1. Art education in primitive society
Education occurred with the emergence of human manufacturing tools
Art education was also born when humans manufactured labor tools
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生. During the Paleolithic Age, our ancestors began to make stone tools, collect and hunt. In the process of making and improving labor tools and transforming nature, primitive aesthetic concepts emerged. During the Neolithic Dynasty, in the development of polished stone tools, the invention of pottery, weaving, textiles, ivory carving, jade carving and other crafts, especially in the production and decoration of murals and pottery, , the early aesthetic concepts of mankind were further improved. The activity that allows these concepts to continue and develop
is primitive art education, which has obvious unconscious characteristics and is manifested in hand-to-hand teaching between father and son, elder and young
original form of education.
2. Art Education in Slave Society
About 21 BC
The establishment of the Xia Dynasty in the 21st century BC marked the beginning of the slave society. Under the production conditions of slave society, human beings experienced the separation of physical labor and mental labor, which promoted the separation of art education from the original state, and finally separated it from social production labor and life. Separate and become relatively independent social activities and social organizations within a certain range. Schools appeared. Among the school teaching content, ritual and music are important contents. It contains
an important content of art education. It has become the ruling tool of the slave-owning aristocracy and also serves as its internal moral ethics
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The weapon of relationship coordination.
The establishment of the Shang Dynasty promoted the all-round development of education. The school education of the Shang Dynasty was mainly religious and military, and had the characteristics of warrior education. However, it still appeared " "Six Arts" education: etiquette (rituals, behavior), music (music
music, dance), archery (archery), horsemanship (horsemanship), calligraphy (calligraphy), and mathematics (arithmetic). The content of art education is not
clearly stated, but "rituals", "music" and "book" are closely related to art education, and to a certain extent
contain the relevance of art education. content.
The Western Zhou Dynasty was the heyday of the slave society. Education was unprecedentedly developed, and the "Six Arts" became the most important curriculum in Western Zhou schools.
And it has transformed from Shang Chongwu education to a civil and military education focusing on "enlightening human ethics". The "six arts" have received full attention. Although it does not include the moral, intellectual, and physical education currently proposed, Educational thought of comprehensive development of education, beauty and labor, but the "Six Arts" itself also includes these contents.
The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were the transitional period from slave society to feudal society
The academic situation of "a hundred schools of thought contending" emerged
Confucius, a thinker, statesman, and educator in the late Spring and Autumn Period, put forward the idea of ??"benevolence" as the core, pointing out that "prosperity comes from poetry, establishment from etiquette, success from music", that is to say, only through aesthetic appreciation Education can cultivate people's sentiments and unify
the moral realm with the aesthetic realm, so that they can become conscious personalities. It advocates the realization of human beings through the subtle influence of art
Basic value.
Throughout the slave society period, "rituals", "music" and "calligraphy" among the "six arts" have occupied an important position in people's understanding
and put forward Art education functions, but it has not yet had a place in school education.
3. Art education in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties (the beginning of feudal society)
The Warring States began China’s long feudal era, and the widespread use of iron tools promoted the development of social productivity
The exhibition also promoted the emergence of private schools. The content of art works was mainly figure paintings, focusing on maintaining feudal etiquette
Education services.
The Qin Dynasty carried out a series of changes in politics, economy, culture and other fields, and established official schools throughout the country. The situation of supplemented by private schools
strengthened the function of education to serve the government
and made brilliant achievements in architecture,
sculpture, painting, etc. The existing The Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses are enough to illustrate that art education during the Qin Dynasty has made major breakthroughs in terms of education scale and art level.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty implemented a school system
It included official learning
(太学
,
County Chinese Studies)
Integrated with private schools,
Hongdu Menxue, a college specializing in literature and art, was also established
(because the school is located in Named after Luoyang)
. Here
the course of "Calligraphy and Painting" is officially opened. It is the earliest vocational college in my country and the earliest specialized college of literature and art in the world. Art education in the Han Dynasty still taught painting skills in a master-apprentice, father-son manner.
The main function of art at that time was ideological education and moral education. Art education mainly trained the rulers to engage in political service workers.
