The Water Margin, whose full name is Loyalty and Righteousness, is a famous novel reflecting the peasant uprising in the history of China literature. Through the story that heroes from all walks of life, led by Song Jiang, were caught up with Liangshan, the author vividly explained the reality of "officials forcing the people to rebel" in feudal society, expressed his yearning for social peace, national prosperity and national security, and hated corrupt officials, and outlined an ideal picture of loyalty to the monarch and patriotism, and fighting violence with violence. Therefore, as the title of the novel shows, the concept of loyalty and righteousness is the theme of this novel. The biggest load of this kind of thought is Song Jiang, the character that the author tries his best to create. It should be said that this image is relatively real before 70 turns, and it is fake after 70 turns. Why does the image of Song Jiang in the novel contain false elements? This should start with Song Jiang's personality contradiction. Although Water Margin is based on historical facts, the author adds many ideal elements to idealize the characters.
Song Jiang is not only an important character in the novel, but also a special character in the novel. He is important because, as the leader of the uprising army, he personally created, developed and expanded the uprising team, making it a menace to the Song Dynasty. He is special because he devoted himself to the rebellion, but never forgot his loyalty to the feudal ruling class, and finally ruined the uprising himself. "Righteousness" made him inclined to revolution and dissatisfied with reality; "Loyalty" made him indecisive and indecisive. This dual character not only caused Song Jiang's personal tragedy, but also caused the tragedy of the whole rebel army.
In the author's pen, loyalty is undoubtedly the core of Song Jiang's character. Around this core, the author interprets Song Jiang's life track in three stages: one is the period of chivalrous heroes; The second is the period when he fled the rivers and lakes and became an outlaw; Third, after wooing.
Among them, the first period was an important foreshadowing of Song Jiang's life. The author's purpose is only one, and that is to highlight Song Jiang's "righteousness". This is not only the basis of the character, but also the basis of the whole novel. Therefore, as soon as this character appeared, the author set a just tone for him. The novel 18 gives a general introduction to Song Jiang, saying that he has to make friends with Jianghu heroes all his life. He always helps the poor and saves the wounded, which is called "timely rain". So whether the world knows it or not, everyone who mentions Song Jiang is full of praise and is proud of knowing Song Jiang. Song Jiang also gained a high reputation. During this period, Song Jiang's greatest act of righteousness was to release Chao Gai and others who robbed the birth class privately. Although he saved them out of "righteousness", he felt from his heart that they had committed heinous crimes, but they were unforgivable in terms of statutes. It can be seen that the "righteousness" in his behavior is pure righteousness without touching the feudal autocratic rule, but "righteousness" and "loyalty" are completely different or even completely opposite after all. When these two concepts are unified in one person, a choice must be made. Considering the meaning of classicism, it is impossible to consider the loyalty to the feudal dynasty. The contradiction between "loyalty" and "righteousness" was lurking, but it was not clarified in the first period. Generally speaking, Song Jiang in the chivalrous period was a hero with loyalty and perfect character. The "righteousness" shown in him embodies a moral pursuit that people yearn for friendly coexistence, mutual help and love between people in feudal times.
Angry killing of Yan Poxi was an important turning point in Song Jiang's life. In order to escape the punishment of the imperial court, he had to flee the Jianghu and wander around. The purpose of the author's writing about his fugitives is to show a word "righteousness". For example, the courtesy of whirlwind Chai Jin and the different attitudes of the robber king of Qingfeng Mountain all set off his "righteousness" from the side. Song Jiang's loyalty not only made him famous for his chivalry, but also helped him save the day many times like an amulet. Heroes from all walks of life pay homage to Song Jiang in return for his "righteous act". It is precisely because of this that Song Jiangcai has such great cohesion and United many heroes around him, so that he can sit firmly in the handsome position and have such high prestige! Obviously, "righteousness" is his capital to command Liangshan in the future.
