The formal name of couplets, commonly known as couplets, is a unique Chinese language, literature and art form, which is loved by people from all walks of life. To sum up, couplet meter is six elements, also called "six phases", which are divided as follows:
First, the number of words should be equal. The number of online words is equal to the number of offline words. The number of words in each clause of the long couplet is equal. There is a special situation, that is, the number of words in the upper and lower couplets is intentionally different. For example, in the Republic of China, someone ridiculed Yuan Shikai's couplet: "Yuan Shikai is eternal; Long live the people of China. " The words "Yuan Shikai" in the first part and "China people" in the second part are "sorry", which means that Yuan Shikai is sorry for the people of China.
Reduplication or reduplication is allowed in couplets. Reduplication and reduplication are commonly used rhetorical devices in couplets, but attention should be paid to the consistency of the upper and lower couplets when overlapping. For example, in the Ming Dynasty, Gu Xiancheng titled Wuxi Donglin Academy Union: the sound of wind and rain reading, and the sound was heard; Family affairs, state affairs, and everything in the world are concerned.
However, "homonym" and "heteronym" should be avoided as much as possible in couplets. The so-called homonym means that the same word is opposite in the same position in the upper and lower parts. The so-called heterotopic heavy word means that the same word appears in different positions in the upper and lower links. However, some function words are allowed to have homonyms, such as Geling couplet in West Lake, Hangzhou:
The Song of Peach Blossoms and Flowing Water;
between the shade and the grass.
The word "Zhi" in the upper and lower parts is duplicated in the same place, but it is ok because it is empty word. However, there is a special format of "ectopic mutual weight" (called "transposition case"), such as Lin Sen holding Dr. Sun Yat-sen's couplet:
one person is eternal; One person through the ages. Second, the parts of speech are equivalent. In modern Chinese, there are two parts of speech, namely, content words and function words. The former includes nouns (including locative words), verbs, adjectives (including color words), numerals, quantifiers and pronouns. The latter includes adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words, exclamations and onomatopoeia. Part-of-speech equivalence means that words or phrases with the same position in the upper and lower parts should have the same or similar parts of speech. The first is the rule of "real to real, virtual to virtual", which is the most basic rule and has the widest meaning. In some cases, just follow this. Secondly, the corresponding rules of parts of speech, that is, the above 12 types of words correspond to each other. This rule should be followed in most cases. Thirdly, the rule of semantic correspondence refers to putting the same type of things expressed in Chinese characters together for confrontation. The ancients noticed this rhetorical method long ago. In particular, the nouns are divided into many small categories, such as astronomy (sun, moon, wind, rain, etc.), season (day and night, etc.), geography (mountains, rivers, etc.), official offices (towers, doors, etc.), vegetation (trees, peaches, plums, etc.), birds (chickens, birds, cranes, etc.) and so on. Finally, the corresponding rule of adjacent categories, that is, words with adjacent categories can be paired with each other. Such as astronomy to the season, astronomy to geography, geography to the palace and so on.
thirdly, the structure is commensurate. The so-called structural proportionality means that the grammatical structure of the upper and lower conjunctions (or the structure of their phrases and sentence patterns) should be as same as possible, that is, the subject-predicate structure is opposite to the subject-predicate structure, the verb-object structure is opposite to the verb-object structure, the partial structure is opposite to the partial structure, and the coordinate structure is opposite to the coordinate structure, and so on. For example, Li Bai's title is Yueyang Tower in Hunan:
Water and sky are one color;
the wind and the moon are boundless.
both the upper and lower parts of this couplet are subject-predicate structures. Among them, "water sky" and "wind moon" are both parallel structures, and "one color" and "boundless" are both positive structures.
However, in the case of equivalent parts of speech, the requirements of some similar or special sentence structures can be relaxed appropriately.
the fourth is the corresponding rhythm. That is, the places where the upper and lower links stop must be consistent. For example,
don't let spring and autumn be a good day; It's the hardest thing for an old friend to come.
this is a pair of seven-character short couplets, and the rhythm of the upper and lower couplets is exactly the same, both of which are "two-two-three". Longer couplets must have a corresponding rhythm.
fifth, it is even and harmonious. What is leveling? The classification of flat tones in Putonghua, in short, is flat tone and rising tone, flat tone and flat tone. Among the four ancient tones, the flat sound is flat, and the rising, going and entering sounds are silent. There are two aspects in the harmony of level and level:
(1) The level and level are opposite. Generally speaking, it is not required that the characters are opposite, but it should be noted that the upper and lower endings (feet) should be opposite, and the upper part should be different and the lower part should be flat; The words at the end of the phrase or at the rhythm point should be flat and opposite; The ending word (sentence foot) of each clause in the long couplet should be flat and opposite.
