First, read.
Reading is the only way to get most of the first-hand materials (perceptual materials) from the text. For poetry, "reading" is particularly important, because the first-hand materials obtained by reading poetry are the premise of appreciating poetry.
How to read? You can set up a situation in advance, so that students can read aloud in a certain situation, which can be either a happy situation or a sad situation, so that students can read beautiful poems in a happy situation and bold or idyllic poems in a sad situation. You can also choose the same or completely opposite poems that you have read in advance and compare them. The forms of reading are flexible and diverse, and they can be used as long as they are conducive to poetry appreciation. Such as slow reading, fast reading, slow reading, cadence reading, close your eyes, stare, shake your head, etc. The purpose of reading is to read the rhythm of poetry, the artistic conception of poetry and the poet's mood (emotion). For example, only by reading the word "Yu Meiren" written by Li Yu, Queen of the Southern Tang Dynasty, can we grasp the priorities of its tone and rhythm and understand the poet's mood. In particular, sentences such as "The east wind blew in a small building last night, so my country could not bear to look back at the bright moon" and "How much sorrow can there be, just like a river flowing eastward", you can't grasp the length of luck without reading, and you can't know the emotions without reading. At the same time, through reading, we can also firmly grasp the important words (keywords-poetic eyes or word eyes) and specific images in poetry. For example, the word "you" (key word) in "The East Wind in the Small Building Last Night" and the "bright moon" (image) in "The Old Country is unbearable to look back".
"Reading" is the first step to perceive poetry, so that students can feel the outline of poetic artistic conception and the author's emotion. Although vague, it laid the foundation and guided the direction for the in-depth appreciation of poetry.
Second, enlightenment.
"Enlightenment" is a rational thinking process based on the first-hand materials obtained from "reading". Through enlightenment, we can more specifically grasp the artistic conception of poetry, the author's mood and other appreciation contents, so this step is more important. So, "aware" of what? Understand the imagery and key words (poetic eyes or word eyes) in poetry.
1. Understanding images
Before enlightenment, students should first make clear the role of poetic images in poetry, so as to become blind in the process of enlightenment.
But for the purpose. The function of poetic imagery is exactly the same as that of scenery description in prose, which generally has these functions: creating an atmosphere (such as the phrase "Maple leaves are full of rushes" in Pipa's "Creating a bleak and lonely atmosphere when leaving friends"), expressing feelings through scenery (this is a common trick in poetry, and the scenery described in poetry generally has this function), and shaping the background or environment (this function is similar to "creating an atmosphere" Artistic conception is the realm and artistic conception expressed by the author by extracting some specific scenery from natural scenery to describe it. It shows readers a three-dimensional picture, with the purpose of giving people an immersive feeling. For readers, only by "approaching" or "entering" can they perceive the beauty of the realm and the author's emotion. For example, "Moonlight in the pine forest, crystal stone in the stream", "Sunset lingers at the ferry, and the smoke from the kitchen rises from the house after supper", "Lonely smoke in the desert, the long river sets the yen", "Autumn water * * * the sky is one color, and the sunset is lonely in Qi Fei" and "Thousands of miles away, the sunset is lonely in the city" are all poems with far-reaching artistic conception, which set off the character or character (this one. Such as snow, bamboo, plum, pine, crane, lotus, Zhong Ping, goldwind and Yulu. , set off the noble character, strong character and pure emotion of the characters, and set the emotional tone (for example, the first three sentences of Liu Yong's Rain Bell, "Chill, the pavilion at night, the shower begins to rest", set the bleak tone for the whole poem), and set off the scenery. The warm scenery sets off the cold scenery-"The sun is tempered by pine trees", the bright scenery sets off the dark scenery-"Where the sunshine enters a small forest and shines back on me from the moss", the full scenery sets off the empty scenery-"The word geese return, the moon is full of the West Building", and the material language (or material state) sets off the artistic conception-"Abandoning trees in the pond, still talking about soldiers' fatigue" and so on. ), and the scenery to contrast feelings (this role in poetry, such as Li Bai's "Spring Thoughts" in the phrase "Your northern grass is as blue as jade, and my mulberry leaves are green", is to use the "blue" and "green" of mulberry grass to contrast a strong sense of thinking, and "silk" and "branch" are respectively "thinking" and "knowing" There are also sad scenes to set off sadness, happy scenes to set off happiness, or happy scenes to set off sadness. For example, Du Fu's poem "Ascending the Mountain" sets off sadness with a sad scene, while his poem "A Bird Crossing the River" sets off sadness with a happy scene. Of course, these functions are not independent in poetry. In a poem, all functions may be combined, which requires us not to lose sight of one thing and lose sight of another.