Not only that, the outlaw also showed Song Jiang his organizational ability. Opportunities for leadership. When he fled from Qingfeng Village, he conspired with Huarong Road to avenge Liu's wife and defeated the loyalist. Since then, in order to crush the loyalist pursuit, he used his cleverness to earn Qin Ming's partnership, which drove Qin Ming onto the road of rebellion. With his "righteousness" and wisdom, Song Jiang initially assembled a rebel army in Qingfeng Mountain. In order to avoid the pursuit of the big loyalist, he actively offered suggestions and led the rebel army to Liangshan to join the partnership. Song Jiang showed great contempt and trampling on feudal autocracy with practical actions. At this time, did he ever think of loyalty to the emperor? Qin Ming didn't mean to betray himself, but forced him to resist. Is this to maintain the feudal system? Several people in Qin Ming's family were murdered by conspiring to earn Qin Ming. Is this a law to defend feudal kings? Is it just that Qin Ming was accused of innocence and his family died on the spot? However, the germination of Song Jiang's rebellious thought was quickly stifled by a letter from Song Taigong. Out of loyalty and filial piety, Song Jiang repeatedly refused the proposal of Chao Gai and others to invite him to join the party, preferring to be a prisoner of the imperial court rather than an outlaw and an enemy of the imperial court! This contradiction of "loyalty" in the bones to the feudal dynasty and disloyalty in action is intertwined, which makes his honest life in sharp contrast with his rebellious behavior, and the appointment of "loyalty" to "righteousness" makes Song Jiang's Shangliang Mountain full of vacillation and drama. Although he was detained on his way to Jiangzhou, which was dangerous and unpredictable, Song Jiang was frightened, but he still did not change his original intention and repeatedly declined all kinds of heroes to retain his kindness.
After stabbing Jiangzhou to death, Song Jiang had hoped to turn over a new leaf, be a good citizen again, report to the court and settle down, but the feudal class didn't buy it, and was finally killed because of a so-called "anti-poem". Although Song Jiang was forced to rebel, his compulsion was different from that of Song Wu, Lin Chong and others!
After Song Jiang became an outlaw in Liangshan, he gave full play to his leadership. Rectifying the shanzhai to train the army and leading the rebels to attack the city and plunder the land seriously threatened the survival of the Song Dynasty. In order to strengthen himself, he used all means to win over talents and "forced" Hu, Guan Sheng and other Song Dynasty generals to Liangshan. In order to recruit Lu Junyi into the mountains, on the one hand, Song Jiang's exhibition of "righteousness" made Lu Junyi very grateful, on the other hand, he sent someone to write an anti-poem in his Beijing home, which cut off his way home. Even Lu Junyi was wrongly imprisoned, and Song Jiang went out to save him, Enemy at the Gates. Hu, Guan Sheng and Lu Junyi. Are unfaithful. Song Jiang forced the people to rebel. When people were willing to defect, Song Jiang later sealed his wife and children as a consolation. On the one hand, he claimed to be a criminal of the imperial court, but when he saw something to do, he called himself a "small official" and said that he had to live in Shui Bo for the time being. On the other hand, he fought fiercely against the imperial court. No matter what the author's subjective intention is, Song Jiang in the period of becoming an outlaw was always permeated with strong rebellious spirit. It is precisely because he can unite the rebels and the people and win one victory after another. No matter how loyal Song Jiang is to the imperial court in his bones, his actions put himself on the opposite side of the ruling class. Perhaps because of this, after wooing, the four treacherous court officials have always had bad feelings for Song Jiang. How can they tolerate a man who has committed rebellion against the court and his family? How dare they give this rebellious hero a high degree of trust? Song Jiang's "righteousness" shows the nature of openly opposing the imperial court. Objectively speaking, Song Jiang before the 1970s was credible, but the disharmony in the later period led to the contradiction of characters' personalities.
Just as the insurgents won the brilliant victory of three defeats to Gao Qiu and two victories to Tong Guan, Song Jiang's thought and behavior took a 180-degree turn. This man, who has always advertised "doing good for heaven" and "taking honesty as the king", not only did not kill the traitor, but respectfully sent him down the mountain. In order to win over, he even went to a prostitute to smooth the relationship with the emperor. Because in Song Jiang's view, he has fully met the conditions for surrendering to the court. Isn't it? Isn't it a sign of loyalty to the court to surrender when loyal subjects can't destroy themselves? It can be seen that he regarded all the victories of Liangshan Rebels as the capital to surrender to the imperial court. After wooing, he broke Liao and Fang La for the rulers non-stop. Didn't he prove his loyalty again? It's a pity that this is just sung river's wishful thinking! In fact, the heartless bad king Song Huizong is confused again, but he is sober, that is, he has never trusted Song Jiang! As the saying goes, "a wily rabbit dies and a running dog cooks;" As the saying goes, "Birds do their best to hide", and Song Jiang's tragedy has long been doomed, but he didn't realize it himself. Instead, using "righteousness" as an excuse, many Liangshan brothers made his "loyalty" sacrifice. The court rebelled because of disloyalty; It is unwise to surrender to the court and be slaughtered; It's unfair to let all brothers die because of him! And he just advertised "loyalty"!
Through the above analysis of the development process of Song Jiang's loyalty and righteousness thought, it is not difficult to see that loyalty and righteousness thought is the core of Song Jiang's character, but the contradiction between loyalty and righteousness always exists, but the emphasis is different in each period. The protagonist of loyalty and righteousness makes Song Jiang's life full of tragedy.
