"Don't tell the truth." Yuan Haowen, a poetry critic of the Jin Dynasty, said: "Poets always love Xikun, but they hate that no one writes Zheng Jian." In the early Song Dynasty, Xikun style was the patriarchal style of Li Shangyin. Therefore, this is especially true for the Xikun style poems of Yang Yi, Liu Fei, etc., which use Li Shangyin's poems as imitation objects. The poems written by these civil servants are rich in verses, organized and packed with allusions. They use clear words and beautiful sentences, and use historical facts to express their emotions and reflect real life, which will inevitably make their emotions difficult to understand and accept. Therefore, they often give people the impression that Xikun style focuses on form and lacks content. In fact, the main reason for this misunderstanding is due to the main feature of Xikun style creation-"not telling the truth". The so-called "not to speak out" was originally the main way for Zen monks to receive guidance. Its essence is to avoid speaking out when explaining the teachings. . Therefore, the principle of "not telling the truth" includes at least two characteristics: one is to avoid correct explanations and explain over and over again; the other is to pursue writing skills. In order to achieve "not telling the truth", "turning words", "daiyu" and emphasizing "use" and despising "body" are used.
Example analysis
Let’s take Yang Yi and Liu Yao’s “New Cicada in the Museum” as an example for a brief analysis.
Yang Yi's poem goes: The green pavilion in Bicheng is so cool to chase, and the new sound of the tall willows will grow longer. Your precious companion, the golden mink, respects the Prime Minister of Han Dynasty, and his clear eyes are filled with dew and resentment towards the King of Qi. The secret servant of Lantai has just completed his poems, and he is holding a cup of wine during a joyful trip to the river. The clouds and green wisps only promise themselves, and the guests of the first autumn have already returned to their intestines.
Liu Fei's poem says: The beautiful trees in the courtyard are blooming, but the beetles are coming. At this time, the thin wings of the palace maids relax on their temples, and the feathered human corpse is shed. When the wind comes, the jade bird turns first, revealing the unknown golden-stemmed crane. The day is long and the night is full of thoughts, and Pan Yue is willing to be sad in autumn.
These two poems are about cicada, but the word cicada is not mentioned anywhere, and allusions are used. These two poems do not contain the word "cicada", but they are written about cicadas everywhere. Moreover, the cicada, which is the object of singing, embodies the theme of singing. Fang Hui said in Volume 18 of "Yingkui Lvsui": "Every Kun style must be based on an object, and stories, names, dates, gold and jade brocades, etc. should be included to make it real." Fang pointed out that Kun style chants about objects The characteristics of poetry are good use of historical facts and beautiful words and sentences. It shows that something is not stated directly, but the characteristics of the object are expressed through repeated expressions. However, Fang did not answer what the Kun Ti poet meant by writing this. In fact, Kunti poets want to integrate their emotions into seemingly unrelated stories and "gold and jade" words, so as to avoid revealing their emotions.
The use of Zhuiyu and Daiyu
Zhuiyu and Daiyu are the rhetorical manifestations of the Xikun style's "not telling the truth" feature. The use of Zhuiyu and Daiyu in poetry was relatively common in the early Song Dynasty. Lu Youyou said: "Wenxuan" was published in the early days of the country. At that time, the literati were devoted to this book. Therefore, the grass must be called Wangsun, the plum must be called Sao Shi, the moon must be called Wangshu, and the mountains and rivers must be called Qinghui. , all authors began to wash it out. "Kun style, which had been popular in the literary circles of the early Song Dynasty for 40 years, also used a large number of transliterations and idioms in its poetry creation.
Liu Dang’s poem about lotus flowers, Zai Fu, says: “Huang Gu bids farewell to Zhu Tong.” Wang Zhongxun’s Notes on the Collection of Xikun Songs (hereinafter referred to as Wang’s Notes) says: “Hegu, Huang Gu, lead Niu Ye, all words are turned around. "Also, "Huang Gu Zhu calls Tianhe Ye". Li Wei's poem "Privy King Zuo Presses the New Chrysanthemum in the House" says: "The Qinggui front table is free." Wang's note says: "Qinggui means Qingpu, which refers to the place close to the forbidden area." Another example is Qian Wei's chant. A poem about catkins, "The wind is blowing softly in Zhangtai Street, and the sun is falling by the Rushui Bridge." Yong Liu needs to be replaced by "Zhangtai" and "Miaoan". Qian Wei also performed a poem about tears, using "yujinheng" to represent tears. Kun-style poetry not only uses "zhuiyu" and "daiyu" in the themes of chanting things, but also uses "zhuiyu" and "daiyu" in the themes of chanting feelings and history. Yang Yi's poem "Xiu Mu Duan Lives with Huaixi Sheng Shaoqing Bachelor" says: "The tea porridge reveals the buds, which kills the daytime dreams, and the slurry clouds and liquids wake up in the morning." Wang Annotated quoted "Tea Records": "The Wu people picked tea and cooked it. "Mingming porridge" means using "mingming porridge" as a substitute for tea. It also quoted "Mao's Poetry Biography Notes" as saying: "Sick wine means waking up." Liu Yao's poem said: "Spinning purple lotus for Qin's pen, secretly moving the god Cai Ren to break the bed." Wang Annotation cited "Nan Qi Shu·Yu" "Fu Zhi" says: "Hundred officials hold handboards and carry purple bags on their shoulders. They are called deed bags, and they are called Zihe in the world." It also quotes "Hanshu Shihuo Zhi" as saying: "Yuan Gui is Cai." That is Cai. This is the name of turtle. Li Wei's poem says: "Qiongzhi has not seen Xiao Zhai late." Wang notes: "According to the ancients, Qiongzhi is also used as a metaphor for friends." "Zhuanyu" and "Daiyu" in Kun-style poems are not just the transfer of individual words. Generations, there are also entire verses that are translated into generations. Liu Qi's poem "Crane" says: "You can follow the three turns around the empty branch." It is a paraphrase of the poem "Three turns around the tree, there is no branch to rely on" in Emperor Wu of Wei's "Dan Ge Xing". Liu Qi's "Not in Time to See Off Guests" says: "Luo Chen has turned into levy clothes through the ages." It is the code for Lu Ji's poem "The capital is dusty and the plain clothes turn into satin". Yang Yi's "Untitled" says: "The water is full of water, but the words cannot be understood." It is the code for the poem "Nineteen Ancient Poems", "The water is full of water, and the pulse cannot be spoken."
Whether it is the replacement expression of individual words or the transposition of the entire poem, the purpose is to avoid speaking directly. Substitution of one name to another has the same effect on the referent. However, this kind of replacement of words and entire poems often evokes rich associations. Therefore, Mr. Cheng Qianfan said in "The Theory of the Origin of Poetry's Daiyu": "To put it simply, when writing a poem, the name Gaiyundaiyu is used as the name and meaning.
It is said that they have the same effect. However, their names may not be the same, and their meanings may not be similar, but they are closely related and related to each other.
”