyphonic and rhyming, or both, such as tossing and turning. Noun: the name of the thing, verb: the name of the action. Adjective: Words expressing nature and state, such as size, red and green. Numerals: pronouns indicating quantity: pronoun adverbs: words indicating degree, scope, affirmation and negation before verbs and adjectives, prepositions: words as an introduction, which cannot be used alone. Preposition structure must form sentence components, such as: the direction of progress, Yu, Wei and other conjunctions, which play a connecting role. For example, and with then. And auxiliary words: tense auxiliary words, structural auxiliary words, mood auxiliary words, ah, ah, etc. (1) exclamations: ah, alas, independent of sentences, pay attention to the flexible use of parts of speech when making separate sentences. Flexible words are subject to the part of speech when they are used flexibly, including disyllabic words and several parts of speech. The components of a sentence are divided into six types according to the occasion, namely, subject, predicate, object and definite complement. The subject is a noun pronoun, the predicate is a verb adjective and the object is a noun pronoun. The words added before nouns and attributive verbs are adverbials. Words added after verbs include complement name+verb = subject-predicate verb+noun = verb-object verb+noun = verb-object verb+verb = verb-object verb+verb = verb-object verb+complement = suffix, etc. The antithesis of metrical poems requires not only the relative part of speech, but also the antithesis of the upper and lower sentences. That is, subject-predicate phrases versus subject-predicate phrases, conjunctions versus joint phrases, radical phrases versus radical phrases, verb-object phrases versus verb-object phrases, and verb-complement phrases versus verb-complement phrases.
Wide pair and working pair
(a) antithesis, that is, neat antithesis. The ancients subdivided nouns into the following categories, requiring similar nouns to be relative to 1. Astronomy (solar wind, star rain, etc. ) 2. Season (Spring and Autumn Night, etc. 3. Geography (mountain villages, lakes and seas, etc.). ) 4. Palace (building, hall, vault, etc. ) 5. utensils (swords, cups and plates, etc. ) 6. Clothing (clothes, towels, cloth, etc. 7. Diet (tea, rice, grain, oil, etc.). Stationery (paper, pens, piano, chess, etc.). 9. literature (poetry, calligraphy, etc.). ) 10. Plants (vegetation tidbits, etc. ) 1 1. Animals (birds, animals, insects, fish, etc. ) 12. Body (mind, body and soul, etc. ) 13. personnel (moral ability, etc. ) 14. Interpersonal relationship (father, son, aunt, etc. (2) Pay attention to 1 when nouns are relative. Positional nouns are self-contained, such as up and down 2. Branches are self-contained, such as Ugly A and Ugly B.3. Proper names can only be used for proper names, such as name-to-name, country-to-country, and Korean name-to-Korean name (3) Others: 1. Automatic words are often opposed to adjectives. 2. Color words should be opposed to color words. Lian Mian's words should be opposed to Lian Mian's. Numerals should be opposite to numerals. 5. Pronouns should be opposite to pronouns. (4) In addition, the following situations can also be regarded as work for relief, that is, orderly confrontation. Simply put, all words of the same kind (referring to astronomy and seasonality) are relative, that is, work pairs. To be more specific, any part of speech (referring to the same as above) is the same, flat and even, the same word is not repeated, and it is very neat in meaning or grammatical structure, so it is called Gongdui. This is the standard type of formal poetry antithesis. Nouns are naturally divided into several subcategories, and the words in the same subcategory are relative, so they are naturally a pair of works. In addition, (5) the following situations are also right for work. 1. Although some words are different, two things are often mentioned side by side, such as heaven and earth, poetry, wine, flowers and birds, figures, military forces, jade, stones, etc., which are often opposed in the upper and lower sentences and are also regarded as works. Although a country is divided, mountains, rivers and vegetation still exist, and trees and grass will turn green again in spring and spring 2. The antonym is the opposite. For example, Li Bai and Sean Xiao follow the golden drum, sleep at night and hold the jade saddle, and dawn and night are in the middle. However, synonyms are clumsy. Because "opposition is the best and correctness is the worst", sentences and duality are completely synonymous, which is called crossing one's hands, or crossing one's hands includes adjacent pairs and wide pairs in addition to working pairs. A broader antithesis is half right and half wrong. (6) There are several ways to fight: 1, right or wrong depends on the author's will. (2) According to the situation of sentence combination, it can be divided into two-name sentence pairs, clutch sentence pairs, sentence pairs and running sentence pairs. (3) From the perspective of words, there are borrowing pairs and Julian pairs. (7) Let me briefly talk about quatrains. It means to cut off, and cutting off means to remove. 1, before cutting: flat: the first sentence does not rhyme. Confrontation: one or two sentences. 2. After interception: Pingping: The first sentence may or may not rhyme. Antithesis: three or four antithesis 3. Interception: translation: The first sentence may or may not rhyme. Confrontation: Neither. 4. Pingping: The first sentence doesn't rhyme. Duel: Duel in pairs (generally the third type is common and the fourth type is uncommon)
Edit this paragraph to explain the meaning.