4. Art education from the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties (the heyday of feudal society)
The fine arts in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties inherited and carried forward the painting art of the Han Dynasty, and rich and colorful paintings appeared. Face
Appearance. At this time in Chinese history, the first batch of clearly recorded painters appeared, such as: Cao Buxing, Wei Xie, Gu Kaizhi, Lu Tanwei, Zhang Sengyao, etc., but the art professors at that time , still follows the form of master-disciple, father-son teaching
There is an obvious teacher-inheritance relationship, such as: Wei Xie’s teacher Cao Buxing, Gu Kaizhi’s Wei Xie, Lu Tanwei’s teacher Gu Kai
It. At this time, the function of art education is still ideological education and moral education. Fortunately, people have realized the appreciation function of art at this time. They believe that landscape paintings make people feel spiritually happy and are superior to other literary and artistic works.
Incomparable.
The Sui and Tang Dynasties were the heyday of my country's feudal society. Politics, economy, and culture were unprecedentedly prosperous, and art education
also experienced significant development. Court painting flourished day by day. Emperor Ming of the Tang Dynasty established the earliest Hanlin Academy in my country, and recruited artistic talents to serve in the court and awarded them official positions. At the same time, he also gathered some painters to form a powerful palace.
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The power of court painting, although not known as a painting academy, has the reality of a painting academy, laying the foundation for the emergence of a painting academy. At this time, the teaching of painting skills still relied on the teacher-teacher relationship. However, due to the refinement of painting subjects, a large number of painters who specialized in one subject appeared, and the application of painting was proposed. Only by learning from nature and accumulating materials can you have good fortune at hand. The proposal of this idea has injected fresh blood into the art education of master and apprentice, father and son.
The art of this period paid attention to the significance of art appreciation
It broke the pure pursuit of ideological education
and moral education function of art, and opened up the appreciation of art. Function; in art education, it puts forward the artistic proposition of "learning from nature"
so that learning from teachers is no longer the only way, and has become a useful supplement to this art education method.
"Nature" has become a "teacher" other than "teacher", providing an opportunity to pay attention to people's own feelings.
Art education from the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty
During the Five Dynasties, painting continued to develop, and painting in Shu flourished unprecedentedly. Later master Meng Chang founded Hanlin Pictures
The Painting Academy, the painting academy in the history of our country, was officially born. In addition to painting various paintings for the emperor, the Painting Academy was also responsible for the identification and arrangement of paintings collected by the emperor and the training of painting students. The form of art education mainly adopts the copying method.
Select excellent copies for copying
Teachers also choose good copies or draw their own copies for students to learn from
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Xi. It is said that Huang Quan's "Sketch of Rare Birds from Life" was specially painted by his son Xihua.
Since the Northern Song Dynasty, the Palace Painting Academy has assumed the dual functions of art creation and talent cultivation. In the third year of Chongning, Emperor Weizong of the Song Dynasty (
1104
), painting was established. This was the first Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Chinese history. Its admission examination standards developed the artistic proposition of "imitating nature", which not only required strict realistic skills in drawing objects, but also emphasized conception and conception, and often excerpted poems. topic. The subjects of painting are divided into professional courses and *** classmates. The professional courses include: Taoism, figures, landscapes, birds and beasts, flowers and bamboos, and house wood. *** classmates include: "Shuowen", "Erya",
"Dialect", "Shiming", etc., in addition to Q&A (painting theory). It can be seen that art education at this time not only paid attention to the skills of painting, but also paid attention to the theory of painting, and paid more attention to the cultural accomplishment of the painter himself.
The Southern Song Dynasty settled in the south of the Yangtze River, concentrated the Northern Song Dynasty painters, restored the Hanlin Painting Academy, and once again set off a climax of court painting
. At the same time, the Liao and Jin Dynasties also established painting academies to cultivate their own art talents for political and legal needs.
The Five Dynasties and the Two Song Dynasties were the formal formation and development periods of the ancient painting academy. The system of the painting academy gradually improved and its scale continued to
expand. This is inseparable from the fact that the rulers of the Five Dynasties and the Two Song Dynasties fully recognized the important political role of art and art education, and vigorously supported and promoted the development of art and art education.
