1. Dispersion of responsibilities
Responsibility diffusion, also known as bystander effect, means that if an individual is allowed to complete a task alone, he will have a strong sense of responsibility and make a positive response. However, if a group is required to complete the task together, each individual in the group will have a weak sense of responsibility and often shrink back in the face of difficulties or responsibilities.
2. First cause effect
Refers to the influence of the impression formed by the initial contact information on people's future behavior and evaluation. The impression left by the first communication between people forms and occupies a dominant position in each other's mind. This effect is the first cause effect.
3. recency effect
It refers to the phenomenon that when people remember a series of things, the memory effect of the last part of the project is better than that of the middle part. This phenomenon is due to the role of recency effect. The longer the interval between information before and after, the more obvious the recency effect is. The reason is that the previous information is gradually blurred in memory, making the recent information more prominent in short-term memory.
4. Catfish effect
Catfish effect, catfish not only stirs the living environment of small fish, but also activates the viability of small fish. Catfish effect is a means or measure to stimulate some enterprises to actively participate in market competition, thus activating enterprises in the same industry in the market. Its essence is a negative incentive and the mystery of activating employees.
5. Halo effect
Also known as halo effect and prejudice effect. It refers to the phenomenon that people's cognitive judgments about others are mainly based on personal likes and dislikes, and then infer other qualities of cognitive objects according to this judgment. Halo effect is an exaggerated social phenomenon formed in interpersonal communication. Just like the brilliance of the sun and the moon, it spreads around under the influence of clouds, forming a halo effect.
6. Butterfly effect
In a dynamic system, small changes in initial conditions can lead to a long-term huge chain reaction of the whole system. This is a chaotic phenomenon. The development of everything has definite numbers and variables, and the development process of things has laws to follow, but it is also unpredictable? Variable? , often counterproductive, a small change can affect the development of things, indicating that the development of things is complicated.
7. Herd effect
? Herd effect? Also called? Herd effect? It is a phenomenon that individual's idea or behavior changes in the direction consistent with the majority due to the influence or pressure of real or imagined groups. It is manifested in adopting dominant thoughts and behaviors in specific or temporary situations (drifting with the flow) and accepting long-term dominant thoughts and behaviors (conforming to customs). People will follow what the public agrees with, deny their own views by default, and will not subjectively think about the meaning of events.
8. Matthew effect
There is a famous saying in Matthew in the Bible:? Give him whatever you have, so that he has more than enough; If you don't have it, you have to take it from him. ? Derived? Matthew effect? This concept is used to describe the widespread polarization phenomenon in the field of social life.
9. Hawthorne effect
In the 1920s-1930s, American researchers discovered the experimenter effect, called Hawthorne effect, in the experiment on the relationship among working conditions, social factors and production benefits in Hawthorne factory of Chicago West Electric Power Company. Hawthorne effect means that when people realize that they are being watched or observed, they will deliberately change some behaviors or verbal expressions.
10. Stereotype effect
Also known as stereotype effect, it refers to the psychological phenomenon that people take the fixed impression of someone or a certain kind of person engraved in their minds as the basis for judging and evaluating people. Stereotype is often a kind of prejudice. People often regard a particular person as a typical representative of a certain kind of person, and regard the evaluation of a certain kind of person as an evaluation of a certain person, thus affecting the correct judgment.
1 1. sour grape effect
? Sour grape psychology? Are you frustrated because your real needs can't be met? In order to alleviate your inner anxiety, make up some? Why? Comfort yourself to eliminate tension, relieve stress, free yourself from negative psychological States such as dissatisfaction and anxiety, and protect yourself from harm.
12. Mushroom Law
The law of mushrooms is that people who have just joined the WTO are often placed in dark corners, ignored or running errands. Just like mushroom cultivation, they have to be thrown dung, accepted all kinds of unwarranted criticism, accusations and handed down from generation to generation, and are in the process of fending for themselves without necessary guidance and support. The growth of mushrooms must go through such a process, and so must the growth of people. This is the law of mushrooms, or the law of germination.
13. Signature effect
Signature effect refers to the psychological phenomenon that signature behavior may trigger people's sense of self-identity, and at the same time, in the face of some consumer behaviors, the desire to buy may be enhanced.
14. spotlight effect
Sometimes we always inadvertently magnify our problems infinitely. When we make a fool of ourselves, we always think that people will notice. Actually, it's not like this. People may have noticed it at that time, but they will forget it immediately afterwards. No one will care about themselves like you.
Having summed up so many psychological effects, let's look at some real questions.
The celebrity effect of 1 is the effect of attracting attention and expanding influence through the appearance of celebrities, or it is the psychological phenomenon that people imitate celebrities. According to the above definition, the following are not celebrity effects:
A. A series was well received by a famous actor. Later, the clothes worn by the hero of the play began to sell well.
B. after a product was endorsed by a sports star, the sales volume of the product soared.
A famous writer held a book signing ceremony in the park, which attracted a large number of tourists.