(2) The upper and lower couplets alternate in their own sentences. Yu Dequan, a contemporary couplet writer, summed up a set of "horseshoe rhyme" rules. Simply put, it is "flat and even", which goes on like the rhythm of horseshoes, such as:
Shushan has a road service as the path.
○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○967
○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○967 The word "Xue" is entered according to Pingshui Rhyme Department)
The problem of antithetical couplet is not absolute, and it can be flexible in many cases. If there are overlapping words, compound words, palindromes, humor, phonology and so on in couplets, it can be decided according to the specific situation. Some exceptions can be made when it is necessary for the union.
six is content-related. What is a couplet? It is both "right" and "linked". The words mentioned above are equal in number of words, equivalent in part of speech, same in structure, corresponding in rhythm and even in harmony, all of which are "right", but they are still short of a "couplet". "Lian" is about content relevance. Between the upper and lower couplets of a couplet, the content should be related. If the upper and lower couplets each write an unrelated thing, and the two cannot reflect, connect and echo, it cannot be regarded as a qualified couplet, or even a couplet.
But there are exceptions to any rule of couplets, and so is "content-related". There are two kinds of extremely special couplets in couplets. First, "there is no love for each other". The couplet of the upper and lower parts is neat word by word, but the content is irrelevant (or specious), and the comparison of the couplet of the upper and lower parts can cause unexpected interest. Such as:
The tree has half found its axe;
it's totally irrelevant.
in the upper and lower links, "tree" and "fruit" are all vegetation; "Already" and "Ran" are both empty word; "Half" and "one" are numbers; Both "seek" and "point" are escaped as verbs; "Hugh" and "No" are both empty word; "Vertical" and "phase" are both empty word; "Axe" and "dry" are ancient weapons. The All-China Federation is even more unexpectedly interested in using spoken language to compare poems.
the second is to chant the poem clock separately. The upper and lower couplets chant two unrelated things respectively; Word for word, word for word, neat; Connect two things from a certain point through conjunction. There are some similarities between the poems and bells in the verse, and they are also similar to riddles, but there are many differences. Interested friends can study them further.
Couplets emphasize the relevance of content, but avoid the synonymy, which is called "crossing hands". The so-called "avoid synonymous opposites" refers to the relative sentences of the upper and lower parts, and their meanings should be avoided as much as possible, such as "Rising Sun" to "Chaoyang", "History of History" to "History of History", "The show of China through the ages" to "Chixian's eternal spring", "Prosperous business to the four seas" to "Prosperous financial resources to the three rivers" and so on. Of course, the crossing of individual non-central words, or the crossing of their hands, has a small proportion in the couplet, which is harmless.
Love classic couplets:
Part I: Love is in arrears, love has stopped, and fate is not in the service area
Part II: Thinking is unresponsive, thinking is busy, and feelings can't be recharged
Horizontal batch: If love moves, the heart has no connection
Ancient classic couplets
Part I: Good reading is not good reading.
bottom line: good reading is not good for reading.
This couplet was written by Xu Wei in Ming Dynasty. The first couplet refers to reading when you are young, but you don't like reading. When you are old, you like reading, but it is not good to read.
the first part: the ideal is not to enjoy it.
bottom line: the future is full of money.
Part I: enjoy the plum blossom sweeping away the snow alone.
Part II: The mountains are dancing and flowing.
The beauty of this part is that it is read like a scale:' Duolai Mifa Solarxi'. The next couplet reads the numbers in dialect:' one two three four five six seven'.
Part One: Cool the beam of the summer mouse, draw a pen to draw a cat to scare the summer mouse.
the original right: hungry chickens steal rice, and call children to pick up stones to beat hungry chickens.
Ancient right: A thirsty crane makes a slave ring and shoot the thirsty crane.
This couplet is also called' Summer Rat Measuring Beam'.
Part I: The summer mouse cools the beam, and the pen wall depicts the cat. The summer mouse was shocked and ran along the eaves, hitting the pile and dying, which made the cat eat the corpse.
original right: missing!
I'm right: hungry chickens steal rice, and hungry chickens escape with children's stones. When they touch the shed, they die, and the arrow falls.
This couplet is a new couplet for netizens, but I am right.
Part One: Chickens are hungry for beans.
bottom line: the summer sun shines on the beam.