With many functions of images, it seems reasonable to understand images, but how to understand them?
First find out the individual image or image group in the poem, and then try to figure out the perception. If it is an individual image, we must appreciate it with humanistic feelings. For example, the individual image "Chao" in Liu Yuxi's poem "Stone City" must be endowed with humanistic feelings when appreciated. The feeling of "tide" always comes and goes. It seemed intense, wild and full of passion when I came. When it hits the coast violently or runs out of energy along the beach, it looks calm and a little weak or depressed or lost. In this regard, we can imagine: what do you want to ask for or vent when the tide comes? Is it satisfied or cold when you go back? You can know it by combining the "lonely back" behind it. It can be inferred that the author uses the tide to contrast the desolation and cold of the "old country" to contrast the scenery and environment; At the same time, it also reveals the author's feelings for historical Cang Sang, which is a blending scene. If image group is like this, he must enter a picture composed of multiple images and feel it with various senses. For example, in Du Fu's poem Ascending the Mountain, "The sky is high and the wind is urgent, apes crow and birds crow, and the blue lake and white sand return", the poet mobilizes his hearing and vision, and organizes the images of "autumn wind", "ape whistling", "sand house" and "Jiang Niao" to form a beautiful picture. "At close range", there will be a sense of openness in vision and sadness in hearing, which lays a sad emotional tone for the whole poem. At the same time, the broad vision sets off the wandering loneliness of the author, so as to set off the scenery. -These are the benefits expressed by shaping the artistic conception.
Step 2 understand keywords
There are some keywords in poetry that highly gather the author's emotions or describe the atmosphere. We call these words poetic eyes or word eyes. It is perceived by "reading" through a strong rhythm. For example, "You" in "The East Wind in the Small Building Last Night" and "Zi" and "Kong" in "Green Grass, Birds and Flowers" in Du Fu's Book of Letters are all key words.
To understand a word, we usually start with its original meaning to understand its deep meaning in the poetic context. For example, "once again" means "once again", which means that the spring breeze blows on the small building quarter by quarter, and it also blows on the hearts of people in the small building quarter by quarter. The "old country" is difficult and the time is getting longer and longer, so we have to add layers of sadness to Li Yu, the king of national subjugation, even to an unbearable degree, including regrets and sighs. -the feelings gathered by the word "you" are beyond words. The words "ego" and "emptiness" describe the lonely and desolate atmosphere of Wuhou Temple.
Third, unite.
In the process of "enlightenment", we have carefully grasped all aspects of poetry appreciation, but this is only a relatively single positioning of the value of poetry, which is not comprehensive. Because some poems are still of practical significance, we should also contact the background of the author's writing at that time (including social, cultural and political background) and the author's life and other factors when appreciating them. Only in this way can we appreciate poetry concretely, comprehensively, objectively and fairly. This also tells the appreciator from one side that he must have certain historical knowledge and understand the life experiences and ideological conditions of quite a few authors. For example, it is far from enough to regard the author's feelings about the rise and fall of the "old country" as the final appreciation of the poem "Stone City", which also goes against the author's true will to write this poem. Because when the poet Liu Yuxi wrote this poem, the Tang empire was declining, the court ministers crowded out each other, and there was a "party struggle between Niu and Li", and the eunuch's authoritarian power remained; The separatist forces in the local buffer zone are on the rise again. Therefore, the main purpose of his poem should be to satirize the reality, that is, to express his lament over the decline of the national movement through the demise of the Six Dynasties, hoping that the rulers at that time could learn from the past.
