silver grade: ui yi u ye ing (thin weak grade)
copper grade: ao on ai uo (soft grade)
rhyming is that in poetry, homonyms are placed in the same position in different sentences, and rhyme is generally placed at the end of the sentence, so it is also called rhyme foot.
Sentences rhyme, which is not only convenient for reciting and memorizing, but also makes the works have the beauty of harmony in rhythm and tone.
example (1): mountains cover the white sun, and oceans drain the golden river; to ascend another storey to see a thousand miles further At heron lodge Wang Zhihuan
Example (2): Moonlight shines on the hall; On the evening of 3, I picked betel nuts. "Moonlight" (nursery rhyme)
Example (3): Not because of the air pressure, but because of your support. "My Pride" lyrics Anders Lee, Huang Weiwen
Example (4): You are "fine" and I am "fine", drink a cup of bamboo leaves. The slogan "Bamboo Leaf Green"
regularly arranges homonyms at the end of sentences in poems and other rhymes. The rhyming words are called rhyming feet or rhyming words. Rhyme is one of the linguistic features of poems and other rhymes. Its main function is to make the sound harmonious and beautiful, recite smoothly and sweetly, and facilitate the memory circulation. "Rhyme" and "vowel" are not exactly the same concepts. The so-called homonym refers to vowels with the same or similar rhyme abdomen. If there is a rhyme ending, the rhyme ending is the same and the rhyme ending can be different. In order to facilitate rhyming, people classify homophonic and rhyming words into several rhyming parts. According to the phonology of modern Beijing pronunciation, the most common rhyming parts are eighteen rhymes and thirteen rhymes (attached: comparison table of eighteen rhymes and thirteen rhymes with Mandarin vowels).
Introduction
The so-called rhyme (also called rhyme, Ye Yun) is to put the words with the same rhyme in the specified position.
The so-called rhyme is to classify words with the same vowel into one category, which is called rhyme.
all the words in the same rhyme part are homonyms. Any poem requires rhyme, regardless of ancient and modern times, Chinese and foreign countries. The difference is that the restrictions on rhyme are more or less, strict and wide. This is also the biggest difference between poetry and other literary genres. More commonly used are 18 Pingshui Rhymes ②.
Rhyme is an important means to enhance the musicality of poetry. In order to make the tone harmonious and easy to remember, modern poetry is very particular about rhyme. The ancients usually used official books to guide rhymes, such as Tang Yun, Guang Yun, Libu Rhyme, Peiwen Rhyme, Poetry Rhyme Integration, Poetry Rhyme Together, etc. Among them, The Rhyme of New Publication written by Wang Wenyu in the Southern Song Dynasty is the most popular, which is called 18 Pingshui Rhymes by the world.
However, it needs to be understood that it is not worth destroying the nature of the poem to accommodate the rhyme. Unless you take part in the imperial examination, even if one or two sentences rhyme occasionally, the ancients are allowed.
Rules
There are strict rules on the rhyme of modern poetry, which can be summarized as follows: the first sentence can be put on or off, and the next sentence must be put on a flat rhyme ③
1. Even sentences rhyme:
Rhyme is 2468 sentences, quatrains are 24 sentences, and the first sentence can rhyme or not. For example:
Send it to Judge Han Zuo of Yangzhou (Du Mu)
The green hills are faintly covered with water, and the vegetation in the south of the Yangtze River is withered in autumn.
Twenty-four Bridges, on the moonlit night, where do jade people teach blowjobs?
the first 124 sentences rhyme. Another example:
the leyou tombs (Li Shangyin)
with twilight shadows in my heart, I have driven up among the Leyou Tombs.
the sunset is infinitely beautiful, buried by the coming night.
the first sentence doesn't rhyme, but two or four sentences rhyme. Generally speaking, it is common for the first sentence of a five-character poem not to rhyme, and it is common for the first sentence of a seven-character poem to rhyme. Please refer to the short table ④
2. Only flat rhyme:
According to modern poetry, only flat rhyme is allowed, which is almost a dead rule. In fact, in the style of modern poetry, if you bet flat rhyme, you will feel very awkward, so the ancients can consciously abide by this rule. There are no counterexamples in my memory, so I won't give another example here.
3. rhyme to the end, and you can't change rhyme in the middle. Ancient poems (ancient styles) are allowed to change rhyme halfway, but modern poems are not allowed to do so.