"Loyalty" and "righteousness" are two extremely opposite ideas. On the one hand, Song Jiang was particularly "loyal" to the emperor, and he never thought of fighting against the emperor, so he attributed all his resistance to loyalty to the monarch and patriotism, eliminating traitors for the country; On the other hand, he is particularly loyal to the Liangshan brothers. However, after all, the emperor and the "thief" are incompatible. The emperor is the chief culprit of social darkness. Absolute loyalty to the arrogant emperor of the remnant people is impossible to be particularly loyal to the people. The cruel reality after courtship has repeatedly proved this point, as evidenced by Chen Qiaoyi's tearful beheading. On the other hand, it is impossible to be absolutely loyal to the emperor if you are special to the people. Unfortunately, the author asked Song Jiang to combine the two opposing sides "perfectly" and opened up the so-called third way.
First of all, the author asked Song Jiang to separate the emperor from the traitor and limit the purpose of the uprising to only opposing corrupt officials and not the court; Secondly, righteousness is placed in the subordinate position of loyalty, and the concept of loyalty has essentially become the concept of absolute loyalty to the monarch, and righteousness has inevitably become the spiritual shackles that bind Liangshan heroes. Let's see how strong Li Kui jy's rebellious spirit is. However, whenever he meets Song Jiang's brother, he will bow his head and raise his eyebrows, swear and obey blindly. Even if he is a victim of Song Jiang's "friendship", he is willing to be a kid to follow him. Liangshan brothers are opposed to woo, but not to Song Jiang, who advocated woo from beginning to end and showed blind absolute obedience to him. It was under the deception of "righteousness" that the Liangshan brothers were willing to follow Song Jiang to levy Liao Kou, square wax, and pay more than half for one hundred singles and eight. Finally, even Song Jiang himself became a victim of his loyalty. This tragic ending shows that Song Jiang's "loyalty and righteousness" failed to win the trust of the emperor, and his "benevolence and righteousness" failed to save the lives of Liangshan brothers, and even failed to achieve the goal of cracking down on corrupt officials.
The contradiction of Song Jiang's character also reflects the contradiction of the author's world outlook to some extent. This is not difficult to see from the childhood and title of "Loyalty and Water Margin". Considering the feudal orthodoxy, on the one hand, the author arranged Song Jiang's way out with wishful thinking, making it conform to the ideal of loyalty to the monarch and patriotism, on the other hand, he vigorously attacked the darkness and decay of the feudal system with a sober realistic attitude, making rebellion and uprising an inevitable reality, and to some extent, praised the rebellious heroes. The author's ideological contradiction is not only unreservedly reflected in the characterization of Song Jiang, which makes Song Jiang the most failed character in the novel, but also reflected in the touching ending of the novel, which makes the theme of Water Margin present completely opposite ideological characteristics. The author doesn't want the Sung River Uprising to achieve the purpose of regime change. Then, the life of bandits is not a happy ending. In this case, only by appealing to the court and surrendering to the court can we make a name for ourselves in the long river of history. This is a wonderful thing. The failure of Song Jiang's image lies in that he has completely become the mouthpiece of the author's thoughts, so that the development of the characters is inconsistent and full of flaws!
It can be said that it is the contradiction of the author's world outlook that leads to the split of Song Jiang's character and ultimately makes him lack realism.
Source:/lunwen/79/180/lunwen _1011.html
Looking at sung river reading gobbledygook.
In feudal times, superstition was an effective means to subdue the people, quickly enhance their popularity and gather strength. Many people attending the celebration use superstition to incite public thoughts, establish personal prestige, and at the same time find evidence for the fairness and legitimacy of the event. All kinds of magical visions, like clouds of fog, disturb people's eyes and reflect the truth of their makers, and Water Margin is no exception.
First, crown yourself-nursery rhymes
"The consumer country refers to the sailor because of the family wood; Thirty-six plans, sowing chaos in Shandong. " This nursery rhyme first appeared for the thirty-ninth time. In the back hall of the magistrate Cai, Huang Wenbing said, "I dare not ask. What's the news from Beijing recently? " The magistrate said, "Your Excellency wrote a book and sent it out:' Recently, imperial academy said,' Watching the sky at night, the stars shine on Wu Chu, and some people dare to lose money. Observe and drive away. "There is even a rumor among four children in the market:' It's a waste of country because of furniture ...' Therefore, I was ordered to pay the official and guard this place closely. "
At this point, Song Jiang is still in prison. It is simply slander to say that Song Jiang is trying to raise his position in Dan Liang. Don't panic, let's take our time. The conversation between Cai and Huang is a private conversation, and others have no way of knowing it. Their duty is to cut off rumors and never make them public. When Cai Zhifu interrogated Song Jiang, he didn't mention it. It can be seen from the paragraph of heroes' meeting at the beginning of "The Water Margin of Dai Zong" that the captain of the criminal police team knows nothing. How can the prisoner sung river know? However, the letter from Cai Zhifu vaguely mentioned the rumor, and Wu used a fake reply to become a nursery rhyme, which laid the groundwork for Song Jiang's play. Song Jiang didn't know that he had "forgotten to make a myth" until he was about to be beheaded (see the 40th hero's meeting of Bailong Temple in The Robbery of Water Margin).