6. Art education from the Yuan Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty
The art education in the Yuan Dynasty contained obvious ethnic discrimination
But Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism was established by the rulers as Orthodox thinking
. Art creation and art education have also undergone great changes. Due to the high-pressure political and cultural rule of the Yuan Dynasty, the content of painting creation shifted from figure paintings that reflected social life to landscape paintings, flower
bird paintings that described natural beauty. The system of the Imperial Academy of Painting and Painting in the Imperial Palace was abolished, and institutions such as the Sanskrit Image Lifting Department, the Buddhist Statue Lifting Department, the Painting Equipment Bureau, and the Painting Bureau were set up in the Ministry of Works, General Office, and Dadu's official offices. In addition to art creation
these institutions themselves also have the function of art education. The frustrated literati painters of the Yuan Dynasty became a powerful force in art creation and art education, and a large number of famous painters emerged.
They abandoned the educational function of "educating people and helping others" that the rulers pursued, and instead used "writing in a careless way, without seeking resemblance in form, just to entertain themselves" and "write with the spirit in their chests" , emphasizing the appreciation, entertainment and cathartic functions of art, and painting develops in the direction of emphasizing self-expression and writing subjective feelings.
The Ming Dynasty restored the traditional cultural regulations and systems of the Han people
In Jinyiwei, various palace art creation institutions were set up
to play the role of the painting academy in order to satisfy the rule. It has the function of art creation, but its art education function has been greatly reduced
. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, European religious organizations brought a large number of Western icons. These works of art had a huge impact on Chinese figure painting and formed a peak period in the history of the development of figure painting.
The Qing Dynasty followed the Ming Dynasty system, but established specialized institutions
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Painting Academy and a special department for court painting
Place. The ideological and moral education function of art in serving rulers became the starting point for palace art creation. A large number of art works depicting emperors, concubines, palace life, etc. to praise the emperor emerged. Foreign missionaries' joining the ranks of court painters became an important change in this period
They were good at expressing court life in the form of Western oil paintings or a combination of Chinese and Western
, appreciated by Peter the ruler. These Western missionaries taught apprentices in the palace and pioneered Western art education. This also deeply affects the art creation and art education of Chinese painters.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, there was also a large team of painters, painters who took painting as their lifelong profession, also known as Master Dan
Qing. These people have little or no education. But they served as apprentices in workshops or workshops, learned through practice, and became court painters or folk painters. They have also made outstanding contributions to the development of art and art education.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the form of copying masterpieces of famous artists in the form of prints appeared, that is, painting books. The emergence of painting books
provides a platform for art appreciation, art exchange, and popularization of art. It also provides a wider
wide range of model teaching materials for copying teaching, and promotes art creation and art development. Development of education. Among them, in the 18th year of Kangxi's reign in the Qing Dynasty
(
1679
), Zhejiang painter Wang Gai compiled and added it based on Li Liufang's apprentice drawings. "The Mustard Seed Garden Painting Biography" had the greatest influence. Huapu has become a painting textbook that starts with imitating ancient methods and mastering the experience and procedures of predecessors. Huapu has influenced a large number of painters since the creation of Huapu.
In short, during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, although there were no painting academies, there were court painters. The ideological education and moral education function of art serving politics remains the same. The frustrated literati of the Yuan Dynasty became an important force in art creation outside the court, and opened up a new direction in art that emphasized self-expression and subjective feelings. The emergence of Western painters has injected fresh blood into art creation and art education. The emergence of printmaking and painting books in the Ming and Qing Dynasties made possible self-study forms in addition to the master-apprentice, father-son art education form
and the art education form of "learning from nature".
Art education in ancient my country has never had a place in ordinary school education. Both the court painters
and the literati painters in the field all started by copying. They chose excellent copies for copying, mastered the brushwork and ink techniques, and passed the experience of father, son and master. Conducted in a teacher-to-teacher manner. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the idea of ??"learning from nature"
was put forward. In the Yuan Dynasty, literati emphasized self-expression and the pursuit of feelings as the development direction. The emergence of Western painters in the Ming and Qing Dynasties
injected a new influence into national art. Fresh blood and the emergence of printmaking and painting charts made self-study possible. An ancient art education pattern has been formed that relies on copying to inherit the tradition, "learn from nature" to obtain materials, learn from the West to make breakthroughs, and rely on printmaking to develop.