Part One: Xixi Xixi Xi Xi Opera.
bottom line: you can swim in the right skunk.
Part I: Let's spend the summer tonight.
the second part: enjoy the flowers at noon
the first part: Shi Nong Gong (Palace) Shang Jiao Ba Yu.
bottom line: cold and hot, warm and cool (good), respectful and frugal.
Part One: Visit the West Lake, carry the tin pot, leave the tin pot in the West Lake, and cherish the tin pot.
original right: missing!
the ancient saying goes: every jiazi adds a family, every family meets jiazi, and every family is beautiful.
wulian: after nine years, hold the wine bowl, and the wine bowl will be lost, and the wine bowl will be regretted for a long time.
Wulian: crossing Tongyan, shooting Tongyan, Tongyan killing Tongyan, how painful it is.
Jiuwan: Jiuwan Creek of the Three Gorges.
Part I: Mud, fat and rice are still thin.
bottom line: short night difference is long.
The homonym of this couplet is' fat and thin'; Ghost short hag long'.
Part I: Cutting hair is illegal.
bottom line: becoming a monk brings a cangue.
This couplet was made to mock a monk for breaking the law.
Part I: How beautiful is a lotus flower?
bottom line: berries are more sour than plums.
Part One: Draw a temple and a wonderful temple.
bottom line: the famous garden is called Yuanmingyuan.
Part One: Agate is not horse brain.
bottom line: Langji is not a wolf liver.
Part I: Wheat seeds are irrigated in heavy rain.
It's coming down: Tian He must do it in the dry highland.
this homonym is Xia Dayu; Mozi's philosophers in the Spring and Autumn Period (Mai and Mo Gu are homonyms); Guan Zhong: a figure in the Spring and Autumn Period; Emperor Gaudi: Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang; Tian He: a master of Yi in the early Han Dynasty; Bigan: Minister of Shang Zhou.
Part I: Scholars in modern times are all nearsighted, and the imperial capital forbids them to try Jinshi, and the Jinshi's chest is wet and the towel is wiped.
original right: none!
Part One: Looking for mussels to eat by the water in Fo Yin.
bottom line: bring home from Dongpo River.
Part One: Yangtze River crossing Yangzi River.
bottom line: Jiao Shan lives in Jiaoshan Cave.
Part One: A Bai Lianhua in the sky, and the wind holds the Buddha.
bottom line: there are several chestnut trees in the gorge, and the moon is far away from the apes.
Part I: Yulantang, Yulan Leimao is over the bar, trying to stop the rest.
bottom line: the banquet is clear, and the fragrant lotus attracts the light swallow, and the sentiment is clear.
the first part: the pagoda has six or seven floors, and it accommodates cranes in it.
original right: the book is twelve pages, with the spring and autumn annals in it.
Part I: When the frost falls in first frost, who pities the widow's cold feet?
The second part: Yugu, Grain Rain, I cherish the girl's loneliness.
this couplet was collected by Ta Kung Pao in 1943, and was written by Marshal Chen Yi. It is also a solar couplet.
upper part: leaves of Prunus persica, leaves of grapes, herbaceous and woody.
bottom line: plum blossom, sweet-scented osmanthus and rose, with spring fragrance and autumn fragrance.
Part I: Jia Dao is drunk, but not fake.
bottom line: Liu ling drinks all without leaving any change.
the first part: the boy hits the tung tree, the tung tree falls, and the boy is happy.
bottom line: the girl gnaws at the duck's head, and the duck's head is salty, but the girl hates it.
ancient right: the monk stands on the river, and the river collapses, and the monk runs.
note: ancient music is pronounced Luo.
Part One: Tung Chee on the tree, the boy under the tree, the boy playing Tung Chee, and the tung chee falling on the boy.
the original right: outside the front garden, outside the house, outside the house, outside the garden, outside the garden, outside the garden, outside the park, outside the quiet.
wulian: in the back porch of the courtyard, there is a doctor in the courtyard, a doctor walks in the corridor, and a doctor walks in the corridor.
Part I: Mr. Mo grinds, and Mr. Mo splashes two veins of ink.
original right: one incense burns coal, and the coal explodes one incense and two eyebrows.
ancient right: the shepherd boy cuts wood, and the wood hurts the shepherd boy's eyes.
wulian: the iron handle is boiled with glue, and the iron handle is glued with one foot glue.
new couplets: those who touch fat, those who paste fat are ten fingers fat.
upper part: maple is planted on the peak, but the wind blows the maple and the peak does not move.
the original right: the heron stays on the roadside, and the exposed heron scares the road.