D. A mayor was interviewed by reporters from major newspapers about the environmental pollution in the city.
Answer d
The first step of analysis is to look at the way of asking questions. This question belongs to non-multiple choice questions.
The second step is to find the key information.
(1) The effect of attracting attention and expanding influence achieved by the appearance of celebrities;
② People imitate the psychological phenomena of celebrities.
The third step is to identify the options.
Item a:? Starring a famous actor, received rave reviews? It is the effect of attracting attention and expanding influence achieved by the appearance of celebrities, which conforms to the key information. Clothing began to sell well? That is, people imitate the psychological phenomenon of celebrities, which conforms to the key message 2, conforms to the definition and excludes them;
Item b:? After the endorsement of sports stars, the sales of products soared? It is the effect of attracting attention and expanding influence achieved by the appearance of celebrities, which conforms to the key information ①, conforms to the definition and excludes;
Item c:? A famous writer held a signing ceremony in the park? It is the effect of expanding influence caused by the appearance of celebrities, which conforms to the definition and excludes;
Item d:? The mayor was interviewed by reporters from major newspapers about the environmental pollution in this city? The first is the answer to the city's environmental problems, and the second is that the mayor is a government figure and does not meet the requirements? Celebrity? The subject information of does not meet the definition.
Therefore, choose the d option.
Self-realization effect refers to the original wrong expectation, and finally this wrong expectation becomes a realistic behavior.
According to the above definition, the following are self-realization effects:
A. Xiaojin is not interested in dancing, but parents think that children's interest is the result of their parents' insistence. I hope she will achieve something, and I have spent a lot of effort to train her, but she is not so good.
B Xiaolin loved football since he was a child. His parents discovered his talent in football and expected him to become a football player in the future. With the painstaking cultivation of his parents, Kobayashi finally got his wish.
C. Xiao Li is an adopted daughter of a painter. I don't know. The adopted teacher thinks she should have artistic talent. With the constant encouragement of the teacher, she really became a little painter.
D. xiaonan's academic performance has always been among the best in the school. His parents have high expectations of him and think he has no problem getting into a famous university. However, Xiaonan failed in the college entrance examination and missed the prestigious school.
Answer c
The first step of analysis is to decide whether to choose or ask questions according to the way of asking questions.
The second step is to find the key information.
(1) Initial false expectations;
(2) False expectations come true.
The third step is to identify the options.
Item A: Xiaojin is not interested in dancing, but her parents insist on training her. Which one does it belong to? False expectations? But in the end, Xiaojin was mediocre and didn't meet the requirements? False expectations come true? , does not meet the definition;
Item B: Kobayashi himself loves football, and his parents raised him just to get rid of it? False expectations? , does not meet the definition;
Item C: Xiao Li is an adopted daughter of a painter. She may not have artistic talent, but the teacher doesn't know about the adoption and thinks she should have artistic talent. Is that so? False expectations? Xiao Li finally became a painter. False expectations come true? , in line with the definition;
Item D: Because Xiaonan's academic performance has always been among the best, his parents expect him to be admitted to a famous university. Who does it belong to? False expectations? , does not meet the definition.
Therefore, choose the c option.
Bystander effect, also known as responsibility diffusion, refers to the restraining effect of the presence of others on rescue behavior in an emergency.
According to the above definition, the following situations conform to the bystander effect:
A. When the truck rolled over in expressway, everyone helped Xiao Yang, the truck driver, to protect the goods from looting.
B. A pedestrian fell on the road. When Xiao Li saw that there were no witnesses around, he didn't dare to take responsibility or help.
C. When a fire broke out near the supermarket, Xiao Zhang urged his wife to call the police. His wife replied that someone else must have called the police.
D when someone falls into the water at the seaside, the lifeguard shouts loudly to remind the onlookers not to go into the water for rescue at will.
Answer c
The first step of analysis is to look at the way of asking questions. This question belongs to right and wrong.
The second step is to find the key information.
The restraining effect of the presence of others on rescue behavior in an emergency.
The third step is to identify the options.
Item A: Everyone helped Xiao Yang, the truck driver, to protect the goods from being looted. Didn't it show? Suppression of rescue behavior? , does not meet the definition;
Item B: Xiao Li didn't help when there were no witnesses around, which didn't meet the requirements? Does the presence of others inhibit the rescue behavior? , does not meet the definition;
Item C: A sudden fire broke out near the supermarket. Zhang's wife replied that someone must have called the police. What does this reflect? Is anyone there? And Zhang's wife is not going to call the police for help, is it consistent? Suppression of rescue behavior? , in line with the definition;
Item D: Lifeguard Xiao Li reminded the onlookers not to get into the water during the rescue to ensure the safety of the people and the smooth progress of the rescue process. Does it meet the requirements? Does the presence of others inhibit the rescue behavior? , does not meet the definition.
Therefore, choose the c option.