Fourth, knot
1. Poetry Types and Macro Appreciation
There are many kinds of poems in our country, and each type of poetry is similar to some extent. Therefore, it is very important to summarize the types of poems and their macro appreciation, so that students can apply what they have learned and finally appreciate all kinds of poems.
China's poems can be divided into many types, such as lyrical poems, epic poems, farewell poems for hurting spring, exile poems, pastoral poems, farewell poems for friends, poems by in my heart forever, poems about Zen and so on. But at the same time, they overlap, that is to say, the method of appreciating this kind of poetry can also be used to appreciate other kinds of poetry.
To appreciate all kinds of poems, we should master some macro-appreciation essentials: expressing feelings by borrowing scenery, understanding the artistic conception of the blending of scenery in poems, understanding the feelings expressed by poets in writing scenery, and grasping their writing skills and language characteristics; Cherish ancient poems by praising history, and connect with the background to understand emotions (feeling the rise and fall or pinning grief or satirizing the present); The farewell poems of hurting spring are used to express the feelings of fleeting youth and unfulfilled ambition, or to express the infinite thoughts of relatives, friends and lovers; Poetry in the journey is the longing and yearning for the distant hometown caused by what the wandering poet saw and heard. Landscape pastoral poetry is a kind of idyllic life created by the poet who takes landscape pastoral poetry as the aesthetic object, throwing delicate strokes into quiet Shan Ye and leisurely fields to express his dissatisfaction with reality and yearning for a quiet and peaceful life. Expressing poetry by things means that the poet does not directly express his thoughts and feelings, but uses symbols, interests and other means to integrate his ideals and personality interests into a specific thing to achieve the purpose of expressing his will; Frontier fortress expeditionary poems reflect the fighting spirit of frontier fortress soldiers who are not afraid of hardships and defend the frontier, or describe the deep feelings of soldiers missing their loved ones, or satirize and persuade arrogant rulers; Send a friend a farewell poem, use the scenery to render the sad atmosphere of parting, and express the feelings or encouragement; Always in my heart's poems, I write about the complaints of boudoir women about their husbands' long absence or the thoughts of their husbands stationed at the border; Talking about Zen's reasonable poems is that the poet appeals to his own epiphany or observation of things similar to Zen in his poems, which often has an ethereal realm that is out of touch with human beings; Wait a minute.
2. The main points of poetry appreciation
"Reading, understanding and linking" only solves the problem of how to appreciate poetry. As for what can be appreciated without omission, this is a crucial problem. In order to solve this problem, the 2002 college entrance examination notes have made a clear definition, that is, to appreciate poetry from three aspects: image, expression skills and language. Therefore, we must firmly grasp these three contents when summing up.
Appreciation of poetic imagery, expressive skills and language is shown in the following table:
Examples of appreciation categories
Image image quality, personality, moral integrity, etc. "Scattered into mud and rolled into dust, only the fragrance remains."
Thoughts "Leaves fall like the spray of a waterfall, while I watch the long river roll forward"
The characteristics of things, images, things and things in poetry
The landscape (or environment) is characterized by "green grass, birds and flowers"
Expression skills: "Petals have been like tears, lonely birds have been lamenting".
A poem expressing a person's will (or symbol)
Contrast (or contrast or contrast) "When the moon rises, the birds are surprised, and sometimes it is in the spring."
Rhetoric (metaphor, personification, exaggeration, intertextuality, argot pun, etc. ) "the cold moon, the eyebrows are like a willow bend, the more you look in the mirror."
Su Shi's "Jiangchengzi" with the combination of reality and fiction
The combination of motion and stillness "the bamboo leaves whisper that the laundry girl returns, and the lotus leaves lie in front of the fishing boat"
Citing Xin Qiji's "Looking Back at the Gubei Pavilion in Jingkou"
Multi-angle (from far and near, from top to bottom, from far, from near, etc.). "In the wild wind in the vast sky, apes are sobbing, and birds are flying home on the clear lake and white beach."
Pastoral poetry with fresh, natural and simple language