WuLian: Swallows rest in front of the eaves, and it is difficult for smokers to fly over the eaves.
the first couplet: the boy holds the paulownia tree and hits the bronze bell, and responds in unison.
bottom line: concubines are wearing scarlet clothes, knocking on the door, and don't say anything indecent.
the first part: the bride returns with a negative salary, washing the new kettle and cooking the new rot.
bottom line: Taoist officials go to see rice, return to Taoist temple and wear Taoist crowns.
Part I: Dad beats my brother, my brother rolls the floor, and my sister-in-law burns and coaxes my brother.
bottom line: I call the chicken, the chicken hides the chicken, and the uncle leads the chicken.
Part One: Mom rides a horse, but the horse is slow. Mom scolds the horse.
original right: missing!
wulian: Niu Niu walks the cow, and Niu Niu obstinates the cow.
Part I: What is the director, what is the director, and why is the director?
original right: missing!
our union: elder shou, elder shou, and elder shou is called elder by reason of longevity.
New couplet: Don't ride, don't ride, don't ride, don't ruin it.
this couplet refers to: Director He (surnamed Director He), what is his specialty, and why he should be a director. The bottom link refers to Elder Shou (the elder surnamed Shou), who is long and old. Elder Shou is called Elder because of his long life. The new couplet is right for Biying, which means: Don't ride (the surname of Mo will ride), don't ride a horse, and don't ruin your reputation for riding.
Part One: When the monk crosses the river, where can he insert the lotus?
bottom line: assistant minister travels around the market. Who planted the persimmon tree in front of him?
wulian: the members are deeply impressed, and their faces are awesome!
Part I: The monk Fazheng, carrying the soup to the tower, accidentally dropped it, and the soup dripped on the tower.
bottom line: Lao Xu, the tailor, played chess with his wife, but she didn't notice, and her wife gave up playing chess.
the first part: the girl planted the grain, and the grain fell off the girl's feet.
bottom line: the conductor burns paper, and the paper ash flies over the commander's head.
Part One: Sister-in-law sweeps the firewood and calls uncle's bundle.
bottom line: aunt moved the broken barrel to make the hoop.
our union; Mom smeared dirt to make her wife abandon.
This couplet was made by Tang Bohu and Zhu Zhishan in Ming Dynasty.
Part I: I play drums.
original right: the bride has a negative salary and a new negative salary.
wulian: bald men catch rabbits and bald men catch rabbits.
the first part: grandma drinks cheese, while grandma gets it.
that's right: my uncle builds a dove, and my uncle Fei pulls it.
wulian: dolls catch frogs, while frogs hide dolls and dig frogs.
the first part: the rain hits the beach, and it sinks one island, Chen Yizhu.
the old saying goes: rain builds mud walls, and one wall is rammed down.
bottom line: the wind blows the candle, leaving half of it flowing.
self-alignment: nail the pile in water, and immerse it for half an inch.
self-rightness: the frost is over the banana, and the yellow side is half barren.
Part I: Go gambling on wine, one action at a time.
bottom line: I missed reading, and I learned five classics.
Part One: Li Da carp returned to the rock, and Li Shen carp came out again.
bottom line: when the wind blows the bees to the ground, the bees will fly again when the wind stops.
the first part: the squirrel walks in the field of millet, and the mouse drags the ear of millet.
bottom line: the poplar lies under the white sheep, and the sheep gnaws at the poplar branches.
wulian: the chicken jumps in the thorns, and the chicken wears the thorns.
Part One: Under the ant tree, the horse leans against the tree.
bottom line: watch the flowers before the cockscomb.
The linked ant tree refers to the dead tree eaten by termites.
the first part: the old crow steps off the old branch, and the crow flies off the branch.
bottom line: the crane returns to Xianhe River, and the crane clatters in the river.
This couplet is Liu Ban vs. Liu Chang.
Part One: The eagle stands at the top of the tree, but the shadow of the moon is oblique.
bottom line: the cat crouched in the corner, but the wind made the cat move.
the first part: the chicken stands on the edge of the dustpan, the chicken presses the dustpan, and the dustpan is turned over to pounce on the chicken.
bottom line: the donkey is under the pear tree, the donkey touches the pear, and the pear hits the donkey.
Part One: Why are you lucky to have apricot flowers on your bun?
bottom line: is there no medium for branches and plums?
This couplet is for a prostitute against Zhao Bian.
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