The rhyme of the first sentence can be borrowed from the rhyme of the adjacent rhymes
, and the rhymes of the adjacent rhymes, such as Yi Dong and Er Dong, Si Zhi and Wu Wei, can be mixed together
, which is called general rhyme. However, the rhyme of modern poetry must strictly use only the words of the same rhyme. Even if the number of words in this rhyme is very small (called narrow rhyme), it cannot be mixed with the words of other rhymes. Otherwise, it is called rhyme, which is a taboo of modern poetry. But if the first sentence rhymes, you can borrow adjacent rhymes. Because the first sentence could have been put on or not, you can bend the rules. For example, drunken drinking in the army sends a message to Shen Ba Liu Sou:
Wine thirsts for Qing Jiang, while Yu Gan soothes the evening.
The soft sand leans on the seat, and Leng Shi wakes up drunk.
with the picnic, Huayin comes from the music.
I haven't seen you for several cups, but I've sent Shen Ming away.
The song "Ting, Awakening, Linger and Mystery" is composed of nine tones, but the first sentence borrows the word "Qing" from Ba Geng.
It's called "starting with neighboring rhymes". It became popular in the late Tang Dynasty, and even became a trend in the Song Dynasty.
please refer to Tongzhuan Ancient Rhyme, 18 Pingshui Rhymes
Avoid
1. Avoid emphasizing rhyme
, that is, the same rhyme word appears repeatedly in the rhyme foot of a poem, which is a big taboo.
2. Avoid synonymous words
For example, in a poem, "Hua", "Yuan", "Fang" and "Xiang" are used at the same time.
3. Avoid rhyming
Ancient people wrote poems mostly according to official rhymes, and many words that we thought were homonyms were included in different rhymes in official rhymes, such as "winter" and "east". If they are juxtaposed in the same poem, they are rhyming. This is mainly due to the change of ancient and modern pronunciation, and it is unnecessary to emphasize this point today.
to sing and
to sing in harmony is to rhyme according to the rhymes used in other people's poems, which is called "harmony rhyme" or "step rhyme". There are three main ways:
1. Secondary rhyme, also called step rhyme, means to use the same rhymes in the original poem, and the sequence must be the same, which is the most common way.
2. Rhyme: Use the rhymes in the original poem, but not necessarily in their order.
3. rhyme: that is, the words with the same rhyme as the original poem are used, but the original words are not necessary.
① Comparison table of vowels between Eighteen Rhymes and Thirteen Rhymes and Mandarin
Eighteen Rhymes:
One rhyme, the vowels A, ua and ia in Xinhua Dictionary belong to the same rhyme department.
two waves, vowels o and uo.
three songs, with the vowel e.
Sijun, the vowel ie, ue.
five vowels, I (belonging to the initials zh, ch, sh, Z, C, S, different from Qi Qi).
liuer, with the vowel er.
Qiqi, the vowel I (belonging to the initials B, P, M, F, D, T, N, L, J, Q, X, Y, which is different from Wuzhi).
bawei, with vowels ei and ui.
jiukai, vowels ai, uai.
ten aunts, vowel u.
eleven fish, vowel v.
Twelve Hou, with vowels ou and iu.
Thirteen Nobles, with the vowel ao.
fourteen cold vowels an, ian and uan.
fifteen marks, with the vowels en, in, un and vn.
in the 16th Tang dynasty, the vowels are ang, uang and iang.
seventeen Geng, with vowels eng and ing.
shibadong, with vowels ong and ONG.
Thirteen marks are thirteen rhyming parts, namely:
one flower and one hemp with eighteen rhymes.
two shuttle waves, two waves and three songs with eighteen rhymes.
three oblique, four of eighteen rhymes.
four clothes bully, five, six and seven of eighteen rhymes.
five ash piles, eight micro of eighteen rhymes.
six charms, eighteen rhymes and nine opens.
seven gusu, ten gusu with eighteen rhymes.
eight clothes deceives eleven fish with eighteen rhymes.
seeking for nine, and twelve Hou with eighteen rhymes.
ten Yao tiao, thirteen Hao with eighteen rhymes.
eleven words ago, eighteen rhymes were followed by fourteen cold spells.
twelve ministers, fifteen marks of eighteen rhymes.
thirteen Wang Yang, eighteen rhymes and sixteen Tang dynasties.
14 Middle East, 17 Geng and 18 East with 18 rhymes.
because the seven gusu of thirteen tracks and the eight clothes deceives correspond to the 18 rhymes, the combination is thirteen tracks.
③ Basic laws of modern poetry
Let's take the simplest method to see how to form a complete modern poetry.
basic sentence pattern "every double will be reversed"
The basic sentence pattern of modern poetry is formed by interlacing flat and flat tones in two syllables.