1. Neighborhood pairs: the relative pairs of adjacent things, such as astronomy and seasons, astronomy and geography, geography and palaces, palaces and utensils, utensils and clothes, utensils and stationery, clothes and food, stationery and literature, plants and sports, body and personnel, and so on. For example. Hu Tianzhong's geese leave the hall to think about the pipa, and the neighboring pair of wild geese in the landscape is a kind of confrontation between the working pair and the wide pair. Although it is slightly inferior to the workers' pair, it is still close to the neat duality. 2. Wide pair: that is, as long as the parts of speech are the same, they can be relative, such as noun to noun and verb to verb. Adjective to adjective, and so on. This is a common dual situation, which mainly comes from nature. If there is a natural good sentence, even if it doesn't work literally, it doesn't hurt For example. Sunset alone sails mountains and rivers, grass green Wan Li Hunan, sunset and grass green, solitary sail and Wan Li. It's harmless, but a good sentence. If the opposite is wider, it is half right and half wrong. Generally used for the first couplet of metrical poems. 3. Right: Names and antitheses express the same or similar content. Such as: the building boat berthed at Guazhou Ferry at night, and the iron horse crossed the autumn wind. Objection. Sentence and antithesis express two opposite contents, such as: mysterious quality is not passed down from generation to generation, only the old friend knows it. 4. Two sentences are right: usually the antithesis of the upper and lower sentences. 5. Every sentence is right: the upper sentence and the lower sentence are relative, and the upper sentence and the lower sentence are relative. On the whole, it is two sentences to two sentences. Judging from the composition of sentences, it is a long battle between sentences, so it is called sentence pair, also called fan face. This pair of fans are like: the ethereal Wushan girl, 1978 returned to Yin and flowed on the thirteen strings. 6. The right sentence is also called the right sentence. That is to say, there is right in one sentence, and there is right in one sentence, for example, the cloister in the small courtyard is lonely in spring. It's a long night to bathe the flying heron. 7. Running pairs: two sentences with the same meaning, also called string pairs. The relationship between two opposing sentences is not antagonistic. But a coherent meaning. In other words, the sentence and antithesis are not two sentences, but one sentence. Generally speaking, duality consists of two parallel sentences with complete meaning and independent structure. Its status is interchangeable, and the meaning of interchangeable sentences will not change fundamentally. Running water is not. The upper and lower sentences are interdependent whole in meaning. Or some structures cannot be independent. For example. It is wise to keep your eyes open all night. The lifelong trouble in your brow. Borrowing: Literally, it is not relative, but either because it is homophonic, so the borrowed words are relative, or because it is a polysemous word, which is relative through a certain meaning, which is collectively called borrowing. Borrowing can be divided into borrowing and borrowing. 9. Excuse me: a word has more than two pronunciations, and one sound is used in the poem. But at the same time, it uses its b or c sound to compete with another word, for example. Ma Jiaozhu is sweating like a pig, and Hu has no white questions. In the poem, it is Zhu, which is different from Bai 10. A word has more than two meanings, the first meaning is used in the poem, but at the same time it is opposite to another word through the second or third meaning. For example. It is common in Qi Wang's house, and Cui has smelled it several times before, and the unusual in the middle is a few degrees. In ancient times, it was also common to express numbers. Eight feet is a search, two feet is a constant. 1 1, Julian pair: Symmetrically overlapping word pairs, that is, phonetic word pairs. [ 1]
Edit this paragraph difference
Jueju originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and was formed in the early Tang Dynasty. They belong to a kind of modern poetry, so they are named for their rigorous meter. Generally divided into five words and seven words, named five laws and seven laws respectively. Poetry is divided into four parts, the first part is on the neck and the last part is on the tail. The first sentence of each part is "sentence out" and the second sentence is "antithesis", which is the most basic structure of metrical poetry. Among them, couplets and necklaces must be antithetical (detailed later), and each couplet must rhyme. The first couplet sentence can be pledged or not. A quatrain is a short part of regular poetry, hence its name, because it has only four sentences. Therefore, its level tone and rhyme are basically the same as a regular poem, and it rhymes in two or four sentences. The first sentence can be pledged or not. But in fact, quatrains were formed before rhymes, but they were more free than those in the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, quatrains before the formation of Tang laws were called "ancient quatrains" to show the difference. For the convenience of the following description, you can temporarily regard the quatrains as the first rhyme, but you must not. )