After the Song Dynasty was saved, with the support of Huarong Road, it overwhelmed Classical and broke the Wuwei Army. When killing Huang, Song Jiang made no mention of nursery rhymes in the verdict read out, only saying, "How could you hurt me three times and five times and instruct Cai Jiuguan to kill me two!"
When Song Jiang returned to Liangshan Pai, he took the initiative again, and let the new old man get the points around, which was echoed by everyone. Later, at the banquet, Song Jiang talked about Cai Jiu, the magistrate of Jiangzhou, fabricating rumors, and said to all the leaders: "He resisted that fellow and had nothing to do with himself, but explained the nursery rhymes in Beijing in front of the magistrate, saying:" People who consume the country because of their family's wood must have the word' wood' on their heads, not the word' song'? Knife soldiers point to water conservancy,' the person who started the sword soldiers must have a word' merit' in Sanshui, not a word' river'? This should be Song Jiang. The last two sentences say:' Thirty-six plans, sowing chaos in Shandong', and Song Jiang rebelled in Shandong. Think of this as a small task. I didn't expect the dean to pass the fake book again ... "It can be seen that Song Jiang soon knew the contents of the fake book after being rescued, so he found an opportunity to make a good use of it. The so-called Huang Wenbing's explanation of nursery rhymes is entirely sung river's self-talk and self-painting. Sung River's action paid off immediately, and Li Kui jy jumped up and said, "Good! Brother is responding to the word of God! (4 1) Then Sung River got a more mysterious gobbledygook from Empress Xuan Nv. What happened?
Second, Song Jiang's political views and philosophy of life.
Gobbledygook and writing are secrets, close to the heart, and most people can't guess. In the water margin, the words "sacred book, heavenly words (the will of the empress) and" boundless river red "care for each other, clearly outlining Song Jiang's unfathomable heart, ignoring the scheming of others.
"Master Song Xing! Pass you three volumes of gobbledygook, you can give priority to heaven, be loyal and loyal to the minister, assist the country and the people, eliminate all evils and turn right. His work is full, and he is Shangqing. " (Forty-two) This is actually Song Jiang's political proposition. Song Jiang made up his mind when he was on a shaky footing on the mountain: only by playing the banner of doing good for the sky, taking the road of loyalty and saving the world, eliminating all evils and strengthening the body and wooing, can he rank among the nobles and honor his ancestors. Having said that, we might as well read Song Jiang's nursery rhymes tailored for ourselves. "Because furniture consumes the whole country ..." The first word "consumption" has set the tone for ourselves, only consumption. It is absolutely different from Fang La's gobbledygook: "Ten thousand plus a little, it will be glorious at the end of winter ..." So when Li Kui jy rashly called: "... be the emperor of the Song Dynasty ... and kill Tokyo, seize the bird's nest, and be happy there, but not good! -Not as strong as this bird! " When Jane crossed the political red line of Sung River, Dai Zong hurriedly shouted, "Iron Bull! You are talking nonsense! If you talk so much, I'll cut off your head first to warn future generations! " (No.41back) On the 44th back, Mr. Dai said to Shi Xiu, "This season can't be true! One is that the imperial court is unknown, and the other is that the traitors are blocked. I was a little ignorant, but I went to Liangshan Park to join Song Gongming in one breath. Now I'm going to weigh the money and change clothes. When the court is at peace, I will be an official sooner or later. " This sentence by General Dai is quite intriguing. One defected to Song Gongming, leaving the boss hanging. The secondary court has readily accepted it and will become an official sooner or later. At this time, Song Jiang has not made it clear to all. On the fifty-fifth return, Song Jiang only vaguely said, "Some brothers will only be merciful to the Lord, forgive felonies, give up their lives to serve the country, and die unsatisfied." It was not until the 58th time that Song Jiangcai greeted Hu. This shows that Song Jiang's route of "going up the mountain first and then wooing" has long been known by Dai Zhong, and he also agrees that this is a very attractive signboard. In fact, this route really won the hearts of some people, so when the solicitation letter was sent to "do good for heaven", it immediately became "protecting the country according to heaven".