The basic sentence patterns of five-character sentences are: flat and even, or flat and even, such as "after rain the empty mountain" and "moonlight in its groves of pine".
The basic sentence pattern of the seven-character sentence is: flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat
The level of the fourth word is opposite to that of the second word, and the sixth word is opposite to that of the fourth word, but it can be reversed in every single word, because the stress falls on even syllables, and the singular syllables are relatively unimportant. This is the so-called leveling "regardless of the 135, the 246 is clear."
"One, three, five, two, four, six are distinct"
When we write poetry, it is difficult to make every sentence completely conform to the basic sentence pattern, and it may be possible to write quatrains, and it is almost impossible to write eight or even longer metrical poems. How to be flexible? Then it is necessary to sacrifice the unimportant single digits and keep the more important double digits and the most important last word. Therefore, there is such a formula, which is called "No matter one, three or five, two, four and six are distinct", that is to say, the level of the first, three and five words (only seven words) can be handled flexibly, while the level of the second, four, six and the last word must be strictly observed. This formula is not completely accurate. In some cases, one, three and five must be discussed, and two, four and six may not be clear in certain sentence patterns, which we will talk about in detail in the following "difficult sentences". As for the flat rhyme of the last word, it is
the foot rhyme of the sentence "the first sentence can be put on or not, and the next sentence must be put on a flat rhyme".
The foot of the sentence rhymes "The first sentence can be put on or off, and the next sentence must be put on a flat rhyme"
Except for the first couplet, the previous sentences of other couplets cannot rhyme, and they must end with a flat rhyme, and the next sentence must end with a flat rhyme. The first sentence can be put or not, rhyming will end with a flat voice, and if it doesn't rhyme, it will end with a silent voice. (This is the basic law, and there are actually many rhyming poems.)
The sentence pattern is flat and even, "Contradictions are opposite, adjacent sentences stick together, and the first and the last are corresponding"
Rhymes are each linked into two sentences, and the upper sentence and the lower sentence of the same link are called antitheses, and the lower sentence of the previous link and the upper sentence of the next link are called adjacent sentences.
antithesis: it means that the upper and lower sentences in the same couplet are flat and even, with the upper sentence being flat and even, and the lower sentence being flat and even.
adjacent sentences are stuck together: it means that the beginning of the next sentence of the previous couplet is even, which is the same as the beginning of the next couplet. For example, the next sentence of an autumn evening in the mountains's second couplet, stands autumnal in the evening, is flat and flat, and the last sentence of the third couplet, moonlight in its groves of pine, should also be flat, so it is flat and flat, but because the foot of the sentence must be closed with a flat voice, it becomes sticky.
correspondence between the first sentence and the last sentence: the first sentence is the same as the last sentence. For example, an autumn evening in the mountains's first sentence is after rain the empty mountain, flat and even, and the last sentence is while you are here, O Prince of Friends?, flat and even.
it conforms to the above four basic laws, and it is a qualified rhythmic poem.
But it's actually not that simple. To further understand its laws, please see "Ping Bian", "Rhyme" and "Dui Bian".
the first sentence and the second word are all flat.
The first sentence and the second word are all flat.
The seventh sentence and the second word must be flat.
The seventh sentence and the second word must be flat.
Ping (rhyme)
ping, ping, ping, ping, ping, ping (rhyme)
the first sentence of the five-line poem rhymes
the first sentence of the five-line poem doesn't rhyme
it rhymes. Flat and flat (rhyme)
flat and flat and flat (rhyme)
flat and flat
flat and flat.
ping ping ping ping (rhyme)
ping ping ping ping
ping ping ping ping (rhyme)
ping ping ping ping. P > ping ping ping (rhyme)
ping ping ping
ping ping ping (rhyme)
ping ping ping
ping ping ping. P > ping ping ping
ping ping ping (rhyme)
ping ping ping
ping ping ping
ping ping ping (rhyme)
ping ping ping. > ping ping ping ping (rhyme)
ping ping ping ping
ping ping ping ping ping (rhyme)
ping ping ping ping ping. > ping ping ping ping ping
ping ping ping ping ping (rhyme)
the first sentence of the seven-tone rhyme
the first sentence of the seven-tone rhyme doesn't rhyme
. > flat and flat (rhyme)
flat and flat and flat
flat and flat and flat
flat and flat
flat and flat. If the column is unstable, the house will collapse. If the rhyme is unstable, the poem will be bad. So it rhymes.